Series Preface |
|
xv | |
Preface |
|
xix | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxi | |
Series Editor |
|
xxiii | |
Author |
|
xxv | |
|
Chapter 1 An Overview of Energy |
|
|
1 | (18) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Basic Terminology of Energy and Power |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
Current Sources of Energy |
|
|
3 | (11) |
|
Nonrenewable Sources of Energy |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Renewable Sources of Energy |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (5) |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
Chapter 2 Classification and Uses of Geothermal Systems |
|
|
19 | (34) |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
19 | (10) |
|
Conductive vs. Convective Systems |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
Liquid- and Vapor-Dominated Systems |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Moderate- and High-Enthalpy Systems |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Geologic and Tectonic Setting |
|
|
27 | (2) |
|
Magmatic vs. Amagmatic Systems |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Types of Geothermal Energy Plants |
|
|
29 | (13) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
Binary Geothermal Power Plants |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
|
35 | (6) |
|
Importance of Condensers and Power Output |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Direct Use of Geothermal Energy |
|
|
42 | (6) |
|
Direct Use of Geothermal Fluids |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Moana Geothermal Field in Reno, Nevada |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Ground-Source Heat Pumps (Geoexchange or Geothermal Heat Pumps) |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
Case Study: Kendyl DePoali Middle School in Reno, Nevada |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
49 | (4) |
|
Chapter 3 Geology and Heat Architecture of the Earth's Interior |
|
|
53 | (18) |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
Earth's Compositional and Rheological Layers |
|
|
53 | (5) |
|
Earth's Compositional Layers |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Earth's Rheological (Physical) Layers |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Evidence of Earth's Compositional and Rheological Layers |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Heat Transfer Mechanisms in the Earth |
|
|
59 | (7) |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
Convective (Advective) Heat Flow |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Convection in the Upper Crust |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
|
66 | (2) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
Chapter 4 Fundamental Geologic Elements of Geothermal Systems |
|
|
71 | (36) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
72 | (13) |
|
Divergent Plate Boundaries |
|
|
72 | (3) |
|
Convergent Plate Boundaries |
|
|
75 | (5) |
|
Transform Plate Boundaries |
|
|
80 | (3) |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
|
85 | (8) |
|
|
86 | (4) |
|
|
90 | (3) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
Tectonic Settings of Rock Groups |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
Earth Forces and Geologic Structures |
|
|
95 | (6) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
97 | (4) |
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
Chapter 5 Subsurface Flow of Geothermal Fluids |
|
|
107 | (18) |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
Primary Matrix Porosity and Permeability |
|
|
107 | (4) |
|
Fracture Porosity and Permeability |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity and Permeability |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Flow Rates and Power Output |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
Changes in Porosity and Permeability with Depth |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Porosity and Permeability of Producing Geothermal Reservoirs |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Geologic Examples of Matrix Porosity |
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
Fracture Permeability and Crustal Extension |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Geothermal Systems |
|
|
125 | (34) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water |
|
|
125 | (9) |
|
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
Water Phase Relationships and Critical Point |
|
|
129 | (3) |
|
Pressure and Enthalpy (Heat) Relationships |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
Liquid-Dominated Geothermal Systems |
|
|
134 | (14) |
|
Temperature Range of Fluids |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (3) |
|
|
139 | (3) |
|
Low-Sulfidation Alteration |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
High-Sulfidation Alteration |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
Steam-Heated Acid-Sulfate and Bicarbonate Alteration |
|
|
145 | (3) |
|
Alteration Associated with Hypersaline Brine Systems |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Systems |
|
|
148 | (5) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Surface Wallrock Alteration |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Artificially Produced Vapor-Dominated Systems |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Matsukawa Geothermal System, Japan |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Te Mihi Geothermal Field, Wairakei, New Zealand |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
156 | (3) |
|
Chapter 7 Geologic and Tectonic Settings of Select Geothermal Systems |
|
|
159 | (52) |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Magmatic and Amagmatic Geothermal Systems |
|
|
159 | (3) |
|
Magmatic Geothermal Systems |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Amagmatic Geothermal Systems |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Exploration and Production Implications of Magmatic and Amagmatic Systems |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
Tectonic Settings of Select Geothermal Systems |
|
|
162 | (41) |
|
Divergent Setting of Icelandic Geothermal Systems |
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
Convergent Continental and Island Volcanic Arcs |
|
|
166 | (4) |
|
Convergent Back-Arc or Intra-Arc Extension |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
Magmatic Intra-Arc Extensional Setting |
|
|
172 | (2) |
|
Amagmatic Back-Arc Extensional Setting |
|
|
174 | (4) |
|
Continental Convergent Setting |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
|
181 | (3) |
|
Transform Boundary Settings |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (5) |
|
Walker Lane and Eastern California Shear Zone |
|
|
189 | (4) |
|
Continental Rifting and Geothermal Systems |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Magmatic East African Rift Zone |
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
Amagmatic Northern Basin and Range Province |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
Hot Spots and Associated Geothermal Systems |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Intracratonic Oil-Bearing Sedimentary Basins |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Buried Radiogenic Granitic Rocks |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
205 | (6) |
|
Chapter 8 Exploration and Discovery of Geothermal Systems |
|
|
211 | (50) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Spaceborne and Airborne Studies |
|
|
214 | (8) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Optical Spectroscopic Investigations |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
222 | (10) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping |
|
|
223 | (4) |
|
Mapping of Geothermal Deposits |
|
|
227 | (3) |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
|
232 | (9) |
|
Fluid Composition and Reservoir Type |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Geochemical Thermometers (Geothermometers) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (3) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Mineral Equilibria Method of Geothermometry |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Geophysical Exploration Techniques |
|
|
241 | (8) |
|
Resistivity and Magnetotelluric Studies |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
|
244 | (4) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (5) |
|
Shallow Temperature Surveys |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
Temperature-Gradient Drilling |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
254 | (4) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
Chapter 9 Environmental Aspects of Using Geothermal Energy |
|
|
261 | (28) |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Environmental Benefits of Geothermal Resources |
|
|
262 | (14) |
|
|
262 | (5) |
|
|
267 | (5) |
|
Solids Discharge to Air and Ground |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Environmental Challenges of Geothermal Operations |
|
|
276 | (9) |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
|
280 | (3) |
|
Disturbance of Hydrothermal Surface Manifestations |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
Chapter 10 Geothermal Systems and Mineral Deposits |
|
|
289 | (34) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
Young Mineral Deposits and Active Geothermal Systems |
|
|
292 | (25) |
|
Young Magmatic Mineralized Geothermal/Epithermal Systems |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Hishikari Gold Mine and Noya GoldDeposit, Kyushu, Japan |
|
|
293 | (4) |
|
McLaughlin Mine, California |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
Ladolam Gold Deposit and Geothermal System, Lihir Island, New Guinea |
|
|
299 | (5) |
|
Long Valley Gold Deposit and Casa Diablo Geothermal System, California |
|
|
304 | (4) |
|
Steamboat Springs Geothermal System, Western Nevada |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
Young Amagmatic Mineralized Geothermal Systems |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
Florida Canyon Gold Deposit and Humboldt House Geothermal System |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
Hycroft Mine and Geothermal System |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
San Emidio Geothermal System and the Wind Mountain Mine |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
318 | (5) |
|
Chapter 11 Next-Generation Geothermal |
|
|
323 | (42) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
Hydroshearing vs. Hydraulic Fracturing |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Enhanced and Engineered Geothermal Systems |
|
|
326 | (20) |
|
Enhanced Geothermal Systems |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
Northwest Geysers Project, California |
|
|
333 | (4) |
|
Engineered Geothermal Systems |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
Rhine Graben, Germany and France |
|
|
340 | (4) |
|
Supercritical CO2 in Engineered Geothermal Systems |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
Deep, Hot Sedimentary Aquifers |
|
|
346 | (12) |
|
Potential Stratigraphic Reservoirs in the Great Basin, Western United States |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
Deep Carbonate Reservoirs of the Molasse Basin, Germany |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Supercritical Water Systems |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
Iceland Deep Drilling Project |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Japan Beyond-Brittle Project |
|
|
354 | (3) |
|
Hotter and Deeper Exploration Science, New Zealand |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
Chapter 12 Future Considerations of Geothermal Energy |
|
|
365 | (18) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Renewable vs. Sustainable in Development of Geothermal Energy |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
Summary of Encouraging Indicators |
|
|
368 | (7) |
|
Baseload and High Capacity Factor |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Fuel Sources Not Needed and Low Operating Costs |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Emerging Technologies and Geologic Settings |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Potential Flexible Load Provider |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
Future Role of Geothermal Heat Pumps |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Challenges to Development |
|
|
375 | (4) |
|
Risk, High Upfront Costs, and Short-Term Investor Focus |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Political Whims and Governmental Regulations |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
References and Recommended Reading |
|
|
380 | (3) |
Index |
|
383 | |