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El. knyga: General Average: Law and Practice

4.50/5 (2 ratings by Goodreads)
(University of Bristol, UK)
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An account of the underlying law and the practical rules which govern the adjustment of rights and liabilities between parties to a maritime adventure when extraordinary measures have been incurred for the benefit of the common adventure. The third edition incorporates international case law developments to bring the text up to date and analyses the revision of the basic practical rules underlying general average adjustment internationally. It is essential for all those involved with maritime affairs to understand the implications of these new rules and how they fit with existing law and practice.

Recenzijos

"The complexity of general average and its relations with contracts of carriage, salvage, marine insurance and the law of unjust enrichment are duly explored and the difficulties which can arise as a consequence thereof are clearly demonstrated.

the extensive discussion of the new York-Antwerp Rule on salvage and the chapter on several insurance aspects of general average contain much that is of special interest. It clearly follows that the author has considerable expertise in these areas. In fact, the whole book is of the highest level and provides some thought-provoking views.

The third edition confirms that the books status as one of the leading English books on general average is well deserved."

Jolien Kruit, Journal of International Maritime Law

Preface for the Third Edition xiii
Foreword for the First Edition xv
About the Author xvi
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Legislation, Conventions and Rules xxix
Table of York-Antwerp Rules xxxi
Table of Rules of Practice of the Association of Average Adjusters xxxv
Table of Standard Form Clauses xxxvii
Abbreviations xli
Chapter 1 The Nature Of General Average 1(14)
I Definition
1(2)
II Partial losses
3(2)
III Examples of general average
5(1)
IV Justification of the doctrine
6(2)
V The governing rules
8(6)
The "common safety" of and "common benefit" to the common adventure
8(1)
Salvage and necessity generally
9(1)
Variation by contract
10(1)
York-Antwerp Rules
10(5)
CMI Guidelines
13(1)
VI Claims procedure
14(1)
Chapter 2 The Conditions For General Average 15(35)
I Burden of proof
15(1)
II Conditions for general average
15(35)
Subject-matter
15(3)
Cargo
16(1)
Freight
16(1)
Human lives
17(1)
The right only arises from a maritime adventure in the nature of a voyage
18(2)
There must be a real danger
20(1)
The danger must be to a common adventure and the action taken must be necessary for the safety of the common adventure or a direct consequence of such action
21(7)
There must be a common adventure
21(2)
Duration of the common adventure
23(1)
Port of refuge expenses
24(1)
Interests in same ownership: no legally enforceable right to contribution necessary
25(1)
Danger not threatening all interests
26(1)
Effect of the danger on different interests
26(1)
Loss exceeding benefit
27(1)
The intended beneficiary
28(1)
Effect of general average act on different interests
28(1)
Authority to act
28(5)
a The proper actor
29(3)
b Whether authority exercisable
32(1)
There must be a sacrifice or expenditure of an extraordinary nature
33(4)
Sacrifice or expenditure?
36(1)
Differences in kind and in degree
36(1)
The sacrifice or expenditure must be real
37(2)
The general average act must be intentionally incurred for the benefit of the common adventure
39(1)
Intention
39(1)
Intention to benefit the common adventure
40(1)
Overlapping intentions
40(1)
The action taken must be reasonable
41(1)
Success
42(7)
Contributory interest must be of value at the end of the voyage
43(1)
Sacrifice
44(1)
Expenditure
44(1)
Conclusion: common law rule on sacrifice and expenditure
45(1)
Success, period of liability and relevance of terminal value
45(2)
Success not resulting from general average act
47(1)
Preservation of ship
48(1)
Excluding the requirement of success
49(1)
Failure
49(1)
The general average loss must be a direct consequence of the general average act
49(1)
Chapter 3 Qualifying Losses 50(29)
I Introduction
50(1)
II Causation and remoteness
50(2)
III York-Antwerp Rules
52(2)
IV Contractual liability
54(1)
V Negligence and third-party liability
54(1)
VI Salvage, lightening and the environment
55(9)
Basic position
55(2)
York-Antwerp Rules generally
57(2)
Separate salvage liability
59(2)
Environmental services
61(1)
Special compensation
62(1)
Complex salvage operations
62(1)
Expenses lightening a ship when ashore
63(1)
Differential salvage awards
63(1)
VII Port of refuge expenses
64(8)
The common law
64(1)
Current practice
65(15)
Entry, stay, removal and departure
66(1)
Wages and maintenance of crew
67(1)
Handling or discharging
68(1)
Fuel and stores
69(1)
Port charges
69(2)
Damage outside the voyage
71(1)
Expenses of storage, reloading and stowage
71(1)
Early termination of voyage
72(1)
VIII Substituted expenses
72(3)
IX Temporary repairs
75(3)
X Mitigation of loss
78(1)
Chapter 4 Exceptions To Liability To Contribute 79(14)
I Deck cargo
79(1)
II Claimant's fault
80(10)
Basis of the rule
81(1)
Content of the rule
82(1)
Burden of proof
83(1)
Causation
83(1)
Actionable fault
83(1)
Danger arising from condition of cargo
84(1)
Joint tortfeasors
85(1)
Limitation of action
85(1)
Limitation of liability
85(1)
Exclusion of liability
86(3)
Contractual exclusions
86(1)
Statutory exclusion of liability
87(1)
Scope of exclusion
88(1)
The New Jason Clause
89(1)
Fault does not prejudice third parties
90(1)
III Custom and practice
90(1)
IV Contractual qualification of liability to general average
91(1)
V Illegality
92(1)
Chapter 5 Effects Of A General Average Act 93(19)
I A defence
93(1)
II Contribution
93(4)
Payee
95(1)
Nature of the entitlement to contribution
96(1)
III Security
97(7)
Lien
97(2)
Subsequent expenses
99(1)
Average bonds, guarantees and letters of undertaking
99(1)
Cash deposits
100(4)
Generally
100(1)
The account/fund
101(1)
Deposit receipts
102(1)
Payments on account and refunds
102(1)
Without prejudice
103(1)
IV Basis of liability; whose liability?
104(2)
Liability at law
104(1)
Contractual liability
104(1)
Average bonds, guarantees and letters of undertaking
104(2)
V The time, place and law governing adjustment
106(1)
VI A tort claim for economic loss
106(1)
VII Limitation of action
107(2)
General rules
107(2)
Specific time-bar
109(1)
VIII Limitation of liability
109(1)
IX Interest
110(1)
X Insurer's liability
111(1)
Chapter 6 Adjustment 112(23)
I General principles
112(1)
II Time and place of valuation of parties' interests
113(2)
The end of the voyage
113(1)
Valuation of sacrifices, expenditures and contributory interests
114(1)
III Determining the place at which contributory values are assessed
115(3)
IV Average adjusters
118(1)
V General interest surveyor
119(1)
VI Jurisdiction
120(1)
VII Governing law and practice
121(4)
VIII Valuation
125(10)
General rule
125(1)
Ship: the general rule
126(2)
Ship: deductions from cost of repairs
128(1)
Cargo: the general rule
128(2)
Sale of cargo
130(2)
Where cargo forwarded from port of refuge to destination by other means
132(1)
Freight
132(1)
Hire
132(1)
Other interests
132(1)
General average disbursements
133(1)
Effect of adjustment
133(1)
Currency
134(1)
Chapter 7 Insurance Contracts 135(18)
I Introduction
135(1)
II Liability to contribute determined independently of insurance
136(1)
III Assured with more than one interest
136(1)
IV Insurer's liability
137(3)
Subject-matter and peril insured
137(2)
Value insured
139(1)
Under-insurance
139(1)
Excess liabilities
139(1)
Loss suffered
140(1)
V Absorption clause
140(2)
International Hull Clauses 2003 absorption clause
141(1)
Third parties
142(1)
VI Insured's rights to indemnity and contribution
142(5)
General average sacrifice
143(1)
General average expenditure
143(1)
Non-separation agreement
144(2)
Institute, etc. clauses
146(1)
Salvage and the environment
146(1)
VII Measure of indemnity: insurer's liability proportionate to insured amount
147(2)
VIII Adjustment regime; place of adjustment; foreign adjustment
149(2)
IX Protection and indemnity association cover
151(2)
Appendices
Statutes
1 Marine Insurance Act 1906
153(24)
2 Senior Courts Act 1981, ss 20-24
177(6)
Lloyd's Standard Forms
3 Lloyd's Average Bond (LAB 77)
183(2)
4 Average Guarantee
185(2)
5 Lloyd's General Average Bond and Guarantee (Form Y)
187(4)
6 General Average Deposit Receipt
191(2)
7 Non-Separation Agreement
193(2)
8 Valuation Form
195(2)
York-Antwerp Rules
9 York-Antwerp Rules Comparative Table
197(34)
10 Guidelines for the Assembly of the Comite Maritime International when Deciding the Rate of Interest which shall Apply
231(2)
11 CMI Guidelines Relating to General Average (2016)
233(12)
RPAAA Rules Of Practice
12 Association of Average Adjusters: Rules of Practice (2015)
245(20)
Insurance Clauses
13 Institute Time Clauses-Hulls: Excess Liabilities 1/11/95
265(2)
14 Institute Time Clauses-Hulls: Disbursements and Increased Value 1/11/95
267(8)
15 Average Disbursements Clauses (A) 14/5/87
275(4)
16 Average Disbursements Clauses (B) 14/5/87
279(4)
17 International Hull Clauses 1/11/03
283(28)
Index 311
Francis Rose is a graduate of the University of Oxford, holds a PhD from the University of London, and is a barrister and associate of chambers at Quadrant Chambers. He joined University of Bristol Law School in January 2000, having previously been Professor of Commercial and Common Law at the University of Buckingham, and before that, a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He was the Director of the Norton Rose Centre of Commercial Law within the Bristol Law Faculty from 2000-2005. He was the inaugural Sections Secretary of the Society of Public Teachers of Law and is Convener of the Society of Legal Scholars Restitution Section.
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