Editors |
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v | |
Contributors |
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vii | |
Preface |
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xxv | |
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1 | (80) |
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Chapter 1 The Resilience of the Eu Single Market's Building Blocks In the Face of Digitalization |
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3 | (28) |
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3 | (1) |
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§1.02 Context: Specific Features of the Eu's Dsm |
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4 | (2) |
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§1.03 Digitalization And the Material Scope of the Four Freedoms |
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6 | (8) |
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[ A] The Broad Concept of Economic ActiVity |
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6 | (3) |
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[ B] Blurring Lines And Concealing Distinctions Between Goods, Persons And SerVices |
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9 | (1) |
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[ 1] Importance of SerVices |
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9 | (3) |
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[ 2] Blurring Lines Between Goods And SerVices |
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12 | (1) |
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[ 3] Blurring Lines And Concealing Distinctions Between SerVices And Workers: `Humans As A SerVice?' |
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13 | (1) |
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[ 4] The Need to Recognize Data As Fifth Freedom? |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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§1.04 The SubstantiVe Scope of Application: Non-Discrimination, Market Access And Public Interests |
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14 | (10) |
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[ A] The Concepts of Freedom And Free MoVement |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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[ 3] Article 16 Eu Charter of Additional Value? |
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18 | (1) |
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[ B] Public Interests And Fundamental Rights |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (1) |
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§1.05 Personal Scope: the Question of Horizontality |
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24 | (5) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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[ 3] Public And PriVate Interests |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 The Principle of Sincere Cooperation, the Charter And Digitalisation |
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31 | (34) |
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31 | (5) |
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§2.02 The Duty to HaVe Authorities Capable of Ensuring EffectiVe Implementation of Eu Law |
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36 | (2) |
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§2.03 The Duty to AVoid Conflicts With Eu Institutions |
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38 | (1) |
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§2.04 The Duty Not to Interfere With the Operation of Eu Law Or Eu Institutions |
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38 | (2) |
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§2.05 The Duty Not to Interfere With Commission Decisions |
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40 | (1) |
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§2.06 The Duty to AVoid Facilitating Breach of Eu Law |
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41 | (4) |
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[ A] A Duty to AVoid Facilitating Or Allowing Breach of the National Law of Other Member States |
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41 | (1) |
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[ B] The Duty to Correct Errors |
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42 | (1) |
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[ C] The Duty to ProVide A Fair Trial And EffectiVe Remedies |
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42 | (3) |
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[ D] The Duty to Act As Trustee Or Agent of Necessity For the Union |
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45 | (1) |
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§2.07 The Duty Not to Allow Interference By Defendants With the Right to An EffectiVe Remedy |
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45 | (1) |
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§2.08 Sincere Cooperation And Competition As An Eu ObjectiVe |
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46 | (1) |
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§2.09 The European Economic Area |
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47 | (6) |
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[ A] HaVe National Authorities And Courts A Duty to Raise Issues Under the Charter On Their Own InitiatiVe? |
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48 | (1) |
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[ B] Sincere Cooperation And Legal Certainty |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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[ D] Protection of the EnVironment |
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51 | (2) |
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§2.10 Is There A General Principle Requiring EffectiVe National Procedural Remedies In EnVironmental Cases? |
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53 | (2) |
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§2.11 Digitalisation, A New Area of Law, In the Light of the General Principle of Sincere Cooperation |
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55 | (4) |
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[ A] How Far Does the Principle of Sincere Cooperation Impose A Legal Duty to Regulate Digital Information In PriVate Hands? |
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57 | (1) |
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[ B] Issues Arise In Connection With Data-Gathering Enterprises And Information-ProViding Enterprises |
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57 | (2) |
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§2.12 Contractual Arrangements |
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59 | (2) |
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§2.13 Suggested General Principles |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Judicial DeVelopment of Eu Fundamental Rights Law In the Digital Era: A Fresh Look At the Concept of `General Principles' |
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65 | (16) |
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§3.01 The Transactional And Non-Transactional Protection of Users |
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66 | (6) |
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§3.02 Effects of Eu Fundamental Rights |
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72 | (4) |
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§3.03 Judicial Eu Fundamental Rights Law |
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76 | (3) |
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§3.04 If Not the Charter, Then What? |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Part II Principles And Rights |
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81 | (126) |
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Chapter 4 The Approach of the Cjeu In the Era of Digitalization: Free MoVement In Relation to the Internet At Its 25Th Anniversary |
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83 | (24) |
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83 | (2) |
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§4.02 The Legal Nature of Free MoVement And the Internal Market |
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85 | (4) |
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§4.03 The EVolution of the Case-Law In the Area of Free MoVement |
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89 | (13) |
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[ A] The First Decennium After the `Release' of the Internet (1993-2003): From Equating A Fax Or A Telephone to `Virtual Market Places' |
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89 | (3) |
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[ B] The Interim Phase, I.E., the Second Decennium After the `Release' of the Internet (2004-2013): Intensification of the Degree of Complexity |
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92 | (5) |
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[ C] The Final Phase (2014-2018): ReViews Directing Towards CollaboratiVe Economies And Other Complicated Set-Ups |
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97 | (5) |
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102 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Proportionality Beyond the Constitution: the Impact of the Principle On Eu Digitalization Legislation |
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107 | (24) |
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107 | (2) |
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§5.02 Proportionality: Foundations, Sources And Protection of Member States' Interests |
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109 | (6) |
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[ A] Elements of Proportionality |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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[ 2] Procedural Requirements |
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111 | (1) |
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[ B] Proportionality: Protecting Member States' Interests? |
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112 | (3) |
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§5.03 The General Data Protection Regulation (Gdpr) |
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115 | (7) |
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§5.04 Taxing the Digital Economy |
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122 | (6) |
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§5.05 Comparison And Conclusions |
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128 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 General Principles of Eu Law For the CollaboratiVe Economy |
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131 | (20) |
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131 | (2) |
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§6.02 The Role of General Principles In the Sharing Economy |
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133 | (1) |
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§6.03 Resilience: New Light to Old Principles |
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134 | (8) |
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[ A] Effet Utile: EffectiVeness of Eu Law |
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134 | (1) |
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[ 1] Internal Market: Market Access |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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[ 6] Conclusion On the Principle of EffectiVeness |
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140 | (1) |
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[ B] Proportionality And Subsidiarity |
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140 | (2) |
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§6.04 ReinVention: New Principles |
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142 | (7) |
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142 | (1) |
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[ B] Algorithmic Fairness |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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[ 2] Existing (Partial) Solutions |
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146 | (1) |
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[ 3] Future (More Coherent) Solutions Through the Creation of A General Principle |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Eu Non-Discrimination Law In the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Mapping the Challenges of Algorithmic Discrimination |
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151 | (32) |
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§7.01 The Mechanics of Algorithmic Discrimination |
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153 | (8) |
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[ A] Ai, Machine-Learning And Algorithms |
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153 | (2) |
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[ B] What Risks of Discrimination Do Machine-Learning Algorithms Pose? |
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155 | (1) |
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[ C] Bias Through the Lens of Non-Discrimination Law: Demystifying Algorithmic Discrimination |
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156 | (1) |
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[ 1] Stereotyping In Framing, Labelling And Modelling |
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157 | (1) |
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[ 2] Structural Discrimination Engrained In Data |
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158 | (3) |
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§7.02 The Applicability of the Current Eu Non-Discrimination Law Regime to Cases of Algorithmic Discrimination |
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161 | (9) |
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[ A] Algorithmic Discrimination In the Labour Market |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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[ 2] Employment: Hiring, Promotion And Working Conditions |
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163 | (1) |
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[ 3] Algorithmic Stereotyping In Job Ads And Opportunities |
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164 | (3) |
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[ B] The ProVision And Supply of Goods And SerVices |
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167 | (1) |
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[ 1] Structural Misrepresentation In the Access to Goods And SerVices |
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167 | (1) |
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[ 2] Algorithmic Stereotyping In AdVertising |
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168 | (1) |
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[ 3] Algorithmic Price Discrimination |
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169 | (1) |
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§7.03 Conceptual Challenges, Uncertainties And Limits of Eu Non-Discrimination Law In the Digital Era |
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170 | (5) |
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[ A] Direct Discrimination: A Sound Conceptual Basis With Limited Applicability? |
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171 | (1) |
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[ B] Indirect Discrimination: A Broader Reach But More Justifications |
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172 | (3) |
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§7.04 Enforcement Challenges: A Need to Rethink the Application of Eu Non-Discrimination Law? |
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175 | (6) |
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[ A] The IndiVidual Rights-Based Approach |
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175 | (3) |
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[ B] The Public SuperVisory Approach |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Here, There And EVerywhere: the Right to PriVacy In the Context of Good Administration In Cross-Border Coordination of Social Security Matters |
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183 | (24) |
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183 | (2) |
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§8.02 Competing Rights And Principles: Efficiency, Fighting Fraud And the Right to PriVacy: the Theoretical Setting |
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185 | (1) |
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§8.03 Social Security And Regulation 883/2004 |
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186 | (6) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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[ C] The Personal Data Needed By Regulation 883/2004 |
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187 | (2) |
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[ D] European Forms (E-Forms) Carrying Personal Data |
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189 | (1) |
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[ E] Regulation 883/2004 And the Eessi-Platform |
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190 | (1) |
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[ F] The Eessi: Platform As A Way of Enhancing the Co-Operation |
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191 | (1) |
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§8.04 Fundamental Rights: the Right to PriVacy And Data Protection |
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192 | (3) |
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§8.05 Is the Eessi In Compliance With Fundamental Rights And Gdpr? |
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195 | (2) |
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§8.06 Fighting Inaccuracies Versus the Right to PriVacy, Or: In the Name of Fraud |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (8) |
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Part III Eu And Digital Rights |
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207 | (90) |
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Chapter 9 Balancing Fundamental Rights As A Method For Enforcing Digital Copyright In the Eu: Exploring the Institutional Implications |
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209 | (40) |
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Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt |
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§9.01 Copyright In the Digital EnVironment: Interests InVolVed And the Challenge For Enforcement |
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210 | (4) |
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§9.02 The Eu Legal Framework On Digital Copyright Enforcement: A LegislatiVely Sanctioned Uncertainty |
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214 | (14) |
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[ A] Copyright And the Global Information Infrastructure: the ElusiVe Search For Balance Through Political Bargaining |
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214 | (5) |
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[ B] Implementing International Rules At the Eu LeVel: A New Terrain of Contestation |
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219 | (3) |
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[ C] Legal Rules On Copyright Enforcement: A Fragmented RegulatiVe Landscape |
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222 | (4) |
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[ D] Exacerbating Uncertainty Through National Implementation |
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226 | (2) |
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§9.03 Enter the Eu Court of Justice: Balancing Fundamental Rights As A Method For Enforcing Digital Copyright? |
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228 | (4) |
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§9.04 Institutional Implications |
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232 | (9) |
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[ A] The Court As A Competence Dispatcher |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (2) |
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[ B] Influencing the Design of National Decision-Making Processes |
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239 | (2) |
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§9.05 Judicial Balancing In the Context of Legal And Institutional DiVersity |
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241 | (8) |
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Chapter 10 The GraVitational Force of the Charter of Fundamental Rights In Eu Copyright Law |
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249 | (18) |
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§10.01 The Eu Copyright Framework |
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250 | (3) |
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§10.02 ExclusiVe Rights And Fundamental Rights |
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253 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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§10.03 Limitations And Exceptions |
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255 | (5) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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[ C] Funke Medien, Spiegel Online, And Pelham |
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257 | (3) |
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§10.04 Enforcement Measures |
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260 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Proportionality In the Cjeu's Internet Copyright Case Law: InVasiVe Or Resilient? |
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267 | (30) |
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267 | (2) |
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§11.02 The Multiple Functions of Rights Proportionality In the Cjeu Case Law |
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269 | (14) |
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[ A] Legislation Or Judicial Rights Proportionality? Scarlet's Choice |
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269 | (3) |
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[ B] Using Rights Proportionality to Expand the Scope of Eu Copyright Law: Deckmyn's Parody |
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272 | (2) |
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[ C] PriVatizing Rights Proportionality: the Troubling Upc Telekabel Wien |
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274 | (2) |
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[ D] Annihilating Free Wi-Fi In Europe With Fundamental Rights Balance: Mc Fadden |
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276 | (3) |
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[ E] Capturing Hyperlinking Under Eu Copyright Law Through Proportionality: Gs Media |
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279 | (3) |
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[ F] Transitional Conclusions On the Case Law |
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282 | (1) |
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§11.03 Three Critical PerspectiVes to the Cjeu's Use of Proportionality |
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283 | (9) |
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[ A] Is There A Way Out of Incommensurability? |
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283 | (2) |
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[ B] Rights Inflation Or `Loss of Rights' |
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285 | (5) |
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[ C] SpilloVer Effects Or `Externalities' |
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290 | (2) |
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§11.04 Proportionality As A Mode of Regulation: Synthetizing Discussion |
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292 | (3) |
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295 | (2) |
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Part IV Competition Law And Related Issues |
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297 | (68) |
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Chapter 12 General Principles of European Competition Law And the `Modern Bigness' of Digital Power: the Missing Link Between General Principles of Public Economic Law And Competition Law |
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299 | (16) |
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299 | (1) |
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§12.02 General Principles of Eu Law And European Competition Law |
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300 | (9) |
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[ A] Area-Specific General Principles: the Utrecht Tradition And the Principles of Public Economic Law |
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302 | (4) |
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[ B] The General Principles of Freedom, Equality And Solidarity |
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306 | (2) |
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[ C] A Resurfacing of General Principles of Public Economic Law? |
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308 | (1) |
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§12.03 The Problem of Modern Bigness: Blurry Lines Between Market And Non-Market Impacts |
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309 | (3) |
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§12.04 Conclusion: Big Tech In Light of Principles of Public Economic Law |
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312 | (3) |
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Chapter 13 Portability In Datasets Under Intellectual Property, Competition Law, And Blockchain |
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315 | (30) |
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316 | (4) |
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§13.02 Portability In Data? |
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320 | (8) |
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§13.03 Porting Right to Databases |
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328 | (2) |
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§13.04 The Interface Between Porting Rights And Database Protection And Trade Secret Protection |
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330 | (6) |
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§13.05 Competition Law: Data Hoarding By Some Platforms --- A Violation of Article 101 Or 102 Tfeu? |
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336 | (4) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (3) |
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Chapter 14 Applying the Principle of Proportionality In the Assessment of Online Sales Restrictions: Does the Ecj Manage to Strike A Balance? |
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345 | (20) |
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§14.01 The Principle of Proportionality In the Application of the Eu Competition Rules |
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346 | (2) |
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§14.02 Online Sales Restrictions: Any Cause For Concern? |
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348 | (2) |
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§14.03 SelectiVe Distribution Systems And Article 101(1) Tfeu |
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350 | (1) |
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§14.04 The Court's Ruling In Metro |
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351 | (2) |
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§14.05 Life After the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation |
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353 | (1) |
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§14.06 Online Sales Restrictions Under the Vber |
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354 | (1) |
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§14.07 Pierre Fabre: the Game Changer |
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354 | (3) |
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355 | (2) |
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[ B] Comment On the Court's Ruling |
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357 | (1) |
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§14.08 Coty: Redressing the Balance? |
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357 | (5) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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[ B] Comments On the Court's Ruling |
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361 | (1) |
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§14.09 Concluding Remarks |
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362 | (3) |
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365 | (58) |
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Chapter 15 Anarchy, State, And Blockchain Utopia: Rule of Law Versus Lex Cryptographia |
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367 | (18) |
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§15.01 Blockchain And Fundamental Rights Outside the Rule of Law |
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370 | (4) |
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[ A] Blockchain As A Barrier to the Rule of Law |
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370 | (3) |
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[ B] The Rule of Law And Lex Cryptographia As AlternatiVes |
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373 | (1) |
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§15.02 Blockchain And Fundamental Rights As A New Paradigm |
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374 | (7) |
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[ A] Fundamental Rights Within the Lex Cryptographia Ecosystem |
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375 | (1) |
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[ B] The Choice Between Two Regimes of Fundamental Rights |
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376 | (5) |
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§15.03 Concluding Remarks |
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381 | (4) |
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Chapter 16 GoVernance of Digital Technology: Towards Principles For the Regulation of the Design, Implementation And Monitoring of Ai Systems |
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385 | (20) |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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§16.03 Regulation And the Rule of Law |
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388 | (3) |
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[ A] Co-Regulation And Self-Regulation |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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§16.04 Regulation of Digital Technology |
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391 | (2) |
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§16.05 The Role of Principles In Law And Regulation |
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393 | (3) |
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[ A] Some Recent Examples of Ai Principles And Guidelines |
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393 | (3) |
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§16.06 Thought Experiment: Utrecht Psalter |
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396 | (7) |
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[ A] Utrecht Psalter Principles |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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§16.07 Regulation By Design? Concluding Remarks |
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403 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Reconciling PriVacy By Design With the Principle of Transparency |
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405 | (18) |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (3) |
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§17.03 The Principle of Transparency |
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410 | (1) |
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§17.04 The Conflict Between PriVacy By Design And the Principle of Transparency: A Lack of Democratic Legitimization |
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411 | (3) |
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§17.05 Ways Forward: How to Practically AchieVe Transparency In the Context of PriVacy By Design |
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414 | (7) |
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[ A] Clarify PriVacy Laws Through the Use of Visualization |
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414 | (2) |
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[ B] Create New Methods to Reduce the Difficultly of Transposing Legal Rules Into A Formalized Language |
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416 | (3) |
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[ C] DeVelop A More Coherent PriVacy By Design Methodology |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (2) |
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Part VI ConclusiVe Chapter |
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423 | (30) |
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Chapter 18 Towards General Principles 2.0: the Application of General Principles of Eu Law In the Digital Society |
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425 | (28) |
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§18.01 Introduction: Alexa, What Is the Digital Society? |
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425 | (1) |
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§18.02 Effects of the Technological Disruption On the Doctrine of General Principles |
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426 | (6) |
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§18.03 The Resilience of General Principles In the Digital Society |
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432 | (6) |
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§18.04 The Need to Rely On New General Principles In the Digital Society |
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438 | (6) |
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§18.05 From the Digital Single Market to the Irule of Law |
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444 | (5) |
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[ A] The Digital Single Market And the Infosphere |
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444 | (3) |
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[ B] Towards An Irule of Law? |
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447 | (2) |
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§18.06 Concluding Remarks: On Regulability In Eu Law And the "French Coast Code" |
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449 | (4) |
Index |
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453 | |