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General Right to Conscientious Exemption: Beyond Religious Privilege [Kietas viršelis]

(Queen Mary University of London)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 344 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 236x158x25 mm, weight: 640 g, Worked examples or Exercises
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 110847845X
  • ISBN-13: 9781108478458
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 344 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 236x158x25 mm, weight: 640 g, Worked examples or Exercises
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 110847845X
  • ISBN-13: 9781108478458
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
The book argues that there is in the US, Canada and UK, a general right to conscientious exemption available to a person who objects to any legal obligation whatsoever on the basis of a religious or non-religious conscientious belief. The book provides a liberal defence of this right and argues that it should be considered a defining feature of a liberal democracy. A general right to conscientious exemption is a legal right to conscientiously object to any obligation imposed by law and to receive from a court an exemption from complying with such obligation. The general right defended in the book is not an absolute right. A court may refuse to grant an exemption if doing so would disproportionately impact the rights of others or the public interest. The book suggests how the general right should be balanced against important rights, such as non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

The book argues that there is a general right to conscientiously object to any legal obligation whatsoever on the basis of religious or non-religious conscientious beliefs in US, Canadian and UK law. The book provides a liberal and value-pluralist defence of the general right.

Recenzijos

'At a time when the highest courts in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States are all wrestling with the difficult contours of conscience rights, this book provides an invaluable panoramic view of the doctrinal landscape in each jurisdiction, along with a bold and incisive normative claim about the importance of extending exemption rights beyond religion in the modern liberal state.' Jim Oleske, Professor, Lewis and Clark Law School, Oregon 'In his important new book Adenitire shows that liberal democracies such as the UK, the US, and Canada have recognized a general but limited right of conscientious objection. He makes a strong case that this right to be exempted from ordinary law stems from the state's duty of neutral pluralism and is an essential characteristic of any liberal democratic society.' Richard Moon, Distinguished University Professor and Professor of Law, University of Windsor, Ontario 'Dr Adenitire's path-breaking and thought-provoking book provides the most methodologically rigorous defence of normative and interpretative claims to a qualified right to exemption from any legal obligation on conscientious grounds, not limited to religious matters, under the laws of liberal societies, including the current law of the USA, Canada, the ECHR and the UK. Its challenge to received opinion should be read by policy-makers, lawyers and political theorists.' David Feldman, Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of English Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, and Emeritus Fellow, Downing College, Cambridge

Daugiau informacijos

A sustained argument that a general right to conscientious exemption should be equally available to religious and non-religious objectors alike.
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction
1(19)
1 The Main Claims of the Book
1(3)
2 The Methods of Analysis
4(2)
3 The Implications of the Main Claims of the Book
6(4)
4 The Positive Case for a General Right to Conscientious Exemption
10(10)
The Moral Case for Conscientious Exemptions Generally
11(4)
The Moral Case for a General Right to Conscientious Exemption
15(3)
The Moral Case for Equal Treatment of Religious and Non-Religious Conscientious Objectors
18(2)
2 The General Right to Conscientious Exemption in US Law
20(27)
1 Introduction
20(1)
2 The First Ground of the General Right: The Federal and State Constitutional Right to Free Exercise of Religion
21(4)
3 The Second Ground of the General Right: Federal and State Religious Freedom Restoration Acts
25(3)
4 The Third Ground of the General Right: The Federal Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
28(8)
5 The Fourth Ground of the General Right: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Similar State Level Legislation
36(3)
6 The Fifth Ground of the General Right: The Constitutional Requirements of Church Autonomy
39(6)
The Ministerial Exception in Hosanna-Tabor
39(2)
Church Autonomy and Private Law Duties
41(3)
Conclusion
44(1)
7 Conclusion
45(2)
3 The General Right to Conscientious Exemption in US Law: Beyond Religious Privilege?
47(55)
1 Introduction
47(3)
2 The Welsh Principle of Interpretation of Conscientious Exemption Statutes
50(6)
3 Does `Religion' Include Non-Religious Conscientious Beliefs?
56(12)
Reynolds, Davis and Torcaso: Religion beyond Theism
56(2)
Yoder and Thomas: Doubting the Welsh Principle?
58(3)
What Is Religion? Two Conflicting and Misguided Approaches from the Courts below the USSC
61(6)
Atheism as a `Religion': Kaufman
67(1)
4 The Establishment Clause Argument
68(17)
Walz
70(1)
Caldor
71(2)
Amos: A Caveat to the Establishment Clause Argument?
73(2)
Texas Monthly
75(2)
Grumet
77(1)
Boerne
78(1)
Cutter: Undermining the Establishment Clause Argument?
79(4)
Center for Inquiry: Endorsing the Establishment Clause Argument and Applying the Welsh Principle
83(2)
5 The Equal Protection Argument
85(7)
Center for Inquiry and March for Life: Prohibiting Arbitrary Distinctions in Conscientious Exemptions
86(4)
Real Alternatives: Objecting to the Equal Protection Argument
90(2)
6 Is Church Autonomy Special?
92(7)
Jaycees and Rotary International: The Freedom of Expressive Association
93(3)
Boy Scouts: Judicial Non-intervention in the Ideologies of Non-Religious Institutions
96(2)
Conclusion: Church Autonomy Is Not Quite Special
98(1)
7 Conclusion: Conscientious Exemptions beyond Religious Privilege
99(3)
4 The General Right to Conscientious Exemption in Canadian Law
102(27)
1 Introduction
102(3)
2 The First Ground of the General Right: The Duty of Reasonable Accommodation Arising under Anti-Discrimination Statutes
105(9)
Simpsons-Sears: Introducing the Duty of Reasonable Accommodation
106(4)
Renaud: Rejecting the 'De Minimis Rule
110(1)
Meiorin and Grismer: Reasonable Accommodation in the Unified Approach to Discrimination
110(2)
Conclusion
112(2)
3 The Second Ground of the General Right: The Duty Which Requires Governmental Action or Administrative Practice not to Unreasonably Infringe the Constitutional Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion
114(9)
Multani
115(4)
Dore
119(2)
Loyola
121(1)
Conclusion
122(1)
4 The Third Ground of the General Right: Norms of General Application Must Be Compatible with the Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion
123(5)
Hutterian Brethren
124(2)
R v. NS
126(2)
Conclusion
128(1)
5 Conclusion
128(1)
5 The General Right to Conscientious Exemption in Canadian Law: Beyond Religious Privilege?
129(47)
1 Introduction
129(2)
2 Does Freedom of Conscience Ground the General Right for Non-Religious Objections?
131(18)
Conscience at the Supreme Court of Canada
131(5)
Conscientious Exemptions in Canadian Lower Courts
136(1)
Roach
136(2)
Zundel
138(1)
Maurice
139(2)
Other Minor Analysis of Conscience
141(3)
Conclusion: Freedom of Conscience Grounds the General Right for Non-Religious Objections
144(5)
3 The Duty of Reasonable Accommodation: Beyond Religion to Conscience
149(26)
Why Conscience Matters
149(2)
Equality Rights and Conscience: Outline of the Argument
151(2)
Vriend and Droit de la Famille
153(1)
Protecting Conscience in Anti-Discrimination Legislation: Is Conscience a Non-Enumerated Analogous Ground?
154(3)
Does the Exclusion of Conscience from Anti-Discrimination Legislation Perpetuate a Discriminatory Disadvantage?
157(2)
Protecting Conscience in Anti-Discrimination Legislation: What about s 2(a) of the Canadian Charter?
159(3)
Protecting Conscience in Anti-Discrimination Legislation: Can the Oakes Test Justify the Violation?
162(1)
The Dilution Argument
163(1)
The Non-Mirror Argument
164(1)
The Communal Uniqueness Argument and the Metaphysical Uniqueness Argument
165(2)
The Constitutional Objection Arguments
167(2)
The Floodgate Argument
169(2)
Protecting Conscience in Anti-Discrimination Legislation: What Remedy for the Violation?
171(2)
Legislative Objective
173(1)
Intrusion into Legislative Domain
173(1)
Intrusion into Legislative Budgetary Decisions
174(1)
Conclusion on Remedy
174(1)
4 Conclusion: Conscientious Exemptions beyond Religious Privilege
175(1)
6 The General Right to Conscientious Exemption in UK Law
176(36)
1 Introduction
176(2)
2 The First Ground of the General Right: Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion inArt9ECHR
178(18)
The Mechanisms of the HRA
179(2)
Williamson and Begum: Art 9 and the General Right to Conscientious Exemption
181(1)
Williamson
181(5)
Begum
186(2)
The Restrictive Art 9 Right to Conscientious Exemption
188(2)
Eweida and Beyond: Liberalizing the Williamson Requirements
190(1)
Bayatyan v. Armenia
190(2)
Eweida
192(3)
A Successful Case under the Art 9 Right to Conscientious Exemption: Blackburn
195(1)
Conclusion
196(1)
3 Another ECHR Ground for the General Right? The Prohibition of Discrimination on the Basis of Religion in Art 14 ECHR
196(5)
Thlimmenos
197(2)
Ladele
199(1)
Conscientious Exemptions under Art 14 in UK Case Law
200(1)
4 The Second Ground of the General Right: The Prohibition of Indirect Discrimination on the Basis of Religion or Belief in Employment and the Provision of Goods and Services under Anti-Discrimination Legislation
201(5)
The Prohibition of Indirect Discrimination and a Right to Conscientious Exemption
203(1)
Watkins-Singh
203(2)
The Eweida Cases
205(1)
Conclusion
206(1)
5 Conclusion: A General Right but Who Bears the Obligation and What Rules Can Be Objected to?
206(6)
Who Bears the Obligation?
207(2)
What Rules Can Be Objected to?
209(1)
Conclusion
210(2)
7 The General Right to Conscientious Exemption in UK Law: Beyond Religious Privilege?
212(14)
1 Introduction
212(1)
2 The Irrelevance of Religion for the General Right to Conscientious Exemption
213(4)
Williamson: The Irrelevance of Religion in Art 9 Claims
213(1)
McClintock and Whaley: Limits on Protected Beliefs
214(3)
3 Grainger: What Non-Religious Beliefs Are Protected under Anti-Discrimination Legislation?
217(4)
4 A Variety of Protected Non-Religious Beliefs, Few Non-Religious Claimants and Fewer Successful Claimants
221(3)
5 Conclusion: Conscientious Exemptions beyond Religious Privilege
224(2)
8 The Liberal Model of Conscientious Exemptions
226(53)
1 Introduction
226(2)
2 The Liberal State Should Grant a General Right to Conscientious Exemption
228(14)
The Rule of Law Objections
229(7)
The Institutional Objections
236(6)
3 The Liberal State Should Refrain from Passing Moral Judgement on the Content of the Beliefs Which Give Rise to a Claim for Conscientious Exemption
242(10)
The Fit of the Second Proposition
243(4)
The Justification for the Second Proposition of the Liberal Model
247(5)
4 The Liberal State Should neither Privilege nor Disadvantage Religious Beliefs Over Non-Religious Ones When Considering Whether to Grant a Conscientious Exemption
252(16)
Brady's Principled Attack on the Third Proposition
252(3)
Brady's Pragmatic Attacks on the Third Proposition
255(4)
Corvino's Pragmatic Attack on the Third Proposition
259(2)
Moon's Principled Attack on the Third Proposition
261(4)
Nehushtan's Principled Attack on the Third Proposition
265(3)
5 The Liberal State Should Grant Conscientious Exemptions to Claimants Who Are Sincere and if the Exemptions Would Not Disproportionately Impact the Rights of Others or the Public Interest
268(9)
The Two Pillars of the Fourth Proposition
269(3)
What Factors Should Influence the Proportionality Analysis?
272(1)
The Countervailing Reasons Stage
272(2)
The Suitability and Necessity Stage
274(1)
The Balancing Stage
275(2)
6 Conclusion
277(2)
9 Balancing the General Right with Sexual Orientation Discrimination
279(28)
1 Introduction
279(2)
2 Dignitary Harm and Social Standing
281(3)
3 Balancing Complicity and Discrimination
284(3)
4 The Equal Social Standing of Those That Oppose Homosexuality: The Principle of Non-Discrimination on the Basis of Religion or Belief
287(3)
5 The Equal Social Standing of Those That Oppose Homosexuality: Free Association
290(6)
6 The Equal Social Standing of Those That Oppose Homosexuality: Free Expression
296(10)
The No Allegiance Principle
297(1)
The No Publicity Principle
298(2)
The L-RD Principle
300(2)
The Artistic Freedom Principle
302(4)
7 Conclusion
306(1)
10 Conclusion
307(2)
Index 309
John Adenitire is a Strategic Lecturer in the School of Law at Queen Mary, University of London. He completed his PhD at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He has researched at Cambridge, Durham, Birmingham, the UCL Constitution Unit, the Bingham Centre and the UK Commission on a Bill of Rights.