Contributors |
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xxi | |
About the Editors |
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xxvii | |
Preface |
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xxix | |
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Chapter 1 Geological records of tsunamis and other extreme waves: concepts, applications and a short history of research |
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3 | (18) |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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A short history of paleotsunami research |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (8) |
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Chapter 2 Historical records: their importance in understanding and mitigating tsunamis |
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21 | (12) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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Historical records: importance and limitation |
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24 | (5) |
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29 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Tsunami magnitude scales |
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33 | (14) |
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Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos |
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33 | (1) |
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Tsunami magnitude scales: an overview |
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34 | (2) |
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Relation between tsunami magnitude and intensity |
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36 | (1) |
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Possibilities and limitations of tsunami magnitude scales |
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37 | (2) |
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Applicability of tsunami magnitude, Mt, to the case of October 25, 2018, earthquake |
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39 | (2) |
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Discussion and conclusions |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (4) |
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Chapter 4 Trigger mechanisms and hydrodynamics of tsunamis |
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47 | (28) |
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47 | (13) |
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48 | (4) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (9) |
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60 | (1) |
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Wave deformation in shallow waters (shoaling) |
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61 | (4) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (6) |
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Chapter 5 Tsunami databases |
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75 | (20) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (10) |
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78 | (1) |
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Challenges to creating a global tsunami database |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (5) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 Onshore archives of tsunami deposits |
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95 | (20) |
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95 | (1) |
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Onshore archives of tsunami deposits |
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96 | (10) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Swales within beach-ridge plains |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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Coastal sediment sections |
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100 | (2) |
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Beaches (back-beach environments) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (8) |
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Chapter 7 Geophysical prospection and sedimentological characteristics of subaquatic tsunami deposits |
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115 | (28) |
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115 | (3) |
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Why do we need research on offshore tsunami deposits? |
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118 | (2) |
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Methods to detect offshore tsunami deposits |
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120 | (8) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Sampling of offshore tsunami deposits |
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128 | (1) |
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Diagnostic criteria of offshore tsunami deposits |
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128 | (4) |
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Distribution of offshore tsunami deposits: case studies from different regions |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (8) |
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Chapter 8 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in coastal hazard studies |
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143 | (26) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (9) |
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Theory of GPR and its application in coastal environments |
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147 | (2) |
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Data collection and processing |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
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GPR use in studying past storms and tsunamis |
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154 | (8) |
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154 | (1) |
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Other research areas of methodology development |
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155 | (5) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (7) |
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Chapter 9 Mapping of subaerial coarse clasts |
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169 | (16) |
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169 | (2) |
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Aerial and satellite imagery |
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171 | (1) |
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Single-point to multi-point measurements |
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172 | (2) |
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Photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Post-event field surveys |
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185 | (28) |
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185 | (2) |
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Overview of how to approach the development, deployment and activity of a post-event field survey |
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187 | (11) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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On the evolving "tool kit" of methods available to support post-event field surveys, including those from the broader geological sciences |
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198 | (3) |
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Reflections on the tensions and challenges a post-event field survey team leader might encounter |
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201 | (5) |
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Meeting my own and other's expectations |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Dealing with the unexpected |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (7) |
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SECTION 3 Fine-grained deposits |
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Chapter 11 The sedimentology and geometry of fine-grained tsunami deposits from onshore environments |
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213 | (26) |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (4) |
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Fine-grained onshore tsunami deposits |
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220 | (9) |
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220 | (9) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (3) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (6) |
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Chapter 12 Foraminifera in tsunami deposits |
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239 | (22) |
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Characteristics of coastal foraminifera |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (4) |
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Modern foraminifera sampling |
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241 | (3) |
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Tsunami and paleotsunami foraminifera sampling |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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Sample preparation and foraminiferal analysis |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (2) |
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Example application of foraminifera to tsunami studies |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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Summary of foraminifera use in tsunami research |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (7) |
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Chapter 13 Ostracoda in extreme-wave deposits |
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261 | (30) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (2) |
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Preservation and taphonomy |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Distinguishing between overwash mechanisms |
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273 | (11) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 Diatoms in tsunami deposits |
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291 | (32) |
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Introduction: physical and ecological characteristics of diatoms |
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291 | (2) |
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Diatoms in tsunami deposits |
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293 | (10) |
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Allochthonous diatoms in tsunami deposits, indicators for sediment provenance |
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293 | (4) |
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Diatoms as indicators of tsunami runup extent |
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297 | (1) |
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Sorting of diatom valves in tsunami deposits |
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298 | (4) |
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Preservation of diatom valves in tsunami deposits |
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302 | (1) |
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Comparison of diatoms in tsunami and storm-surge deposits |
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303 | (2) |
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Recommendations for investigating a candidate tsunami deposit |
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305 | (2) |
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Field work and data collection |
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305 | (1) |
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Laboratory processing and analyses |
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305 | (2) |
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Appendix 1 Common Diatoms reported in tsunami deposits |
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307 | (6) |
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Appendix 2 Published criteria for identifying tsunami deposits using diatoms |
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313 | (1) |
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Appendix 3 Diatom slide preparation and counting |
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313 | (2) |
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Appendix 4 Assessment of diatom preservation |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (8) |
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Chapter 15 The application of molluscs for investigating tsunami deposits |
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323 | (20) |
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323 | (1) |
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The use of molluscs in paleotsunami research |
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324 | (9) |
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Characteristics of mollusc species assemblages in tsunami deposits |
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324 | (6) |
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Paleo-current flow direction |
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330 | (1) |
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Infaunality as a proxy for erosion depth |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (2) |
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334 | (1) |
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Taphonomic characteristics |
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334 | (1) |
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Differences between coastal and offshore settings |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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Differentiating between tsunami and storm deposits |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (5) |
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Chapter 16 Magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: versatile tools to decipher hydrodynamic characteristics of past tsunamis |
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343 | (22) |
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343 | (1) |
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The principles of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility |
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344 | (2) |
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Magnetic susceptibility of tsunami deposits |
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344 | (1) |
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Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (6) |
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Sediment sampling in the field |
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346 | (2) |
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Sediment sampling in the laboratory |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (1) |
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Contribution of MS/AMS to deciphering tsunami deposits |
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352 | (7) |
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Environmental magnetism of tsunami deposits |
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352 | (3) |
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Contribution of AMS to reconstruct the hydrodynamic conditions for the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami flooding at Banda Aceh, Sumatra |
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355 | (3) |
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Limitations of the method |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (6) |
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Chapter 17 X-ray tomography applied to tsunami deposits |
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365 | (16) |
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Principles of X-ray tomography |
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365 | (1) |
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Application to tsunami deposits |
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366 | (4) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (2) |
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X-ray anatomy of tsunami deposits |
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370 | (6) |
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Internal structure of the deposit and bedforms |
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370 | (1) |
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Soft and fine-grained fraction: soil and mud |
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371 | (1) |
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Vertical trends of grain size |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (1) |
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Distribution of heavy minerals |
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373 | (1) |
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Distribution of marine bioclasts |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (5) |
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Chapter 18 Applications of geochemical proxies in paleotsunami research |
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381 | (22) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (2) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Examples and significance of geochemical proxies |
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384 | (8) |
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387 | (5) |
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392 | (1) |
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Current challenges and potentialities |
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392 | (5) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (5) |
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Chapter 19 Microtextures in tsunami deposits: a useful sediment fingerprinting tool |
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403 | (24) |
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403 | (3) |
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406 | (2) |
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406 | (1) |
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Microtextural semi-quantitative classification |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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Automated microtextural classification |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (14) |
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409 | (3) |
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Arauco and Mataquito (Chile) |
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412 | (10) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (4) |
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Chapter 20 Paleogenetic approaches in tsunami deposit studies |
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427 | (16) |
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428 | (3) |
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Pioneering metabarcoding applications in paleotsunami research |
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431 | (2) |
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Protocols for sampling and analysis |
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433 | (4) |
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Sediment sampling and storage |
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433 | (1) |
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Establishment of databases and significance of reference material |
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434 | (1) |
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DNA extraction procedures |
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435 | (1) |
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and development of specific PCR primers |
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435 | (1) |
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High-throughput sequencing techniques and post-sequencing analyses |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (5) |
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Chapter 21 Post-depositionai changes to tsunami deposits and their preservation potential |
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443 | (28) |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (4) |
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Sediment supply and accommodation space |
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449 | (2) |
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Post-depositional changes in extent and thickness of tsunami deposits |
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451 | (5) |
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Post-depositional changes in sediment grain size |
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456 | (1) |
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Post-depositional changes of sedimentary structures and relief |
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457 | (1) |
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Modifications of tsunami deposits' mineral and chemical composition |
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458 | (2) |
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Formation of new sedimentary features |
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460 | (1) |
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Preservation potential over longer timescales |
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461 | (1) |
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New methods to assess post-depositional changes |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (8) |
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Chapter 22 Erosional signatures and reorganization in ridge-and-swale sequences |
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471 | (20) |
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471 | (4) |
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Modifications to ridge-and-swale morphologies by tsunamis and other extreme waves |
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475 | (7) |
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Erosional scarps and reorientation of beach ridges |
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475 | (1) |
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Breaches of beach ridges and washover-fan formation |
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476 | (2) |
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Vertical accretion of sandy ridges during storms |
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478 | (1) |
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Beach-ridge formation in response to seismically induced land-level changes |
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478 | (3) |
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Rebuilding of shorelines after catastrophic events and effects on sediment supply |
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481 | (1) |
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Methods to date and detect imprints of tsunamis and storms in ridge-and-swale morphologies |
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482 | (3) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (5) |
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Chapter 23 Experimental and numerical models of fine sediment transport by tsunamis |
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491 | (22) |
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491 | (4) |
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Field surveys and sample analysis methods |
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495 | (2) |
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Inverse modeling approaches |
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497 | (5) |
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498 | (1) |
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498 | (3) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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502 | (2) |
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Current challenges, potentialities and future directions |
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504 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (8) |
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SECTION 4 Coarse-clast deposits |
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Chapter 24 Spatial patterns of subaerial coarse clasts |
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513 | (34) |
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513 | (2) |
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Formation, identification and classification of coarse clasts |
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515 | (1) |
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Megaclasts: the largest clasts moved by waves |
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516 | (2) |
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Singular and clustered coastal boulders |
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518 | (7) |
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Occurrence and definition |
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518 | (2) |
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Boulder fields with scattered boulders |
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520 | (2) |
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Storm or tsunami boulders? |
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522 | (3) |
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525 | (3) |
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Coral-rubble ridges and ramparts |
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528 | (4) |
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Other coarse-clast deposits |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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534 | (13) |
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Chapter 25 Mega-tsunami deposits related to ocean island flank collapses and asteroid impacts |
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547 | (14) |
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Mega-tsunamis generated by ocean island flank collapses |
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547 | (4) |
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Mega-tsunamis generated by asteroid impacts |
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551 | (1) |
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Characteristics of mega-tsunami deposits |
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551 | (4) |
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555 | (1) |
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555 | (1) |
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555 | (6) |
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Chapter 26 Erosive impact of tsunami and storm waves on rocky coasts and post-depositional weathering of coarse-clast deposits |
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561 | (24) |
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561 | (1) |
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Erosive impact of tsunamis on rocky coasts |
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562 | (3) |
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Cliff destruction: episodic versus long-term effects |
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565 | (7) |
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Mechanisms of cliff retreat: the significance of Hthology, gravity and marine forcing |
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565 | (4) |
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Intensities of cliff development and recession |
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569 | (1) |
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Archaeological hints for coastal and cliff-retreat rates |
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570 | (2) |
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Rates of rock weathering and dissolution |
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572 | (2) |
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Relative age estimation for boulder transport |
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574 | (2) |
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Vegetation, lichen cover and microbialites |
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574 | (1) |
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Rock pools and other bioerosive indicators |
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575 | (1) |
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Long-term modification of coastal boulders |
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576 | (1) |
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576 | (2) |
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578 | (7) |
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Chapter 27 Experimental models of coarse-clast transport by tsunamis |
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585 | (32) |
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585 | (1) |
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Dimensionless quantities and scaling of experiments |
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586 | (7) |
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586 | (1) |
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The Froude number and scaling laws |
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586 | (5) |
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591 | (2) |
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Measuring approaches in the wave tank |
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593 | (1) |
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594 | (2) |
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Parameters studied in physical experiments |
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596 | (2) |
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Published wave-tank experiments on tsunami-boulder transport |
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598 | (11) |
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598 | (2) |
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600 | (4) |
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604 | (5) |
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609 | (1) |
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Conclusions and recommendations |
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609 | (3) |
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612 | (1) |
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612 | (5) |
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Chapter 28 Reconstruction of transport modes and flow parameters from coastal boulders |
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617 | (24) |
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617 | (2) |
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Inverse models of boulder transport |
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619 | (8) |
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Inverse models based on Nott's equation |
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619 | (4) |
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Inverse models for boulders distributed on cliff tops |
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623 | (1) |
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Problems remaining in the context of inverse models |
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624 | (3) |
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Forward models of boulder transport |
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627 | (2) |
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Differentiation of boulder origin considering hydraulic forces of tsunami and storm waves |
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629 | (1) |
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Numerical models useful for coastal boulder research |
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630 | (1) |
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Implications and future perspectives |
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631 | (2) |
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633 | (1) |
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634 | (1) |
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634 | (7) |
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Chapter 29 Perspective of incipient motion formulas: boulder transport by high-energy waves |
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641 | (22) |
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641 | (1) |
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Modeling boulder transport: theory in retrospect |
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642 | (13) |
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Threshold entrainment (incipient motion or initiation of motion) |
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642 | (1) |
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643 | (2) |
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Reassessment of Nott's formulas |
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645 | (2) |
|
Revised Nott's formulas and its sensitivity |
|
|
647 | (4) |
|
Flow depth from incipient motion formulas |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
Can incipient motion formulas predict flow characteristics at boulder location? |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
Future of incipient motion formulas |
|
|
655 | (2) |
|
|
657 | (6) |
|
|
|
Chapter 30 Radiocarbon dating of tsunami and storm deposits |
|
|
663 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
Brief background on methodological aspects of radiocarbon dating and calibration |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Dating principles for fine-grained tsunami and storm deposits: different materials and stratigraphic contexts |
|
|
665 | (12) |
|
Basic sampling approaches |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
In-growth-position samples |
|
|
666 | (6) |
|
|
672 | (3) |
|
Sampling approach with specific application to core or slab samples |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
Field examples of radiocarbon dating of tsunami deposits |
|
|
677 | (5) |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
683 | (4) |
|
Chapter 31 Radiocarbon and U/Th dating of tsunami-and storm-transported coarse clasts |
|
|
687 | (18) |
|
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Principles and methodology of radiocarbon and U/Th dating |
|
|
688 | (5) |
|
|
688 | (3) |
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
Challenges when dating tsunami and storm boulders |
|
|
693 | (4) |
|
Suggestions for appropriate sample selection |
|
|
693 | (3) |
|
Suggestions for dating selected samples |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (2) |
|
Conclusions: potential and limitations of tsunami and storm boulder dating with radiocarbon and U/Th |
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (5) |
|
Chapter 32 Optically stimulated luminescence dating of tsunami and storm deposits |
|
|
705 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
705 | (2) |
|
Outline of OSL burial dating |
|
|
707 | (3) |
|
Challenges for OSL dating of tsunami and storm deposits |
|
|
710 | (7) |
|
Problematic quartz and feldspar OSL properties |
|
|
710 | (2) |
|
Spatially and temporally complex radiation fields in nearshore environments |
|
|
712 | (3) |
|
Incomplete OSL signal resetting |
|
|
715 | (2) |
|
Successful applications of OSL burial dating to tsunami and storm deposits |
|
|
717 | (3) |
|
OSL rock surface dating of tsunami and storm boulders |
|
|
720 | (2) |
|
Conclusions and future prospects |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
723 | (6) |
|
Chapter 33 Archaeological dating of tsunami and storm deposits |
|
|
729 | (16) |
|
Beverly N. Goodman-Tchernov |
|
|
|
729 | (2) |
|
|
731 | (4) |
|
Tsunami and storm horizons dated through association with archaeological sites |
|
|
735 | (4) |
|
|
735 | (2) |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (6) |
|
Chapter 34 Tephrostratigraphy and tephrochronology |
|
|
745 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
745 | (2) |
|
Tephra identification and correlation |
|
|
747 | (3) |
|
Applications and challenges: examples from the northwest Pacific |
|
|
750 | (7) |
|
Using tephra to analyze historical events |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
Using tephra to reconstruct ancient shoreline positions and paleotsunami size |
|
|
753 | (3) |
|
Using tephra for calculating tsunami deposit frequency and size-frequency relationships |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Conclusions and future perspectives |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (3) |
|
Chapter 35 Cosmogenic nuclide dating of coarse clasts |
|
|
761 | (16) |
|
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Cosmogenic nuclides and surface exposure dating: a brief overview |
|
|
762 | (2) |
|
Surface exposure dating of supralittoral coarse clasts: where are we? |
|
|
764 | (6) |
|
|
764 | (5) |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
3He exposure dating of the Fogo Island flank collapse and resulting megatsunami |
|
|
770 | (2) |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
773 | (4) |
|
Chapter 36 Paleomagnetic dating of wave-emplaced boulders |
|
|
777 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
|
778 | (5) |
|
|
778 | (3) |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
Application of VRM dating to wave-emplaced boulders |
|
|
783 | (5) |
|
Coral tsunami boulders on Ishigaki Island |
|
|
783 | (3) |
|
Volcanic coastal boulders from Beppu Bay |
|
|
786 | (2) |
|
Metamorphic coastal boulders at the Sanriku coast |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
788 | (2) |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
790 | (5) |
Subject Index |
|
795 | (16) |
Event Index |
|
811 | (2) |
Geographic Index |
|
813 | |