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Geological Records of Tsunamis and Other Extreme Waves [Minkštas viršelis]

Edited by , Edited by (Assistant Professor and Tier II Canada Research Chair, Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada), Edited by (Post), Edited by , Edited by (Head of Laboratory of Geomorphology and Geoecology, Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, Germany)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 848 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x191 mm, weight: 1720 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128156864
  • ISBN-13: 9780128156865
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 848 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x191 mm, weight: 1720 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Jul-2020
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128156864
  • ISBN-13: 9780128156865

Geological Records of Tsunamis and Other Extreme Waves provides a systematic compendium with concise chapters on the concept and history of paleotsunami research, sediment types and sediment sources, field methods, sedimentary and geomorphological characteristics, as well as dating and modeling approaches. By contrasting tsunami deposits with those of competing mechanisms in the coastal zone such as storm waves and surges, the book is also relevant to readers interested in paleotempestology, coastal sedimentary environments, coastal dynamics, and sea-level changes.

The effectiveness of paleotsunami records in coastal hazard mitigation strategies strongly depends on the appropriate selection of research approaches and methods that are tailored to the site-specific environment and age of the deposits. In addition to summarizing the state-of-the-art in tsunami sedimentology, Geological Records of Tsunamis and Other Extreme Waves guides researchers through establishing an appropriate research design and how to develop reliable records of prehistoric events using field-based and laboratory methods, as well as modeling techniques.

  • Features a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in tsunami sedimentology and paleotsunami research
  • Offers advice on the most appropriate mapping, sampling, and analytical approaches for a wide variety of coastal settings and sedimentary environments
  • Provides methodological details for field sampling and the most important proxy analyses
Contributors xxi
About the Editors xxvii
Preface xxix
SECTION 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Geological records of tsunamis and other extreme waves: concepts, applications and a short history of research
3(18)
Max Engel
Simon Matthias May
Jessica Pilarczyk
Dominik Brill
Ed Garrett
Introduction
3(3)
Disciplinary background
6(1)
A short history of paleotsunami research
7(2)
Scope of the book
9(2)
Outline of the book
11(2)
Concluding remarks
13(1)
Acknowledgments
13(1)
References
13(8)
Chapter 2 Historical records: their importance in understanding and mitigating tsunamis
21(12)
Alessandra Maramai
Introduction
21(1)
Catalogues and databases
22(2)
Historical records: importance and limitation
24(5)
References
29(4)
Chapter 3 Tsunami magnitude scales
33(14)
Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos
Fumihiko Imamura
Mikhail Nosov
Marinas Charalampakis
Introduction
33(1)
Tsunami magnitude scales: an overview
34(2)
Relation between tsunami magnitude and intensity
36(1)
Possibilities and limitations of tsunami magnitude scales
37(2)
Applicability of tsunami magnitude, Mt, to the case of October 25, 2018, earthquake
39(2)
Discussion and conclusions
41(2)
Acknowledgments
43(1)
References
43(4)
Chapter 4 Trigger mechanisms and hydrodynamics of tsunamis
47(28)
Daisuke Sugawara
Trigger mechanisms
47(13)
Earthquakes
48(4)
Landslides
52(2)
Volcanism
54(3)
Impacts
57(2)
Complex trigger
59(1)
Hydrodynamics
60(9)
Propagation of tsunamis
60(1)
Wave deformation in shallow waters (shoaling)
61(4)
Inundation and runup
65(2)
Backwash
67(2)
References
69(6)
Chapter 5 Tsunami databases
75(20)
James Goff
Introduction
75(1)
Definition
76(1)
Database development
77(10)
Problems
78(1)
Challenges to creating a global tsunami database
79(1)
Paleotsunami data
80(2)
Structure
82(5)
Opportunities
87(2)
References
89(6)
Chapter 6 Onshore archives of tsunami deposits
95(20)
Sue Dawson
Pedro J.M. Costa
Alastair Dawson
Max Engel
Introduction
95(1)
Onshore archives of tsunami deposits
96(10)
Low-lying coastal plains
96(1)
Marshes and estuaries
97(1)
Swales within beach-ridge plains
97(1)
Lagoons
98(2)
Coastal lakes
100(1)
Coastal sediment sections
100(2)
Beaches (back-beach environments)
102(1)
Caves
102(4)
Summary
106(1)
References
107(8)
SECTION 2 Field methods
Chapter 7 Geophysical prospection and sedimentological characteristics of subaquatic tsunami deposits
115(28)
Klaus Schwarzer
Introduction
115(3)
Why do we need research on offshore tsunami deposits?
118(2)
Methods to detect offshore tsunami deposits
120(8)
Sidescan sonar
122(2)
Multibeam echosounder
124(2)
Reflection seismic
126(1)
LiDAR measurements
127(1)
Sampling of offshore tsunami deposits
128(1)
Diagnostic criteria of offshore tsunami deposits
128(4)
Distribution of offshore tsunami deposits: case studies from different regions
132(3)
Conclusions
135(1)
References
135(8)
Chapter 8 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in coastal hazard studies
143(26)
Adam D. Switzer
Chris Gouramanis
Charles S. Bristow
Alexander R. Simms
Introduction
143(2)
The GPR technique
145(9)
Theory of GPR and its application in coastal environments
147(2)
Data collection and processing
149(1)
Recent advancements
150(1)
Types of surveys
151(1)
Processing
152(2)
GPR use in studying past storms and tsunamis
154(8)
Erosional records
154(1)
Other research areas of methodology development
155(5)
Attribute analysis
160(1)
3D modeling of GPR data
161(1)
Conclusions
162(1)
Acknowledgments
162(1)
References
162(7)
Chapter 9 Mapping of subaerial coarse clasts
169(16)
Dirk Hoffmeister
Introduction
169(2)
Aerial and satellite imagery
171(1)
Single-point to multi-point measurements
172(2)
Photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion
174(2)
Laser scanning
176(2)
Point-cloud analysis
178(3)
Summary
181(1)
References
181(4)
Chapter 10 Post-event field surveys
185(28)
Dale Dominey-Howes
Introduction and aims
185(2)
Overview of how to approach the development, deployment and activity of a post-event field survey
187(11)
Before the survey
196(1)
During the survey
197(1)
After the survey
197(1)
On the evolving "tool kit" of methods available to support post-event field surveys, including those from the broader geological sciences
198(3)
Reflections on the tensions and challenges a post-event field survey team leader might encounter
201(5)
Meeting my own and other's expectations
203(1)
Time
204(1)
Dealing with the unexpected
204(1)
Difficult emotions
205(1)
Conclusions
206(1)
Acknowledgments
206(1)
References
206(7)
SECTION 3 Fine-grained deposits
Chapter 11 The sedimentology and geometry of fine-grained tsunami deposits from onshore environments
213(26)
Michaela Spiske
Introduction
213(3)
Methods
216(4)
Fine-grained onshore tsunami deposits
220(9)
Depositional features
220(9)
Erosional features
229(1)
Discussion
229(3)
Conclusions
232(1)
Acknowledgments
233(1)
References
233(6)
Chapter 12 Foraminifera in tsunami deposits
239(22)
Andrea D. Hawkes
Characteristics of coastal foraminifera
239(2)
Field methods
241(4)
Modern foraminifera sampling
241(3)
Tsunami and paleotsunami foraminifera sampling
244(1)
Laboratory methods
245(3)
Sample preparation and foraminiferal analysis
245(1)
Foraminifera taxonomy
246(1)
Foraminifera test size
247(1)
Foraminifera taphonomy
248(1)
Statistical techniques
248(2)
Example application of foraminifera to tsunami studies
250(3)
Current challenges
253(1)
Summary of foraminifera use in tsunami research
254(1)
Acknowledgments
254(1)
References
254(7)
Chapter 13 Ostracoda in extreme-wave deposits
261(30)
Chris Gouramanis
Introduction
261(1)
Who are the Ostracoda?
262(2)
Taxonomy
264(2)
Distribution
266(2)
Preservation and taphonomy
268(3)
Methods
271(2)
Field-based methods
271(1)
Lab-based methods
272(1)
Post-laboratory methods
272(1)
Distinguishing between overwash mechanisms
273(11)
Conclusions
284(1)
Acknowledgments
284(1)
References
284(7)
Chapter 14 Diatoms in tsunami deposits
291(32)
Tina Dura
Eileen Hemphill-Haley
Introduction: physical and ecological characteristics of diatoms
291(2)
Diatoms in tsunami deposits
293(10)
Allochthonous diatoms in tsunami deposits, indicators for sediment provenance
293(4)
Diatoms as indicators of tsunami runup extent
297(1)
Sorting of diatom valves in tsunami deposits
298(4)
Preservation of diatom valves in tsunami deposits
302(1)
Comparison of diatoms in tsunami and storm-surge deposits
303(2)
Recommendations for investigating a candidate tsunami deposit
305(2)
Field work and data collection
305(1)
Laboratory processing and analyses
305(2)
Appendix 1 Common Diatoms reported in tsunami deposits
307(6)
Appendix 2 Published criteria for identifying tsunami deposits using diatoms
313(1)
Appendix 3 Diatom slide preparation and counting
313(2)
Appendix 4 Assessment of diatom preservation
315(1)
Acknowledgments
315(1)
References
315(8)
Chapter 15 The application of molluscs for investigating tsunami deposits
323(20)
Akihisa Kitamura
Introduction
323(1)
The use of molluscs in paleotsunami research
324(9)
Characteristics of mollusc species assemblages in tsunami deposits
324(6)
Paleo-current flow direction
330(1)
Infaunality as a proxy for erosion depth
331(2)
Shell size
333(1)
Taphonomic processes
333(2)
Shell material
334(1)
Taphonomic characteristics
334(1)
Differences between coastal and offshore settings
335(1)
Geochemical analysis
335(1)
Differentiating between tsunami and storm deposits
336(2)
Conclusions
338(1)
Acknowledgments
338(1)
References
338(5)
Chapter 16 Magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: versatile tools to decipher hydrodynamic characteristics of past tsunamis
343(22)
Patrick Wassmer
Eric Font
Christopher Gomez
T. Yan
W.M. Iskandarsyah
Introduction
343(1)
The principles of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
344(2)
Magnetic susceptibility of tsunami deposits
344(1)
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
345(1)
Methodology
346(6)
Sediment sampling in the field
346(2)
Sediment sampling in the laboratory
348(1)
Field experiments
349(2)
Laboratory measurements
351(1)
Contribution of MS/AMS to deciphering tsunami deposits
352(7)
Environmental magnetism of tsunami deposits
352(3)
Contribution of AMS to reconstruct the hydrodynamic conditions for the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami flooding at Banda Aceh, Sumatra
355(3)
Limitations of the method
358(1)
Conclusions
359(1)
References
359(6)
Chapter 17 X-ray tomography applied to tsunami deposits
365(16)
Raphael Paris
Principles of X-ray tomography
365(1)
Application to tsunami deposits
366(4)
Sampling strategy
367(1)
Image analysis
368(2)
X-ray anatomy of tsunami deposits
370(6)
Internal structure of the deposit and bedforms
370(1)
Soft and fine-grained fraction: soil and mud
371(1)
Vertical trends of grain size
371(2)
Sedimentary fabric
373(1)
Distribution of heavy minerals
373(1)
Distribution of marine bioclasts
374(2)
Conclusions
376(1)
Acknowledgments
376(1)
References
376(5)
Chapter 18 Applications of geochemical proxies in paleotsunami research
381(22)
Catherine Chague
Introduction
381(1)
Methods
382(2)
Field sampling
382(1)
Analytical methods
383(1)
Examples and significance of geochemical proxies
384(8)
Onshore deposits
387(5)
Offshore deposits
392(1)
Current challenges and potentialities
392(5)
Conclusions
397(1)
Acknowledgments
397(1)
References
398(5)
Chapter 19 Microtextures in tsunami deposits: a useful sediment fingerprinting tool
403(24)
Pedro J.M. Costa
Introduction
403(3)
Methodology
406(2)
Laboratory procedure
406(1)
Microtextural semi-quantitative classification
407(1)
Shape analysis
408(1)
Automated microtextural classification
408(1)
Case studies
408(14)
Boca do Rio (Portugal)
409(3)
Arauco and Mataquito (Chile)
412(10)
Conclusions
422(1)
Acknowledgments
422(1)
References
423(4)
Chapter 20 Paleogenetic approaches in tsunami deposit studies
427(16)
Max Engel
Isa Schdn
Tasnim Patel
Jan Pawlowski
Witold Szczucinski
Sue Dawson
Ed Garrett
Vanessa M.A. Heyvaert
Background
428(3)
Pioneering metabarcoding applications in paleotsunami research
431(2)
Protocols for sampling and analysis
433(4)
Sediment sampling and storage
433(1)
Establishment of databases and significance of reference material
434(1)
DNA extraction procedures
435(1)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and development of specific PCR primers
435(1)
High-throughput sequencing techniques and post-sequencing analyses
436(1)
Conclusions
437(1)
Acknowledgments
438(1)
References
438(5)
Chapter 21 Post-depositionai changes to tsunami deposits and their preservation potential
443(28)
Witold Szczucinski
Introduction
443(2)
Data sources and methods
445(4)
Sediment supply and accommodation space
449(2)
Post-depositional changes in extent and thickness of tsunami deposits
451(5)
Post-depositional changes in sediment grain size
456(1)
Post-depositional changes of sedimentary structures and relief
457(1)
Modifications of tsunami deposits' mineral and chemical composition
458(2)
Formation of new sedimentary features
460(1)
Preservation potential over longer timescales
461(1)
New methods to assess post-depositional changes
462(1)
Conclusions
462(1)
Acknowledgments
463(1)
References
463(8)
Chapter 22 Erosional signatures and reorganization in ridge-and-swale sequences
471(20)
Katrin Monecke
Introduction
471(4)
Modifications to ridge-and-swale morphologies by tsunamis and other extreme waves
475(7)
Erosional scarps and reorientation of beach ridges
475(1)
Breaches of beach ridges and washover-fan formation
476(2)
Vertical accretion of sandy ridges during storms
478(1)
Beach-ridge formation in response to seismically induced land-level changes
478(3)
Rebuilding of shorelines after catastrophic events and effects on sediment supply
481(1)
Methods to date and detect imprints of tsunamis and storms in ridge-and-swale morphologies
482(3)
Concluding remarks
485(1)
Acknowledgments
486(1)
References
486(5)
Chapter 23 Experimental and numerical models of fine sediment transport by tsunamis
491(22)
Davin J. Wallace
Jonathan D. Woodruff
Introduction
491(4)
Field surveys and sample analysis methods
495(2)
Inverse modeling approaches
497(5)
Particle settling
498(1)
Particle trajectory
498(3)
Equilibrium suspension
501(1)
Combined
502(1)
Experimental studies
502(2)
Current challenges, potentialities and future directions
504(1)
Conclusions
504(1)
Acknowledgments
505(1)
References
505(8)
SECTION 4 Coarse-clast deposits
Chapter 24 Spatial patterns of subaerial coarse clasts
513(34)
A.Y. Annie Lau
Ronan Autret
Introduction
513(2)
Formation, identification and classification of coarse clasts
515(1)
Megaclasts: the largest clasts moved by waves
516(2)
Singular and clustered coastal boulders
518(7)
Occurrence and definition
518(2)
Boulder fields with scattered boulders
520(2)
Storm or tsunami boulders?
522(3)
Boulder ridges
525(3)
Coral-rubble ridges and ramparts
528(4)
Other coarse-clast deposits
532(1)
Summary
533(1)
Acknowledgments
534(1)
References
534(13)
Chapter 25 Mega-tsunami deposits related to ocean island flank collapses and asteroid impacts
547(14)
Raphael Paris
Mega-tsunamis generated by ocean island flank collapses
547(4)
Mega-tsunamis generated by asteroid impacts
551(1)
Characteristics of mega-tsunami deposits
551(4)
Conclusions
555(1)
Acknowledgments
555(1)
References
555(6)
Chapter 26 Erosive impact of tsunami and storm waves on rocky coasts and post-depositional weathering of coarse-clast deposits
561(24)
Dieter Kelletat
Max Engel
Simon Matthias May
Wibke Erdmann
Anja Scheffers
Helmut Bruckner
Introduction
561(1)
Erosive impact of tsunamis on rocky coasts
562(3)
Cliff destruction: episodic versus long-term effects
565(7)
Mechanisms of cliff retreat: the significance of Hthology, gravity and marine forcing
565(4)
Intensities of cliff development and recession
569(1)
Archaeological hints for coastal and cliff-retreat rates
570(2)
Rates of rock weathering and dissolution
572(2)
Relative age estimation for boulder transport
574(2)
Vegetation, lichen cover and microbialites
574(1)
Rock pools and other bioerosive indicators
575(1)
Long-term modification of coastal boulders
576(1)
Conclusions
576(2)
References
578(7)
Chapter 27 Experimental models of coarse-clast transport by tsunamis
585(32)
Jan Oetjen
Holger Schuttrumpf
Max Engel
Introduction
585(1)
Dimensionless quantities and scaling of experiments
586(7)
Dimensional analysis
586(1)
The Froude number and scaling laws
586(5)
The Reynolds number
591(2)
Measuring approaches in the wave tank
593(1)
Types of wave generation
594(2)
Parameters studied in physical experiments
596(2)
Published wave-tank experiments on tsunami-boulder transport
598(11)
Experimental setups
598(2)
Key findings
600(4)
Further related studies
604(5)
Link to numerical models
609(1)
Conclusions and recommendations
609(3)
Acknowledgments
612(1)
References
612(5)
Chapter 28 Reconstruction of transport modes and flow parameters from coastal boulders
617(24)
Masashi Watanabe
Kazuhisa Goto
Fumihiko Imamura
Introduction
617(2)
Inverse models of boulder transport
619(8)
Inverse models based on Nott's equation
619(4)
Inverse models for boulders distributed on cliff tops
623(1)
Problems remaining in the context of inverse models
624(3)
Forward models of boulder transport
627(2)
Differentiation of boulder origin considering hydraulic forces of tsunami and storm waves
629(1)
Numerical models useful for coastal boulder research
630(1)
Implications and future perspectives
631(2)
Conclusions
633(1)
Acknowledgments
634(1)
References
634(7)
Chapter 29 Perspective of incipient motion formulas: boulder transport by high-energy waves
641(22)
N.A.K. Nandasena
Introduction
641(1)
Modeling boulder transport: theory in retrospect
642(13)
Threshold entrainment (incipient motion or initiation of motion)
642(1)
Nott's formulas
643(2)
Reassessment of Nott's formulas
645(2)
Revised Nott's formulas and its sensitivity
647(4)
Flow depth from incipient motion formulas
651(2)
Can incipient motion formulas predict flow characteristics at boulder location?
653(2)
Future of incipient motion formulas
655(2)
References
657(6)
SECTION 5 Dating
Chapter 30 Radiocarbon dating of tsunami and storm deposits
663(24)
Harvey M. Kelsey
Robert C. Witter
Introduction
663(1)
Brief background on methodological aspects of radiocarbon dating and calibration
664(1)
Dating principles for fine-grained tsunami and storm deposits: different materials and stratigraphic contexts
665(12)
Basic sampling approaches
665(1)
In-growth-position samples
666(6)
Detrital samples
672(3)
Sampling approach with specific application to core or slab samples
675(1)
Modeling approaches
675(2)
Field examples of radiocarbon dating of tsunami deposits
677(5)
Summary
682(1)
Acknowledgments
683(1)
References
683(4)
Chapter 31 Radiocarbon and U/Th dating of tsunami-and storm-transported coarse clasts
687(18)
Daisuke Araoka
Introduction
687(1)
Principles and methodology of radiocarbon and U/Th dating
688(5)
Radiocarbon dating
688(3)
U/Th dating
691(2)
Challenges when dating tsunami and storm boulders
693(4)
Suggestions for appropriate sample selection
693(3)
Suggestions for dating selected samples
696(1)
Case studies
697(2)
Conclusions: potential and limitations of tsunami and storm boulder dating with radiocarbon and U/Th
699(1)
Acknowledgments
700(1)
References
700(5)
Chapter 32 Optically stimulated luminescence dating of tsunami and storm deposits
705(24)
Dominik Brill
Torn Tamura
Introduction
705(2)
Outline of OSL burial dating
707(3)
Challenges for OSL dating of tsunami and storm deposits
710(7)
Problematic quartz and feldspar OSL properties
710(2)
Spatially and temporally complex radiation fields in nearshore environments
712(3)
Incomplete OSL signal resetting
715(2)
Successful applications of OSL burial dating to tsunami and storm deposits
717(3)
OSL rock surface dating of tsunami and storm boulders
720(2)
Conclusions and future prospects
722(1)
References
723(6)
Chapter 33 Archaeological dating of tsunami and storm deposits
729(16)
Beverly N. Goodman-Tchernov
Introduction
729(2)
Dating archaeology
731(4)
Tsunami and storm horizons dated through association with archaeological sites
735(4)
Palaikastro, Crete
735(2)
Caesarea, Israel
737(1)
Cascadia subduction zone
738(1)
Conclusions and outlook
739(1)
References
739(6)
Chapter 34 Tephrostratigraphy and tephrochronology
745(16)
Tatiana K. Pinegina
Joanne Bourgeois
Introduction
745(2)
Tephra identification and correlation
747(3)
Applications and challenges: examples from the northwest Pacific
750(7)
Using tephra to analyze historical events
752(1)
Using tephra to reconstruct ancient shoreline positions and paleotsunami size
753(3)
Using tephra for calculating tsunami deposit frequency and size-frequency relationships
756(1)
Conclusions and future perspectives
757(1)
Acknowledgments
757(1)
References
758(3)
Chapter 35 Cosmogenic nuclide dating of coarse clasts
761(16)
Gilles Rixhon
Introduction
761(1)
Cosmogenic nuclides and surface exposure dating: a brief overview
762(2)
Surface exposure dating of supralittoral coarse clasts: where are we?
764(6)
Several limitations
764(5)
Several recommendations
769(1)
3He exposure dating of the Fogo Island flank collapse and resulting megatsunami
770(2)
Future perspectives
772(1)
References
773(4)
Chapter 36 Paleomagnetic dating of wave-emplaced boulders
777(18)
Tetsuro Sato
Norihiro Nakamura
Kazuhisa Goto
Masaki Yamada
Yuho Kumagai
Hiroyuki Nagahama
Koji Minoura
Introduction
777(1)
VRM dating principle
778(5)
Theoretical background
778(3)
Sample collection
781(1)
Laboratory procedures
782(1)
Application of VRM dating to wave-emplaced boulders
783(5)
Coral tsunami boulders on Ishigaki Island
783(3)
Volcanic coastal boulders from Beppu Bay
786(2)
Metamorphic coastal boulders at the Sanriku coast
788(1)
Conclusions and overview
788(2)
Acknowledgments
790(1)
References
790(5)
Subject Index 795(16)
Event Index 811(2)
Geographic Index 813
Dr. Engel has expertise in coastal geomorphology and sedimentology, palaeotsunami research, natural hazards, geoarchaeology, arid landscapes, and palaeoclimatology. Since 2012 he has held a position as postdoctoral researcher and lecturer at the University of Cologne. Prior to that, Dr. Engel was a research assistant and lecturer University of Cologne and at the University of Marburg. He received his PhD in Physical Geography from the University of Cologne. Dr. Pilarczyk has expertise in coastal geology, micropalaeontology, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, sea level change, palaeoseismology, natural hazards, and temperate, tropical, and arid coastlines. She is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Southern Mississippi. Previously she held positions as a Postdoctoral Associate at Rutgers University, a Visiting Research Fellow at the Earth Observatory of Singapore, and a Visiting Research Fellow at the University of New South Wales. Dr. Pilarczyk received her PhD in Geology from McMaster University. Dr. May has expertise in coastal geomorphology, palaeotsunami and palaeotempestological research, geoarchaeology, and geochronology. He currently is a Postdoctoral researcher at the University of Cologne. Previously he served as a Postdoctoral researcher at the German Archaeological Institute, a research assistant and lecturer at the University of Cologne, and a Research assistant and lecturer at the University of Marburg. Dr. May received his PhD in Physical Geography from the University of Cologne. Dr. Brill has expertise in coastal geomorphology and sedimentology, natural hazard research, geochronology, and luminescence dating. He is currently the Head of Cologne Luminescence Laboratory at the University of Cologne. Dr. Brills previous experience includes serving as a Postdoc and Lecturer at the University of Cologne, a research assistant at the University of Cologne, and a research assistant and lecturer at the University of Marburg. He received his PhD in Physical Geography from the University of Cologne. Dr. Garrett has expertise in palaeoseismology, sea-level change, natural hazards, Quaternary environmental change, quantitative biostratigraphy, and geochronology. He is currently a Research Associate at the University of York. Dr. Garrett has previously held positions at Durham University, Northumbria University and the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. He received his PhD in Physical Geography from Durham University.