Preface |
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xxi | |
Author |
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xxiii | |
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Perception and Transduction of Plant Signals in Pathogens |
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1 | (54) |
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1 | (1) |
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Signaling and Transduction Systems in ``First Touch'' and Adhesion of Fungal Spores |
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1 | (5) |
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First Touch or Initial Contact Triggers the Infection Process |
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1 | (2) |
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Adhesion or Close Contact Triggers Fungal Infection Process |
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3 | (1) |
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Adhesion of Spores due to Hydrophobic Interaction |
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3 | (1) |
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Adhesion of Spores Is Accompanied by Release of Extracellular Material |
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4 | (1) |
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Involvement of Cutinases in Spore Adhesion |
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5 | (1) |
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Some Plant Signals May Be Needed for Adhesion of Spores |
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5 | (1) |
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Signaling in Fungal Spore Germination |
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6 | (2) |
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Plant Signals Trigger Structural Changes in Spores before Germination |
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6 | (1) |
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Plant-Surface Signals Trigger Spore Germination |
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7 | (1) |
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Flavonoids Signaling Spore Germination |
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8 | (1) |
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Signaling in Differentiation of Germ Tubes into Infection Structures |
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8 | (8) |
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Adhesion of Germlings and Infection Structures |
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8 | (1) |
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Extracellular Matrix in Germling Adhesion |
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9 | (2) |
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Extracellular Matrix in Appressorial Adhesion |
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11 | (1) |
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Topographic Signals in Appressorium Formation |
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11 | (2) |
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Plant-Surface Wax Signals Appressorium Formation |
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13 | (1) |
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Cutin Monomers as Signal Molecules |
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14 | (1) |
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Ethylene Signals Appressorium Formation |
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14 | (1) |
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Fungal Signals in Induction of Appressorium Formation |
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15 | (1) |
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Signal Transduction in Fungal Pathogenesis |
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16 | (14) |
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Transmembrane Receptor for Extracellular Signals |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (3) |
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Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Signaling |
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20 | (1) |
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cAMP/Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway |
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21 | (3) |
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cascades |
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24 | (4) |
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Lipid-Induced Protein Kinase Signaling |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation Cascades |
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29 | (1) |
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P-Type Adenosine Triphosphatase Signaling |
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29 | (1) |
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Genes Involved in Formation of Infection Structures |
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30 | (2) |
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Signals in Fungal Infection Process |
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32 | (5) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (1) |
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Colletotrichum gloeosporioides |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (18) |
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38 | (17) |
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Perception and Transduction of Pathogen Signals in Plants |
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55 | (138) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Oligosaccharide Elicitors |
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57 | (3) |
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Chitooligosaccharide Elicitors |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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Other Carbohydrate Elicitors |
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60 | (1) |
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Protein/Peptide Elicitors |
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60 | (5) |
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60 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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Carbohydrate Moiety in the Glycoprotein Elicitor May Confer Elicitor Activity |
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65 | (1) |
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Protein Moiety in Glycoprotein Elicitors May Confer Elicitor Activity |
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66 | (1) |
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Functions of Glycoprotein Elicitors |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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Arachidonic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Toxins as Elicitor Molecules |
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69 | (1) |
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Plant Cell Wall--Degrading Enzymes as Elicitors |
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69 | (1) |
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Race-Specific and Cultivar-Specific Elicitors |
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70 | (2) |
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Specificity of General Elicitors |
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72 | (1) |
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Endogenous Oligogalacturonide Elicitors |
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73 | (1) |
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Multiple Elicitors May Be Needed to Activate Defense Responses |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Network of Elicitor Molecules |
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74 | (1) |
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Availability of Fungal Elicitors at the Site of Fungal Invasion in Plants |
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75 | (1) |
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Receptors for Elicitor Signals in Plant Cell Membrane |
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76 | (3) |
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Receptor Sites for Binding Oligosaccharide Elicitors |
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76 | (1) |
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Receptor Sites for Binding Proteinaceous Elicitors |
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77 | (1) |
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Protein Kinases as Receptor Sites |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Resistance Gene Products as Receptors |
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79 | (1) |
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Calcium Ion May Act as Second Messenger |
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79 | (4) |
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Function of Calcium Ion as Second Messenger |
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79 | (2) |
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Upstream Events of Ca2+ Signaling |
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81 | (1) |
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Downstream Events of Ca2+ Signaling |
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82 | (1) |
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Phosphorylation of Proteins as a Component in Signal Transduction System |
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83 | (1) |
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Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation Events |
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83 | (1) |
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Calcium Ion in Phosphorylation |
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83 | (1) |
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Signal Transduction |
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84 | (1) |
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Phospholipid-Signaling System |
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85 | (5) |
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Plant Cell Membrane Phospholipids as Signal Molecules |
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85 | (1) |
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Role of Phospholipase A in Phospholipid-Signaling System |
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86 | (1) |
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Phospholipase C in Phospholipid-Signaling System |
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87 | (2) |
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Phospholipase D in Phospholipid-Signaling System |
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89 | (1) |
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Anion Channels in Signal Transduction |
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90 | (1) |
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Anion Channels in the Signaling System |
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90 | (1) |
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Upstream Events of Anion Channel-Signaling System |
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91 | (1) |
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Downstream of Anion Channel-Signaling System |
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91 | (1) |
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Extracellular Alkalinization and Cytoplasmic Acidification in Signaling System |
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91 | (1) |
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Signal Transduction |
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92 | (5) |
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92 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Production of Reactive Oxygen Species |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Production of •OH Radical |
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95 | (1) |
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Production of Singlet Oxygen (1O2) |
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95 | (1) |
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Upstream of ROS Signaling |
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96 | (1) |
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Downstream of ROS Signaling |
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96 | (1) |
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Nitric Oxide in Signal Transduction |
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97 | (3) |
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Increases in Nitric Oxide |
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97 | (1) |
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Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide |
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97 | (1) |
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Upstream Events of Nitric Oxide Signaling |
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98 | (1) |
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Downstream Events of Nitric Oxide Signaling |
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99 | (1) |
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Salicylic Acid-Signaling System |
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100 | (5) |
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Salicylic Acid in Signaling Defense Response in Plants |
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100 | (1) |
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Biosynthesis of Salicylic Acid |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Upstream Signals for Induction of Synthesis of Salicylic Acid |
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102 | (1) |
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Downstream of Salicylic Acid Signaling |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Salicylate-Independent Signaling Systems |
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105 | (1) |
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Jasmonate-Signaling Pathway |
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105 | (6) |
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Jasmonate Signaling in Induction of Defense Responses |
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105 | (1) |
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Biosynthesis of Jasmonates |
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106 | (2) |
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Perception of Jasmonate Signals |
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108 | (1) |
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Jasmonate-Signaling System May Behave Differently in Protecting Plants against Various Pathogens |
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108 | (1) |
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Induction of Intercellular and Interplant Systemic Transduction of Jasmonate Signals |
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109 | (1) |
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Upstream of Jasmonate Signaling |
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109 | (1) |
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Downstream of Jasmonate Signaling |
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109 | (1) |
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Transcriptional Regulation of JA-Responsive Genes |
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109 | (1) |
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Jasmonic Acid, Methyl Jasmonate, and Cyclic Precursors and Derivatives of Jasmonic Acid as Signal Molecules |
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110 | (1) |
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Role of Systemin in Signal Transduction System |
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111 | (1) |
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Ethylene-Dependent Signaling Pathway |
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112 | (3) |
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Ethylene-Signaling System Inducing Disease Resistance or Susceptibility |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Upstream Signals in Induction of Synthesis of Ethylene |
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113 | (1) |
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Ethylene Signal Perception |
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114 | (1) |
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Downstream Events in Ethylene Signaling |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Fatty Acids as Systemic Signal Molecules |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Network and Interplay of Signaling Pathways |
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116 | (5) |
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Regulatory Interaction and Coordination among Salicylate-, Jasmonate-, and Ethylene-Signaling Pathways |
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116 | (1) |
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Coordinated Regulation of Ethylene- and Jasmonate-Signaling Pathways |
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117 | (1) |
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Interplay between Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Signaling Pathways |
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118 | (1) |
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Interplay between Salicylate and Ethylene Pathways |
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118 | (1) |
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Cross Talk between Salicylate and Jasmonate/Ethylene Pathways |
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119 | (1) |
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Cross Talk between Abscisic Acid-, Jasmonate-, and Ethylene-Dependent Signaling Pathways |
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120 | (1) |
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Regulatory Switches to Fine-Tune Signaling Pathways |
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121 | (1) |
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Induction of Defense Genes May Require Different Signal Transduction Systems |
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121 | (2) |
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Perception and Transduction of Pathogen Signals in Plants Leading to Susceptibility |
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123 | (20) |
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Differential Expression of Signaling System Leading to Susceptibility or Resistance |
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123 | (1) |
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Slower Accumulation of Elicitor-Releasing Enzymes in Susceptible Interactions |
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124 | (1) |
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Susceptible Varieties May Release Less Amount of Elicitors from Fungal Pathogen Cell Walls |
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124 | (3) |
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Delayed Release of Elicitors in Susceptible Interactions |
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127 | (1) |
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Elicitor of Compatible Pathogens Induces Less Defense-Related Actions than That of Incompatible Pathogens |
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127 | (1) |
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Degradation of Fungal Elicitors by Plant Enzymes in Plant Tissues May Lead to Susceptibility |
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128 | (1) |
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Fungal Pathogens May Degrade Host Elicitors during Susceptible Interactions |
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129 | (1) |
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Elicitors May Be Released during Pathogenesis but May Not Be Active or Less Active in Susceptible Plants |
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130 | (2) |
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Some Elicitors Do Not Act or Show Little Activity on Susceptible Cultivars |
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132 | (2) |
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Speed of Expression of Signal Transduction System May Determine Susceptibility or Resistance |
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134 | (1) |
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Reduced Accumulation of Signals May Lead to Susceptibility |
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134 | (1) |
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Elicitors May Induce Genes Involved in Suppression of Defense-Related Genes in Susceptible Interactions |
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135 | (2) |
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Suppressors Negating Elicitor-Induced Defense Responses in Susceptible Interactions |
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137 | (3) |
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Susceptible Plants May Have Suppressors to Suppress Action of Fungal Elicitors |
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140 | (1) |
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Downregulation of Functions of Elicitors in Susceptible Interactions |
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140 | (1) |
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Activation of an Unsuitable Signaling System for Induction of Defense Responses May Lead to Susceptibility |
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141 | (2) |
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Signaling Systems in Susceptible Interactions |
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143 | (1) |
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Abscisic Acid-Signaling System |
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143 | (1) |
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Ethylene-Signaling System |
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144 | (1) |
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Signal Transduction Systems May Induce Susceptibility-Related Responses |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (49) |
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147 | (46) |
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Disease Resistance and Susceptibility Genes in Signal Perception and Emission |
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193 | (50) |
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193 | (2) |
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Molecular Structure of Resistance Genes |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Classification of Resistance Genes Based on Molecular Structure of R Gene-Encoded Proteins |
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196 | (6) |
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Resistance Genes Encoding TIR--NBS--LRR Proteins |
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196 | (1) |
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Resistance Genes Encoding Non-TIR--NBS--LRR Proteins |
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197 | (2) |
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Resistance Genes Encoding LRR Proteins Lacking NBS Domain |
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199 | (1) |
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Resistance Genes Encoding Proteins Lacking LRR Domain |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Intracellular Protein Kinases |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Heat Shock Protein-Like Proteins |
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202 | (1) |
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NADPH-Dependent Reductase-Type Protein |
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202 | (1) |
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Plant eR Genes Encoding Photorespiratory Peroxisomal Enzyme Proteins |
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202 | (1) |
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Molecular Structure of Recessive Genes |
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202 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Perception of Pathogen Signals by Resistance Genes |
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204 | (5) |
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Functions of Different Domains of R Proteins in Pathogen Recognition |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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C-Terminal Non-LRR Region |
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206 | (1) |
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C-Terminus Transcriptional Activation Domain |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Calmodulin-Binding Protein |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Heat Shock Protein (HSP)-Like Protein |
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207 | (1) |
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R Gene Product May Act as a Receptor That Recognizes an AVR Gene Product |
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207 | (1) |
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R Protein May Detect Binding of an AVR Protein to a Different Protein in the Plant |
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208 | (1) |
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Activation of R Protein and Emission of Signals to Other Components in the Cell |
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209 | (2) |
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Downstream Components of R Gene-Signaling Systems |
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211 | (10) |
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Regulatory Genes (or Complementary Genes or R Gene-Signaling Components) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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RAR1--SGT1--HSP90 Proteins |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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Interaction of RAR1/SGT1 with HSP90 |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Prf--Pto--Pti Signaling System |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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Downstream Signaling Events in R Gene-Mediated Resistance |
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221 | (1) |
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Susceptibility Genes in Signal Transduction |
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222 | (3) |
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Susceptibility Alleles of Resistance Genes |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Resistance Gene May Act as Susceptibility Gene against Some Pathogens |
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223 | (1) |
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Low Expression of Resistance Genes May Lead to Susceptibility |
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224 | (1) |
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Susceptibility Alleles of Resistance Genes May Negate the Function of Resistance Genes |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (18) |
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227 | (16) |
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Cell Death Programs during Fungal Pathogenesis |
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243 | (32) |
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243 | (1) |
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Cell Death in Resistant Interactions |
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243 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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Hypersensitive Cell Death |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Cell Death-Inducing Systemic Acquired Resistance |
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245 | (1) |
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Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Hypersensitive Cell Death |
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245 | (8) |
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Mediators, Regulators, and Executioners of Cell Death |
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245 | (1) |
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R Gene Signals Involved in Triggering Cell Death |
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246 | (1) |
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Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Death |
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246 | (3) |
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Nitric Oxide in Cell Death |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Function of Mitochondrion in Induction of Cell Death |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Vacuolar Processing Enzymes (VPEs) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Other Types of Proteolytic Enzymes |
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253 | (1) |
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Probable Sequence in Induction of Hypersensitive Cell Death |
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253 | (1) |
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Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Spontaneous Cell Death |
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253 | (3) |
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Spontaneous Cell Death-Regulating Genes |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Molecular Mechanism of Induction of Runaway Cell Death |
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256 | (1) |
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Role of Cell Death in Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance |
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257 | (1) |
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Susceptibility-Related Cell Death |
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258 | (1) |
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Molecular Mechanisms in Induction of Cell Death in Susceptible Interactions |
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258 | (4) |
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Mediators, Regulators, and Executioners of Susceptibility-Related Plant Cell Death |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Salicylate, Ethylene, and Jasmonate |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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What Is the Function of Cell Death in Fungal Pathogenesis? |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (11) |
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264 | (11) |
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Cell Wall Degradation and Fortification |
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275 | (70) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Penetration of Epicuticular Waxy Layer by Pathogens |
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276 | (1) |
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Production of Cutinases to Breach Cuticle Barrier |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Plant Signals Triggering Fungal Cutinases |
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278 | (1) |
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Importance of Cutinases in Penetration of Cuticle |
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279 | (1) |
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Cutinases as Virulence/Pathogenicity Factors |
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280 | (1) |
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Melanins in Fungal Penetration of Cuticle Barrier |
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281 | (4) |
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281 | (2) |
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Melanins Aid in Penetration of Cuticle Barrier by Fungal Pathogens |
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283 | (2) |
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Degradation of Pectic Polysaccharides |
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285 | (9) |
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Types of Pectic Polysaccharides |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Fungal Pathogens Produce Multiple Pectic Enzymes |
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286 | (1) |
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Genes Encoding Pectic Enzymes |
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287 | (1) |
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Evidences to Show That Pectic Enzymes Aid Pathogens to Penetrate Cell Wall |
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288 | (1) |
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Immunocytochemical Evidences |
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288 | (1) |
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Evidences by Showing Protection of the Host by Inhibition of Pectic Enzymes with Specific Antibodies |
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289 | (1) |
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Evidences Showing Protection of Host Plants by Inhibition of Pectic Enzymes with Selective Inhibitors |
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290 | (1) |
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Evidences Using Pectic Enzyme-Deficient Fungal Isolates |
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290 | (1) |
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Evidences Showing Correlation between the Level of Pectic Enzymes and Virulence |
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291 | (1) |
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Evidences Showing Enhancement of Virulence by Gene Transfer |
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291 | (1) |
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Evidences Showing Decrease in Virulence by Gene Disruption |
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291 | (1) |
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Plant Signals to Induce Pectic Enzymes |
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291 | (1) |
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Host Cell Wall Differs in Its Susceptibility to Pectic Enzymes |
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292 | (1) |
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Cell Wall Proteins Modulate Pectic Enzyme Activity |
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292 | (2) |
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Pathogens Produce Cellulolytic Enzymes to Breach Cell Wall Barrier |
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294 | (1) |
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Fungal Hemicellulases in Plant Cell Wall Degradation |
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295 | (1) |
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Degradation of Cell Wall Structural Proteins |
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296 | (1) |
|
Requirement of Several Cell Wall--Degrading Enzymes to Degrade the Complex-Natured Cell Wall |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Production of Suitable Enzymes in Appropriate Sequence by Fungal Pathogens |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Reinforcement of Host Cell Wall during Fungal Invasion |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Papillae Suppress Fungal Penetration |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
Callose Deposition in Cell Wall |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
How Do Pathogens Overcome the Papillae and Callose Barriers? |
|
|
301 | (3) |
|
Pathogen Delays Papillae Formation |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Pathogens May Suppress Callose Synthesis in Susceptible Interactions |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Pathogens May Be Able to Penetrate the Papillae Barrier |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Pathogens May Degrade Callose by Producing β-1,3-Glucanase |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Accumulation of Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins in Plant Cell Walls |
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
Host Cell Wall Responds to Fungal Invasion by Accumulating HRGP |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Signals Triggering Accumulation of HRGPs |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Host Cell Wall Responds to Fungal Invasion by Strengthening Its HRGPs by Glycosylation |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Insolubilization of HRGPs in Host Cell Wall |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Enrichment of HRGPs by Lignin Deposition |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Some HRGPs May Immobilize Plant Pathogens |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
How Does Pathogen Overcome HRGP Barrier? |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Less Accumulation of HRGPs in Compatible Interactions |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Pathogen Overcomes HRGP Barrier by Delaying Accumulation of HRGPs in Host Cell Wall |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Cell Wall--Bound Phenolics and Lignins |
|
|
307 | (9) |
|
Fortification of Plant Cell Wall by Phenolics and Lignin |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Biosynthesis of Phenolics and Lignins |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Phenolic Deposition in Host Cell Wall in Response to Fungal Invasion |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
Host Cell Wall Responds to Fungal Invasion by Activating Enzymes Involved in Synthesis of Wall-Bound Phenolics |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
How Does the Pathogen Overcome the Cell Wall--Bound Phenolics to Cause Disease? |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Pathogen Suppresses Accumulation of Phenolics in Host Cell Wall |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Pathogen Delays Synthesis of Cell Wall--Bound Phenolics |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Lignification during Fungal Pathogenesis |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Host Cell Wall Responds to Fungal Invasion by Increasing Lignification Process |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Pathogen Suppresses Lignin Deposition |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Pathogen Suppresses Enzymes Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
How Does Pathogen Suppress Lignification in Host Cell Wall? |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Suberization during Fungal Pathogenesis |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
Host Cell Wall Responds to Fungal Invasion by Suberization |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Biosynthesis of Suberin in Pathogen-Inoculated Host Cell Wall |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Pathogen Delays Suberin Accumulation |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Pathogen May Suppress Suberin-Synthesizing Enzymes |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Pathogens May Penetrate the Suberized Walls of Host Cells |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Deposition of Mineral Elements in Host Cell Wall in Response to Fungal Invasion |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Calcium Deposition in Papillae |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Manganese Accumulation in Papillae |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
319 | (26) |
|
|
320 | (25) |
|
Induction and Evasion of Pathogenesis-Related Proteins |
|
|
345 | (66) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Multiplicity of PR Proteins |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Classification of PR Proteins |
|
|
347 | (8) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Induction of PR Proteins during Fungal Pathogenesis |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Genes Encoding PR Proteins |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Transcription of PR Genes |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Signals Involved in Transcriptional Induction of PR Genes |
|
|
358 | (6) |
|
Induction of PR Genes by Elicitors |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Induction of PR Genes by Salicylic Acid |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Induction of PR Genes by Ethylene |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
Induction of PR Genes by Jasmonic Acid/Jasmonate |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Induction of PR Proteins May Require Different Signal Transduction Systems |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Synergistic Effect of Different Signals |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Antagonistic Effect of Different Signals |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
PR Proteins Are Synthesized as Larger Precursors |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Site of Accumulation of PR Proteins |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
PR Proteins May Be Involved in Inhibition of Pathogen Development |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
Inhibition of Fungal Growth by PR Proteins In Vitro |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
Inhibition of Fungal Growth by PR Proteins In Vivo |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Some PR Proteins May Be Involved in Release of Elicitor Molecules in Planta |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Some PR Proteins May Be Involved in Reinforcement of Cell Wall Structures |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
PR Proteins May Be Involved in Triggering Disease Resistance |
|
|
370 | (3) |
|
Demonstration of the Role of PR Proteins in Disease Resistance Using Chemical or Biological Elicitors |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Demonstration of Role of PR Proteins in Disease Resistance by Inducing Mutation |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Demonstration of Role of PR Proteins in Disease Resistance by Developing Transgenic Plants |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
Demonstration of the Role of PR Proteins by Developing Transgenic Plants with Antisense Suppression of PR Genes |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
How Do Pathogens Overcome Fungitoxic PR Proteins of the Host? |
|
|
373 | (12) |
|
Slower Accumulation of PR Proteins May Enable Pathogens to Escape the Antifungal Action of PR Proteins |
|
|
373 | (6) |
|
Pathogens May Shed Away from Their Cell Wall the Substrate for the PR Proteins of Enzymatic Nature and Avoid Their Lytic Enzyme Action |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Pathogens May Produce Enzymes That Protect Them from Fungitoxic Action of PR-3 Proteins |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Pathogens May Produce Enzymes to Inhibit Activity of Some PR Proteins |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Less Elicitor Is Released from Pathogen's Cell Wall to Activate Synthesis of PR Proteins |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
PR Proteins Are Degraded Quickly in the Susceptible Host Tissues |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Site of Accumulation of Some PR Proteins May Determine Susceptibility or Resistance |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
Adaptation of Pathogens to PR Proteins |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Some PR Proteins May Not Be Involved in Disease Resistance |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (26) |
|
|
386 | (25) |
|
Evasion and Detoxification of Secondary Metabolites |
|
|
411 | (58) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Chemical Structural Classes of Phytoalexins |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
Biosynthesis of Isoflavonoid Phytoalexins |
|
|
414 | (10) |
|
Phaseollin and Related Compounds |
|
|
414 | (4) |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
420 | (3) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Biosynthesis of Flavanone Phytoalexins |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Biosynthesis of Coumarin Phytoalexins |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
Biosynthesis of Stilbene Phytoalexins |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Biosynthesis of Terpenoid Phytoalexins |
|
|
426 | (4) |
|
Biosynthesis of Indole-Based Sulfur-Containing Phytoalexins |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Biosynthesis of Alkaloid Phytoalexins |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Site of Synthesis of Phytoalexins |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Phytoalexins Are Fungitoxic |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
How Do Pathogens Overcome the Antifungal Phytoalexins? |
|
|
433 | (7) |
|
Pathogens May Detoxify Phytoalexins |
|
|
433 | (3) |
|
Induction of Phytoalexins May Be Delayed in Susceptible Interactions |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
Pathogen May Suppress Accumulation of Phytoalexins in Susceptible Hosts |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Amount of Accumulation of Phytoalexins May Be Less in Susceptible Interactions Compared with Resistant Interactions |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Highly Toxic Phytoalexins May Not Accumulate in Susceptible Interactions |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Some Phytoalexins May Not Be Produced in Susceptible Interactions |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Some Phytoalexins May Not Have Any Role in Defense Mechanisms of Plants |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Chemical Structural Classes of Phytoanticipins |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Phenolics as Phytoanticipins |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Toxicity of Phenolics to Pathogens |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
How Does Pathogen Overcome the Antifungal Phenolics? |
|
|
441 | (4) |
|
Pathogen May Degrade Phenolics to Nontoxic Products |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
Pathogen May Suppress Increased Synthesis of Phenolics in Plants |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Pathogen May Suppress Phenol Biosynthetic Enzymes |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Pathogen May Suppress Phenolic Metabolism by Its Suppressor Molecule |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Pathogen May Suppress Phenolic Metabolism by Producing Toxins |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Pathogen May Suppress Oxidation of Phenolics by Inhibiting Polyphenol Oxidase |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Phenolics Are Fungitoxic but They May Not Accumulate to Fungitoxic Level during Pathogenesis in Some Plant--Pathogen Interactions |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Saponins as Phytoanticipins |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
Glucosinolates as Phytoanticipins |
|
|
447 | (3) |
|
Biosynthesis of Glucosinolates |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Toxicity of Glucosinolates to Fungal Pathogens |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
How Does the Pathogen Overcome Toxicity of Glucosinolates? |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Concentration of Glucosinolates May Be Less in Susceptible Tissues |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Glucosinolates May Not Be Involved in Disease Resistance Unless the Tissue Is Damaged |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (19) |
|
|
451 | (18) |
|
Toxins in Disease Symptom Development |
|
|
469 | (30) |
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
Importance of Toxins in Disease Development |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Toxins Suppress Host-Defense Mechanisms |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Toxins Cause Cell Membrane Dysfunction |
|
|
473 | (10) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Changes in Membrane-Bound ATPases |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Inhibition of Calmodulin Activity |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Alteration in Membrane Potential |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
Toxins Form Ion Channels in Plant Cell Membranes |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Modification of Membrane Phospholipids |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Toxin-Induced Active Oxygen Species Induce Membrane Dysfunction |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial Membrane Dysfunction |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
How Do Pathogens Induce Membrane Dysfunction Only in Susceptible Hosts? |
|
|
483 | (5) |
|
Detoxification of Phytotoxins, Which Occurs in Resistant Hosts, Does Not Occur in Susceptible Hosts |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Susceptible Tissues May Have Toxin Receptors Which May Be Absent in Resistant Tissues |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
Susceptible Tissues May Be More Sensitive to Toxins |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Specific Protein Synthesized after Toxin Exposure May Confer Host Specificity |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Proteins of Susceptible Hosts May Enhance Potential of Pathogens to Produce Toxins |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Sucrose Influx May Have Correlation with Sensitivity to Toxin |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Transport of Toxin to Cytoplasm May Occur Only in Susceptible Interactions |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (11) |
|
|
489 | (10) |
Index |
|
499 | |