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El. knyga: Gels Handbook, Four-Volume Set

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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Oct-2000
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080532349
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Oct-2000
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080532349
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This comprehensive four-volume reference was originally published in Japanese in 1997 (virtually all of the contributors are Japanese researchers and academics). It is intended for scientists particularly concerned with gels as well as those in the many fields affected by this burgeoning science. Volume 1 covers the fundamentals, including definition and classification of gels, theory of gelation and preparation of gels, and structure and properties. Volume 2 reviews such functions as absorptivity of water, transport and permeation, transparency, energy conversion, shape memory properties, electrical and magnetic properties, and biocompatibility of hydrogels. Volume 3 covers applications in many arenas, among them: sanitary products, cosmetics, photographic films, food packaging, cell culture, plastic surgery, transdermal patches, ointments for antinflammatory drugs, prevention of water condensation, fireproof materials, communication cables, batteries, sensors, and, certainly of interest to a wide community, the whole problem of bad hair days. The fourth and slimmest volume contains discussion related to the environment, including forestation, and sanitary products and environmental problems, as well as several appendices. Each volume is separately indexed. Considering the price affixed to this reference, the publishers should have sprung for something better than perfect binding. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

This major reference work, covering the important materials science area of gels, is a translation of a Japanese handbook. The three-volume set is organized to cover the following: fundamentals, functions, and environmental issues. Gels Handbook also contains an appendix, complete references, and data on gel compounds.
Recently, polymer gels have attracted many scientific researchers, medical doctors, and pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural engineers to the rapidly growing field. Gels are considered to be one of the most promising materials in the 21st Century. They are unique in that they are soft, gentle, and can sense and accommodate environmental changes. Because of these unique characteristics gels have a huge potential in technological and medical applications. They are irreplaceable in the separation of molecules, the release of drugs, artificial skins and organs, sensors, actuators, chemical memories, and many other applications.
The 21st century is also said to be the century of biotechnology, where two kinds of biopolymers play crucial roles: DNA as a bearer of genetic
information and proteins as molecular machines. In spite of the dramatic progress in molecular biology and the Human Genome project, the basic principles behind the function and design of such polymeric machines are in the black box. Science and technologies that will emerge from those of polymer gels will shed light on such principles.
Some researchers have already developed prototypes of artificial glands (pancreas), artificial muscles and actuators, and chemical sensors and molecular recovery systems using polymer gels.
The Gels Handbook is an invaluable source of information on this rapidly growing field. It covers the entire area from the scientific basics to the applications of the materials. The authors are among the leading researchers, doctors, engineers, and patent officers in Japan. This book can be used as a textbook or an encyclopedia and is a must for those involved in gel research or applications.

Key Features
* Comprehensive coverage of a popular topic in materials science
* Is the first english-language gels handbook
* Includes numerous figures, tables, and photos

Recenzijos

"The articles are abundantly illustrated with diagrams and charts, and have ample references. Many of the authors are experienced in commercial activities, and bring the benefit of this experience to the subjects they treat. Each of these four volumes is separately indexed. The final volume's Data Summary includes concise descriptions giving the names, classifications, manufacturing method, solvent, characteristics, gel preparation method, uses, raw material manufacturers, product manufacturers, references to related literature, and chemical formula for about 120 gels. Despite some problems of expression (which may have been due to the translator, copy editors, or proof readers, or some combination thereof) this is a most interesting collection of articles on gel science and technology. It should be of considerable value to those engaged in industries that apply gels, as well as to polymer scientists and other researchers; it will also be of interest to students to find the enormous breadth of applications for gels." --ROBERT MICHAELSON, Science and Engineering Librarian, Northwestern University, E-Streams.com, Vol. 4, No. 5, May 2001

Daugiau informacijos

Key Features * Comprehensive coverage of a popular topic in materials science * Is the first english-language gels handbook * Includes numerous figures, tables, and photos
Preface xi
Contributors xiii
VOLUME 1 THE FUNDAMENTALS 1(412)
Definition and Classification of Gels
3(24)
Gels: Introduction
4(9)
What are Gels?
4(1)
Classification
5(1)
Method of Crosslink Formation
5(2)
Natural Gels and Synthetic Gels
7(1)
The Crosslink Structure and Size
7(2)
Microgels and Macrogels
9(1)
Medium
10(1)
Three-Dimensional Crosslink Structure and Networks
10(2)
Other Uses
12(1)
References
12(1)
Polymer Gels: Crosslink Formations
13(14)
Characteristics of Polymer Gels
13(1)
Classification by Crosslink Formations
14(2)
Chemical Gels
16(4)
Physical Gels
20(5)
References
25(2)
Theory of Gelation and Preparation of Gels
27(92)
Theory of Gelation
29(22)
Introduction
29(1)
Random Crosslinking
30(1)
Average Degree of Polymerization
31(4)
Branching and Crosslinking
35(2)
Distribution of the Degree of Polymerization and Crosslink Structure
37(4)
Free Radical Copolymerization
41(1)
The Process of Crosslink Structure Formation
41(6)
Molecular Weight Distribution
47(1)
Cyclization
48(1)
References
48(3)
Evaluation of Gel Point
51(14)
Introduction
51(1)
Inverted Test Tube Method
52(6)
Fallen Ball Method and U-shaped Tube Method
58(1)
Viscoelasticity Method
59(4)
Conclusions
63(1)
References
64(1)
Theory of Swelling
65(33)
Static Properties
65(1)
Fundamental Theory of Swelling
66(7)
Swelling Equilibrium
73(2)
Volumetric Phase Transition
75(6)
Conclusions
81(1)
Kinetic Theory of Swelling
82(1)
Phenomenology of Swelling of Gels
82(1)
Swelling Kinetic Theory of Gel Networks
83(7)
Critical Relaxation and Phase Separation
90(2)
Application and Examples of Kinetics
92(3)
Conclusions
95(2)
References
97(1)
General Theory of Gel Preparation
98(21)
Introduction
98(1)
Gel Preparation by Covalent Bonding
99(1)
The Method to Crosslink Simultaneously during Polymerization
99(5)
Method to Crosslink Polymer Chains Already Formed
104(5)
Gel Formation by Intermolecular Physical Bonding
109(1)
Synthetic Polymers
110(2)
Bio and Natural Polymers
112(4)
References
116(3)
Structure and Properties of Gels
119(294)
Structure of Gels
122(50)
Introduction
122(1)
Preface
122(1)
Static Structure
123(14)
Dynamic Structure
137(8)
Conclusions
145(1)
Analysis of Biopolymer Gels: Hair
146(1)
Introduction
146(1)
System Structure and Morphology of Hair
147(2)
Hair Proteins and Crosslink Structures
149(6)
Structure of Hair, Role of [ SS] Bonds to Properties
155(7)
Change of the Structure and Properties of Hair that is Independent of the Chemical Changes of SS Bonds
162(1)
Structure and Properties of Keratin Protein Model Gel
163(4)
Conclusions
167(2)
References
169(3)
Structure of Gels, Characterization Techniques
172(241)
Infrared Spectroscopy
172(1)
Vibration of Polymer Chains and Infrared Spectra
173(4)
Determination of Critical Chain Length
177(3)
Gelation of s-PS and Conformational Order
180(8)
Gelation Behavior and Conformational Order in i-PS/Solvent System
188(3)
Gelation of Amorphous Polystyrene
191(1)
Gelation of Poly(ethylene oxide)
192(2)
Light Scattering
194(1)
Introduction
194(1)
Theoretical Background of Light Scattering of Gels
195(2)
Measurement Examples of SLS
197(3)
Examples of DLS Measurement
200(7)
X-ray---Neutron Scattering
207(1)
Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Wave Scattering
207(2)
Gel Models and Scattering
209(6)
Application Examples of Analysis
215(5)
Conclusions
220(1)
Microscopy
220(1)
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
220(8)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
228(7)
AFM, STM
235(12)
Conclusions
247(2)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
249(1)
Synthetic Polymers
249(30)
Natural Polymers
279(12)
Conclusions
291(1)
Swelling
291(1)
Introduction
291(1)
Present Testing Methods for Superabsorbent Polymers
292(1)
Water Uptake Testing Method
292(6)
Test Method for Rate of Water Absorption
298(4)
Conclusions
302(1)
Electrochemical Techniques
302(1)
Introduction
302(2)
Characteristics of Microelectrode
304(2)
Preparation of Microelectrode and Fixation of Gel
306(3)
Measurement Principles
309(2)
Electrochemical Measurement of Solute in Gels
311(7)
Conclusions
318(1)
Viscoelasticity, Mechanical Properties
318(1)
Viscoelasticity and Superposition Principle
318(13)
Viscoelasticity and Its Evaluation Technique of Vibration Damping Gels
331(18)
Thermal Properties
349(1)
Introduction
349(1)
Measurement Techniques
349(4)
Measurements of Gelation Process
353(7)
Glass Transition Temperature
360(1)
Condition of Water
361(2)
Dielectric Properties
363(1)
Introduction
363(5)
Dielectric Measurement Techniques
368(3)
Examples of Dielectric Relaxation Spectra
371(7)
Conclusions
378(1)
Permeability of Gases
379(1)
Introduction
379(1)
Measurement Technique for Permeation Coefficient of Gases
380(9)
Conclusions
389(1)
Optical Properties
390(1)
Introduction
390(1)
Usefulness of Index of Refraction Measurements
390(2)
Summary of Refractive Index Measurements
392(4)
Measurement of Refractive Index Distribution of Gels
396(3)
Measurement of Birefringence of Gels
399(2)
Transparency of Gels
401(2)
References
403(10)
Index 413
Preface ix
Contributors xi
VOLUME 2 FUNCTIONS 1(1)
Review
4(11)
Introduction
6(1)
Gel Functions
Water Absorption, Water Retention, and Moisture Absorption
6(1)
Sustained Release
6(1)
Adsorption and Separation of Materials
7(1)
Transport and Permeation
8(1)
Insolubility and Substrate Materials
8(1)
Viscosity Increase and Flow Properties
9(1)
Transparency
9(1)
Biocompatability
9(1)
Conversion of Energy-Chemomechical Materials
10(1)
Electrical Properties, Magnetic Properties
10(1)
Information Conversion Sensors
11(1)
Shape Memory
11(1)
Future Functional Materials
12(1)
References
12(3)
Functions
15
Absorptivity of Water (Moisture Absorptivity and Retention of Water)
17(29)
Superabsorbency
17(13)
Hyaluronic Acid Gels
30(13)
References
43(3)
Sustained Release (Water Absorption)---Drug Delivery System
46(34)
Application of Hydrogels in DDS
46(2)
Swelling and Shrinking of Polymer Gels
48(11)
Change of Swelling of Gels and its Effect on Drug Delivery
59(9)
Drug Delivery Control Using Internal Structural Changes of Gels
68(8)
Conclusions
76(1)
References
77(3)
Adsorption and Separation
80(68)
Ability to Concentrate Solvent by Gels and Separation of Mixed Solvent by Gel Membrances
80(25)
Adsorption
105(15)
Interaction with Natural Materials
120(22)
References
142(6)
Transport and Permeation (Diffusion of Materials)
148(25)
Introduction
148(1)
Theory of Material Diffusion within Polymer Gels
148(3)
The Diffusion Coefficient Measurement Methods
151(2)
Examples of Investigation
153(18)
References
171(2)
Insolubility and Supportability (including Absorption of Oil)
173(31)
Fixation (Microbes, Enzymes and Catalysts Included)
173(16)
Gelation Agents for Oils
189(13)
References
202(2)
Transparency (Optical Properties)
204(34)
Transmission of Light
204(11)
Replacement Materials for the Vitreous of Human Eyes
215(10)
Coloration
225(10)
References
235(3)
Energy Conversion
238(63)
Chemomechanical Polymer Gels
238(42)
Information Conversion Property
280(16)
References
296(5)
Electrical and Magnetic Properties
301(64)
Electrical Properties
301(10)
Electroviscous Fluids
311(35)
Magnetic Fluids
346(15)
References
361(4)
Shape Memory Properties
365(12)
Introduction
365(1)
Shape Memory of Polymers
366(4)
Shape Memory Polymer Gels
370(4)
Characteristics of Shape Memory Materials
374(1)
Application of Shape Memory Gels
375(1)
References
376(1)
Viscosity Enhancement and Flow Properties of Microgels
377(11)
Microgels
377(2)
Properties of Microgel Dispersed Liquids
379(6)
Applications of Microgels
385(2)
References
387(1)
Biocompatibility of Hydrogels
388
The Human Body and Gels
388(3)
What is Biocompatibility?
391(2)
Bulk Biocompatibility
393(1)
Biomaterials
394(4)
Interfacial Biocompatibility
398(8)
Conclusions
406(1)
References
406
Preface xxi
Contributors xxiii
VOLUME 3 APPLICATIONS
Sanitary Products
1(34)
Disposable Diapers
Introduction
4(1)
Evaluation of Disposable Diapers
5(1)
Market for Disposable Diapers for Children
5(2)
Development of Trend of Children's Disposable Diapers
7(2)
Market Share and Development of Adult Disposable Diapers
9(2)
Superabsorbent Polymers for Disposable Diapers
11(1)
Crosslink Density and Absorbency
11(2)
Surface Crosslinking and Absorbency
13(2)
Particle Sizes and Absorbency
15(1)
Permeability
15(2)
Environmental Problems
17(1)
Future Directions
18(1)
References
19(2)
Sanitary Napkins
Introduction
21(1)
History of Sanitary Napkin
21(2)
Market Share Sanitary Napkins
23(1)
Worldwide Market
23(1)
Asian Market
24(1)
Japanese Market
25(1)
Structure of Sanitary napkins
26(2)
Development of Superabsorbent Polymers for Sanitary Napkins
28(1)
Absorbency for Blood
28(1)
Improvement of Superabsorbent Polymers
29(4)
Future Directions
33(1)
References
34(1)
Daily Commodities
35(74)
Cosmetics
Skin Care Cosmetics
38(1)
Introduction
38(2)
Viscosity-Increase Functions
40(6)
Emulsification
46(2)
Moisture Holding
48(1)
Conclusion
49(1)
Hair Care Cosmetics
50(1)
Classification of Hair Care Gels
50(1)
Styling Gels
50(5)
Conditioning Gels
55(1)
Cosmetics for Cleaning
56(1)
Face Cleanser
57(1)
Body Cleansers
58(1)
Hair Cleansers
59(5)
References
64(2)
Air Fresheners and Deodorizers
Introduction
66(1)
Gel Air Fresheners and Deodorizers
67(1)
Hydrophilic Types
68(3)
Oleophilic Gel Air Fresheners
71(3)
Vaporization of Fragrances from Hydrogels
74(2)
Future Development of Gel Air Fresheners and Deodorizers
76(1)
References
76(1)
Disposable Portable Heaters
Introduction
77(1)
Future Trends for Disposable Portable heaters
78(1)
Use of Viscous Nature of Gels
79(1)
Use of Super-Controlled Release Properties of Gels
79(1)
Use of Thermoresponsive Nature of Gels
79(2)
Sanitary products for Pets
Introduction
81(1)
Pet Sheets and SAP
81(1)
Use of Pet Sheets
81(1)
Structure of Pet Sheets
81(1)
Pet Sheets and SAP
81(2)
Toilet Sand for Pets and SAP
83(1)
What is Toilet Sand for Pets?
83(1)
Use of Toilet Sand for Pets
83(1)
Toilet Sands and SAP
84(1)
References
85(1)
Photographic Films
Silver Halide Photosensitive Materials
86(1)
Gelatin Gels
87(1)
Physical Crosslinking of Gelatin Gels
87(1)
Chemical Crosslinking of Gelatin Gels
87(1)
Swelling of Uncrosslinked Gelatin Film
88(1)
Swelling of Gelatin Film and Its Crystallinity
88(1)
Swelling towards the Plane Direction of a Gelatin Film
88(2)
Other Parameters that Control Swelling
90(1)
Swelling of Crosslinked Gelatin Films
91(1)
Rate of Swelling of Crosslinked Gelatin Films
91(2)
Reticulation
93(1)
Swelling of Gelatin Gels by Ionic Crosslinking
93(1)
Control of Development-Agent Permeation by Polymer Blends
94(1)
Mechanical Properties of Gels
95(1)
Relationships between the Modulus and Crystallites of Gelatin Gels
96(2)
Moduli of Gelatin Gels that Contain a Crosslinking Agent
98(3)
Conclusions
101(1)
References
101(2)
Domestic Oil-Treatment Agents
Introduction
103(1)
Inhibition Mechanisms of Gelation
104(1)
Improvement of Gel Strength
105(1)
Adsorption of Lecithin by Silica Gel
105(1)
Fiber Structure Changes by Addition of a Sodium Salt
106(1)
References
107(2)
Foods and Packaging
109(32)
Water-Absorption Sheet for Maintaining Freshness of Foods
Techniques to Maintain Freshness and Functional Packaging Materials
111(4)
Basic Structure and Functions of Water-Absorption Sheet for Freshness Preservation of Foods
115(1)
Improvement of Water-Absorption Sheet for Freshness Preservation of Foods
116(1)
Development Trend of Water-Absorption Sheets for Specific Applications
117(2)
References
119(2)
Multifunctional Packaging Materials for Freshness Preservation
Water-absorbing, Multifunctional Packaging Materials
121(1)
Multifunctional Packaging Materials with Water-Absorption and Antibacterial Functions
122(3)
Multifunctional Packaging Materials with Water Absorption and Deodorant Functions
125(1)
Other Multifunctional Packaging Materials
125(1)
References
125(2)
Coolants for Food Transportation
Basic Structure and Function of Coolants for Food Transportation
127(1)
Improvement of Coolant Shapes for Food Transportation
127(1)
Immersing Self-absorbing Coolants
128(2)
Improvement of Polymer Hydrogel for Coolants
130(1)
Application Examples of Coolants Tailored for a Particular Food
131(1)
References
132(2)
Contact-Dehydration Sheet for Food Processing
Structure and Function of Contact-Dehydration Sheet for Food Processing
134(1)
Benefits for Cooking and Application Examples of Contact Dehydrating Sheet
135(2)
Improvement towards Low-Cost Contact-Dehydration Sheets
137(1)
Package Systems that Utilized Contact-Dehydration Sheet
137(2)
References
139(2)
Medicine and Medical Care
141(118)
Gels for Cell Culture
Introduction
145(2)
Type I Collagen Gel
147(2)
Agarose Gels
149(1)
Matrigels
150(2)
Conclusion
152(1)
References
153(1)
Applications of Gel for Plastic Surgery: Artificial Breasts and Skin
Hydrogels and Lyogels
154(1)
Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Prosthesis
155(4)
Hydrogel-Filled Breast Prosthesis
159(1)
Skin Substitutes
159(1)
Wound Dressings
160(2)
Tissue Reorganization Template
162(1)
Silicone Gel Sheeting
162(1)
References
163(3)
Soft Contact Lenses
Introduction
166(1)
History of Contact Lenses
167(1)
Classification and Components of Contact Lenses
167(3)
Manufacturing Method of Soft Contact Lenses
170(2)
Properties of Soft Contact Lenses
172(2)
Future Development
174(1)
Disposable Lenses
175(2)
Hybridization
177(1)
References
178(2)
Absorbable Hydrogels for Medical Use
Introduction
180(1)
Hemostatic Agents, Adhesives, and Sealants
180(3)
Adhesion Prevention
183(3)
Tissue Engineering Matrices and Separation Membranes
186(1)
Conclusion
186(1)
References
187(1)
Bioadhesion Gels and Their Applications
What is Bioadhesion Gel?
188(1)
Application Areas of Bioadhesion Gels
189(1)
Adhesion Mechanisms of Bioadhesion Gels
189(2)
Application Examples Based on Location
191(1)
Eyes
191(1)
Nasal Cavity
191(4)
Oral Cavity
195(1)
Uterus and Vagina
196(1)
Alimentary System
196(3)
Intestine
199(1)
Conclusion
199(1)
References
199(2)
Transdermal Patches
Introduction
201(1)
Manufacturing of Patches
201(2)
Characteristics of Patches
203(1)
Current Trend of Transdermal Patches
203(6)
New Approaches for Transdermal Patches
209(1)
References
210(1)
Ointments for Antiinflammatory Drugs
Introduction
211(2)
Development of Drug Delivery Systems
213(1)
Solubility
213(1)
Stability
213(3)
Absorptivity
216(1)
Viscosity Enhancer
216(3)
Future Trends
219(1)
References
220(1)
Application of Chitosan Medical Care
Introduction
221(2)
General Properties of Chitin and Chitosan
223(1)
Preparation and Application of Chitin Gels
223(2)
Preparation and Application of Chitosan Gels
225(2)
Conclusion
227(1)
References
228(2)
Sustained Drug Delivery by Gels
Introduction
230(1)
Polymers and Gels Used for Drug Delivery Systems
231(1)
Gel Functions and Controlled Drug Delivery
231(1)
Blocking Effect in Gel Diffusion
232(1)
Application of Swelling-Shrinking Phase Transition of Gels
233(2)
Application of Blend Gels to DDS
235(4)
Gels in DDS
239(1)
References
240(1)
Medical Sensors
Introduction
241(1)
Summary of Medical Sensors
241(2)
Application of Gels to Medical Sensors
243(1)
Functions of Polymer Gels and Their Application to Sensor Technology
244(2)
Conclusion
246(1)
References
246(2)
Encapsulation of Cells in Hydrogels
Introduction
248(1)
Encapsulation Method for Live Cells in Hydrogels
248(1)
Ion Complex
249(1)
Formation of Hydrogen Bonding
250(1)
Use of the Phase Change of Polymer Solutions
250(1)
Use of Low Cell Toxicity Solvents
250(4)
Use of Photodimerization
254(1)
Formation of Hydrogels by the Oxidation of Thiol
254(1)
Application of Cells Encapsulated in Hydrogels
255(1)
Bioartificial Organs
255(2)
Prevention of Cell Aggregation
257(1)
Protection of High Molecular Weight DNA
257(1)
References
257(2)
Farming and Agriculture
259(34)
Characteristics of Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP)-Mixed Soil
Introduction
261(1)
Characteristics of SAP for Agriculture and Greening
262(3)
Availability of Water Held in SAP to Plants
265(3)
Characteristics of a SAP Mixed Soil
268(1)
Changes
268(1)
Change in the Distribution of Three Phases
268(3)
Evaporation Characteristics from SAP-mixed Soil
271(1)
Other Properties
272(2)
References
274(2)
Application of Superabsorbent Polymers in Japanese Agriculture and Greening
Introduction
276(1)
Methods to Mix SAP into Soil
277(1)
Mixing into Vegetable Culture Beds
277(1)
Water-saving Culture
277(2)
Transplantation of Trees
279(2)
Mixing SAP into Media of Bench Culture
281(1)
Fluid Seeding
281(2)
Seed Coating and Seed Immersion
283(1)
Spray Seeding
284(1)
Conclusion
284(1)
References
285(1)
Application of Superabsorbent Polymers to Dry Land
Introduction
286(1)
Mexico
286(1)
Egypt
287(2)
China
289(3)
References
292(1)
Civil Engineering and Construction
293(56)
Civil Engineering and Construction
Introduction
295(1)
Application of Water-Swelling Rubbers as Sealants
296(1)
Types of Sealants
296(1)
Nonswelling Rubber-Type Sealants
296(1)
Water-Swelling Sealants
297(1)
Swelling of Water-Swelling Rubbers
298(1)
Water-Stopping Capability of Water-Swelling Rubbers
299(1)
Water-Stopping Properties of Water-Swelling Rubbers
299(1)
Water-Stopping Experiment for Water-Swelling Rubbers
300(1)
Basic Design of Sealants
301(1)
Addition of Sealant Groove
301(1)
Use of Composites
302(1)
Conclusion
302(2)
Prevention of Water Condensation
Introduction
304(1)
Mechanism of Water Condensation and Methods for Preventing Water Condensation Using Polymer Gels
305(2)
Characteristics Required for Preventing Water Condensation
307(1)
Moisture Absorptivity
307(1)
Moisture Adjustment Ability
308(1)
Water Absorptivity
309(2)
Durability (Antifungal and Repeated Moisture Cycle Test)
311(2)
Application Example of Superabsorbent Polymer Sheets as a Prevention Material for Water Condensation: Application to Snow Dam
313(1)
Conclusion
313(1)
References
314(2)
Fireproof Materials
Introduction
316(2)
Fireproof Covering Materials
318(1)
Application of Superabsorbent Polymers
319(1)
Fireproof Covering Material, Aquacover
320(1)
Heat Absorption Effect of Heat Absorbing Packaging
320(1)
Mechanism of Heat Absorption
320(2)
Future Challenges
322(1)
Sealed Construction Method
Introduction
323(1)
Types of Tunnel Digging Methods
323(1)
Various Methods in Sealed Construction Method
324(4)
The Characteristics of Soils from Sealed Digging
328(6)
Improvement of Sealed Soil
334(1)
Conclusion
335(1)
References
335(1)
Gelation of Waste Mud (Gelation of Construction Waste Mud)
Introduction
336(3)
Treatment and Dumping of Construction Waste Mud
339(1)
Origin and Properties
339(2)
Treatment and Disposal of Construction Waste Mud
341(1)
MImprovement Treatment of Waste Mud by Addition of a Chemical Agent
342(1)
Inorganic Chemicals Methods
342(5)
Methods by Organic Agents
347(1)
Conclusion
348(1)
References
348(1)
Chemical Industries
349(60)
Application of Gels for Separation Matrices
Introduction
352(1)
Classification of Gels Based on the Shape and Chemical Structure of Particular Gels
353(1)
Shape of Gels
353(1)
Classification Based on Chemical Structure
353(5)
Separation Mechanisms and Separation Agents
358(1)
Molecular Sieves
358(1)
Adsorption
358(1)
Ion Exchange Materials
359(1)
Special Chromatographic Separation
360(1)
Others
361(1)
References
361(7)
Application for Tissue Culture of Plants
Oleogels and Their Applications
Introduction
368(1)
Development of Oleogels
369(1)
Comparison to Hydrogels
369(1)
Difference from Oil Gelation Agents
369(1)
Design of Oleogels
370(2)
Form of Oleogels
372(1)
Water Dispersion Type
372(1)
Powder Type
372(1)
Fundamental Properties of Oleogels
373(1)
Oil Absorption Ratio
373(1)
Oil Absorption Ratio for Mixed Oils
374(1)
Rate of Oil Absorption
374(1)
Oil Retention Capability
375(1)
Selective Absorption of Oil from Oil/Water Mixture
375(2)
Inhibition Effect of Spreading
377(1)
Application of Oleogels
377(1)
Oil Treatment Agents
377(1)
Sealant
377(1)
Sustained Release Matrix
377(1)
Additives for Resins and Rubbers
378(1)
Other Applications
379(1)
Conclusion
379(1)
References
379(2)
Application of Superabsorbent Polymers Gels to Oil-Water Separation (Use of Superabsorbent Polymer Containing Sheet)
Introduction
381(2)
Separation and Gelation of Fine Oil Particles and Emulsified Oils
383(1)
Coalescence Separation of Fine Oil Particles
383(1)
Function of Hydrogels
383(1)
Practical Aspects of Oil-Water Separation Sheet
383(1)
Construction of Oil-Water Separation Sheet
383(2)
Evaluation of Oil-Water Separation Sheets
385(1)
Experimental Examples of Oil-Water Separation Effects
385(4)
Conclusion
389(3)
References
392(1)
Application of Gels to Latent Heat Thermal Storage Media
Introduction
393(2)
Inorganic Hydration Salt Type Thermal Storage Media
395(1)
Phase Separation Phenomena
395(1)
Application of a Superabsorbent Polymer to Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate
396(2)
Application Examples
398(1)
Thermal Storage Media from Organic Compounds
399(1)
References
400(1)
Application for Electrophoresis
Introduction
401(1)
Polyacrylamide and Agarose Gels
402(2)
Newly Developed Gels
404(3)
Conclusion
407(1)
References
407(2)
Electric and Electronic Industries
409(70)
Communication Cables
Introduction
411(1)
Properties Required of Superabsorbent Polymers for Communication Cables
412(1)
Water-Absorbing Wraparound Tapes
413(2)
Water-Absorbing Materials made of Fibers, Strings, and Narrow-width Tapes
415(1)
Jelly-like Water-Absorbing Materials
415(2)
Direct-Coating Type Water-absorbing Materials
417(2)
Application to Power Cables and Others, Conclusion
419(1)
References
419(2)
Batteries
Primary Batteries
421(1)
Introduction
421(1)
Dry Batteries and Gels
422(1)
Polymer Electrolytes and Lithium Batteries
423(3)
Nonaqueous Electrolyte Gels
426(3)
Polymer Film Primary Batteries
429(3)
Auxiliary Batteries
432(1)
Introduction
432(1)
Acrylate Gels
433(4)
Performance of Auxiliary Batteries
437(2)
Characteristics of Polymer Auxiliary Batteries
439(2)
Towards Increased Energy Density of Polymer Batteries and Future Trends
441(2)
References
443(2)
Fuel Cells
What is a Fuel Cell?
445(2)
Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
447(1)
Development of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
448(1)
Solid Electrolytes
449(2)
Problems of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
451(1)
Conclusion
452(1)
References
453(2)
Sensors
Enzyme Sensors
455(1)
Fixation of Enzymes onto Gels and Construction of Sensors
455(1)
Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide-detecting Glucose Sensors
456(3)
Low Molecular Weight Molecule Mediator-type Glucose Sensors
459(1)
Polymer Mediator-type Glucose Sensors
460(2)
Humidity Sensors
462(1)
Introduction
462(3)
Sensors That Utilized Copolymers
465(1)
Sensors with Crosslinked Hydrophilic Polymers
466(2)
Sensors Utilizing Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
468(1)
Sensors Utilizing Graft Polymers
469(5)
Quartz Oscillator Method
474(1)
References
475(4)
Sport and Leisure Activity Industries
479
Sporting Goods Applications
Introduction
480(2)
Application to Sport Shoes
482(2)
Development of Tennis Shoes
484(4)
Application of Gels to Areas Other than Shoes
488(1)
Patented Application Examples
489(1)
Conclusion
489(1)
References
490(1)
Artificial Snow
Introduction
491(1)
Brief Explanation of the Superabsorbent Polymer Method
492(1)
Snow Manufacturing Method
492(1)
Air Conditioning System for Cooling
492(4)
Properties of Polymer Mixed Snow
496(1)
Thermal Property Modification of Snow by Polymer
496(1)
The Friction Coefficient of Polymer Mixed Snow
496(4)
Grooming Machine
500(1)
Conclusion
501
Preface ix
Contributors xi
VOLUME 4 ENVIRONMENT: EARTH ENVIRONMENT & GELS 1(74)
Environmental Preservation
3(18)
Introduction
4(2)
What Is a Polymeric Flocking Agent?
6(1)
Type and Structure of Polymeric Flocking Agents
7(4)
Nonionic and Anionic Polymers
7(1)
Cationic Polymers
8(2)
Amphoteric Polymers
10(1)
Functional Mechanisms (Flocking Mechanisms)
11(5)
Nonionic and Anionic Polymers
12(2)
Cationic Polymers
14(2)
Amphoteric Polymers
16(1)
Actual Application Examples
16(4)
Flocking Treatment of Wastewater
16(1)
Waste Treatment
17(3)
Conclusions
20(1)
References
20(1)
Forestation Technology
21(1)
Introduction
22(1)
Desert and Climate
22(1)
Irrigation for Growing Plants
23(1)
Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) as Soil Modifiers
24(2)
Recirculation of Water Through Plants
26(1)
Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Gels
27(3)
Thermoresponsive Polymer Hydrogels
30(4)
Proposal for New Water Recycling Systems
34(1)
Conclusions
35
References
36
Sanitary Products and Environmental Problems
21(54)
Introduction
38(1)
Terminology
38(1)
Definition of Sanitary Products
38(1)
Definition of Environmental Problem by Sanitary Products
38(1)
Materials Used for Sanitary Products
38(2)
Production of Sanitary Products and Its Consequence as Rubbish
40(1)
Production
40(1)
Amount of Rubbish
40(1)
Uniqueness of Sanitary Product Waste from the Legal Point of View
41(2)
Influence on Daily Environment
43(20)
Collection
43(7)
Intermediate Treatment
50(10)
Final Treatment
60(3)
Preservation of Natural Resources
63(11)
Current State of the Forestry of the World and Japan
63(7)
The Majority of Pulp Used for Sanitary Products is Imported
70(1)
Reason why Used Papers are not Employed for Sanitary Products
70(3)
Approaches for Conservation of Resources
73(1)
Ecology and Preservation of Scenery
74(1)
Conclusions
74(1)
Weight Reduction of Disposable Diapers
74(1)
Used Disposable Diapers for Use as Compost
74(1)
Data Summary Gel compound data index 75