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El. knyga: Geodesy 3rd Revised edition [De Gruyter E-books]

  • Formatas: 431 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-May-2001
  • Leidėjas: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110879957
  • De Gruyter E-books
  • Kaina: 65,94 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Formatas: 431 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-May-2001
  • Leidėjas: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110879957
The third edition of this well-known textbook, first published in 1980, has been completely revised in order to adequately reflect the drastic changes which occured in the field of geodesy in the last twenty years. Reference systems are now well established by space techniques, which dominate positioning and gravity field determination. Terrestrial techniques still play an important role at local and regional applications, whereby remarkable progress has been made with respect to automatic data aquisition. Evaluation methods are now three-dimensional in principle, and have to take the gravity field into account. Geodetic control networks follow these developments, with far-reaching consequences for geodetic practice. Finally, the increased accuracy of geodetic products and high data rates have significantly increased the contributions of geodesy to geodynamics research, thus strengthening the role of geodesy within the geosciences. The present state of geodesy is illustrated by recent examples of instruments and results. An extensive reference list supports further studies.
Introduction
1(17)
Definition of Geodesy
1(1)
The Problem of Geodesy
2(2)
Historical Development of Geodesy
4(9)
The Spherical Earth Model
4(3)
The Ellipsoidal Earth Model
7(3)
The Geoid, Arc Measurements and National Geodetic Surveys
10(2)
Three-Dimensional Geodesy
12(1)
Four-dimensional Geodesy
13(1)
Organization of Geodesy, Literature
13(5)
National Organizations
13(1)
International Collaboration
14(1)
Literature
15(3)
Reference Systems
18(27)
Basic Units and Fundamental Constants
18(2)
Time Systems
20(4)
Atomic Time, Dynamical Time
20(1)
Sidereal and Universal Time
21(3)
International Earth Rotation Service
24(1)
Celestial Reference System
25(6)
Equatorial System of Spherical Astronomy
26(2)
Precession and Nutation
28(2)
International Celestial Reference Frame
30(1)
Terrestrial Reference System
31(7)
Global Earth-Fixed Geocentric System
32(1)
Polar Motion, Length of Day, Geocenter Variations
33(3)
International Terrestrial Reference Frame
36(2)
Gravity Field Related Reference Systems
38(7)
Orientation of the Local Vertical
38(1)
Local Astronomic Systems
39(6)
The Gravity Field of the Earth
45(46)
Fundamentals of Gravity Field Theory
45(12)
Gravitation, Gravitational Potential
45(3)
Gravitation of a Spherically Symmetric Earth
48(2)
Properties of the Gravitational Potential
50(4)
Centrifugal Acceleration, Centrifugal Potential
54(1)
Gravity Acceleration, Gravity Potential
55(2)
Geometry of the Gravity Field
57(9)
Level Surfaces and Plumb Lines
57(2)
Local Gravity Field Representation, Curvatures
59(5)
Natural Coordinates
64(2)
Spherical Harmonic Expansion of the Gravitational Potential
66(10)
Expansion of the Reciprocal Distance
67(2)
Expansion of the Gravitational Potential
69(4)
Geometrical Interpretation of the Surface Spherical Harmonics
73(1)
Physical Interpretation of the Harmonic Coefficients
74(2)
The Geoid
76(7)
Definition
76(2)
Mean Sea Level
78(2)
The Geoid as Height Reference Surface
80(3)
Temporal Gravity Variations
83(8)
Gravitational Constant, Earth Rotation
83(1)
Tidal Acceleration, Tidal Potential
84(6)
Non-Tidal Temporal Variations
90(1)
The Geodetic Earth Model
91(28)
The Rotational Ellipsoid
91(11)
Parameters and Coordinate Systems
91(4)
Curvature
95(4)
Spatial Geodetic Coordinates
99(3)
The Normal Gravity Field
102(12)
The Level Ellipsoid, Level Spheroids
103(1)
The Normal Gravity Field of the Level Ellipsoid
104(7)
Geometry of the Normal Gravity Field
111(3)
Geodetic Reference Systems
114(5)
Methods of Measurement
119(95)
Atmospheric Refraction
119(11)
Fundamentals
120(4)
Tropospheric Refraction
124(3)
Ionospheric Refraction
127(3)
Satellite Observations
130(29)
Undisturbed Satellite Motion
130(3)
Perturbed Satellite Motion
133(3)
Artificial Earth Satellites
136(3)
Direction, Range and Range Rate Measurements: Classical Methods
139(3)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
142(9)
Laser Distance Measurements
151(3)
Satellite Altimetry
154(3)
Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking, Satellite Gravity Gradiometry
157(2)
Geodetic Astronomy
159(12)
Optical Observation Instruments
159(3)
Astronomic Positioning and Azimuth Determination
162(3)
Reductions
165(2)
Very Long Baseline Interferometry
167(4)
Gravimetry
171(25)
Absolute Gravity Measurements
171(7)
Relative Gravity Measurements
178(6)
Gravity Reference Systems
184(2)
Gravity Measurements on Moving Platforms
186(5)
Gravity Gradiometry
191(2)
Continuous Gravity Measurements
193(3)
Terrestrial Geodetic Measurements
196(18)
Horizontal and Vertical Angle Measurements
196(3)
Distance Measurements, Total Stations
199(7)
Leveling
206(5)
Tilt and Strain Measurements
211(3)
Methods of Evaluation
214(94)
Residual Gravity Field
214(12)
Disturbing Potential, Height Anomaly, Geoid Height
214(3)
Gravity Disturbance, Gravity Anomaly, Deflection of the Vertical
217(3)
Statistical Description of the Gravity Field, Interpolation
220(6)
Three-dimensional Positioning
226(13)
Observation Equations
226(8)
Geodetic Datum
234(5)
Horizontal Positioning
239(10)
Ellipsoidal Trigonometry
240(3)
Reductions to the Ellipsoid
243(2)
Computations on the Ellipsoid
245(4)
Height Determination
249(7)
Heights from Geometric Leveling
249(3)
Trigonometrical Heights
252(2)
Heights from GPS
254(2)
Fundamentals of Gravity Field Modeling
256(14)
The Geodetic Boundary-Value Problem
256(4)
Gravitation of Topography
260(2)
Gravity Reductions to the Geoid
262(6)
Orientation and Scale of Gravity Field Models
268(2)
Global Gravity field Modeling
270(11)
Spherical Harmonic Expansions
271(3)
Low-degree Gravity Field Models
274(4)
High-degree Gravity Field Models
278(3)
Local Gravity Field Modeling
281(19)
Gravimetric Geoid Heights and Deflections of the Vertical
282(7)
Gravimetric Height Anomalies and Surface Deflections of the Vertical
289(4)
The External Gravity Field
293(1)
Astrogeodetic Geoid and Quasigeoid Determination
294(6)
Combined Methods for Positioning and Gravity Field Determination
300(8)
Earth Models and Optimum Earth Parameters
301(2)
Least Squares Collocation
303(5)
Geodetic and Gravimetric Networks
308(25)
Horizontal Control Networks
308(12)
Design and Observation
309(2)
Computation and Orientation
311(9)
Vertical Control Networks
320(3)
Three-dimensional Networks
323(7)
Global and Continental Networks
323(4)
National Networks
327(3)
Gravity Networks
330(3)
Structure and Dynamics of the Earth
333(36)
The Geophysical Earth Model
333(4)
The Upper Layers of the Earth
337(13)
Structure of the Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle
337(2)
Isostasy
339(4)
Plate Tectonics
343(2)
Interpretation of the Gravity Field
345(5)
Geodesy and Geodynamics
350(19)
Changes in Earth Rotation
350(2)
Sea Level Variations
352(3)
Recent Crustal Movements
355(4)
Gravity Variations with Time
359(3)
Earth Tides
362(7)
References 369(36)
Index 405


Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Torge, Institut für Erdmessung, Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.