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Geotechnics of Roads: Fundamentals [Kietas viršelis]

(Universidad de los Andes, Bogotį, Colombia)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 460 pages, aukštis x plotis: 246x174 mm, weight: 1133 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 06-Dec-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138600571
  • ISBN-13: 9781138600577
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Geotechnics of Roads: FundamentalsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 460 pages, aukštis x plotis: 246x174 mm, weight: 1133 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 06-Dec-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138600571
  • ISBN-13: 9781138600577
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781138600577.html
Raktažodžiai:
At first glance, roads seem like the simplest possible geotechnical structures. However, analysis of these structures runs up against complexities related to the intense stresses experienced by road surfaces, their intense interaction with climate, and the complicated behavior of the materials used in road construction.

Modern mechanistic approaches to road design provide the tools capable of developing new technical solutions. However, use of these approaches requires deep understanding of the behavior of constituent materials and their interaction with water and heat which has recently been acquired thanks to advances in geotechnical engineering. The author comprehensively describes and explains these advances and their use in road engineering in the two-volume set Geotechnics of Roads, compiling information that had hitherto only been available in numerous research papers.

Geotechnics of Roads: Fundamentals presents stresses and strains in road structures, water and heat migration within and between layers of road materials, and the effects of water on the strength and stiffness of those materials. It includes a deep analysis of soil compaction, one of the most important issues in road construction. Compaction accounts for only a small proportion of a construction budget but its effects on the long-term performance of a road are decisive. In addition, the book describes methodologies for nondestructive road evaluation including analysis of continuous compaction control, a powerful technique for real-time quality control of road structures.

This unique book will be of value to civil, structural and geotechnical engineers worldwide.
Acknowledgments xiii
List of mathematical symbols
xv
Introduction 1(6)
1 Distribution of stresses and strains in roads
7(70)
1.1 Fundamental relationships and definitions
7(12)
1.1.1 Stresses in particulate media
7(2)
1.1.2 Representation of stresses in a continuum media
9(7)
1.1.3 Geometric derivation of strains
16(3)
1.2 Fundamental definitions of elasticity
19(7)
1.2.1 Equilibrium equations
20(1)
1.2.2 Relationships between stresses and strains for isotropic linear elasticity
21(3)
1.2.3 Strain compatibility equations
24(2)
1.3 Plane strain problems
26(5)
1.3.1 Airy's stress function
28(3)
1.4 Some useful elastostatic solutions for stress distribution
31(5)
1.4.1 Boussinesq's solution
31(2)
1.4.2 Cerium's solution
33(1)
1.4.3 Frohlich solution
34(1)
1.4.4 Stress components from triangular loads
35(1)
1.5 Anisotropy
36(2)
1.6 Generalities about the elastic limit
38(6)
1.6.1 Physical meaning of a yield criterion
39(1)
1.6.2 Representation of yield criteria in the plan of principal stresses
40(1)
1.6.3 Some classical yield criteria of geomaterials
41(3)
1.7 Contact problems in road engineering
44(8)
1.7.1 Contact between two spheres
48(1)
1.7.2 Contact between an ellipsoid and a flat surface
48(1)
1.7.3 Contact between a cylindrical body and an elastic half space
49(1)
1.7.4 Internal stresses in Hertzian contacts
50(1)
1.7.5 Non Hertzian contacts
50(1)
1.7.5.1 Contact between a rigid cone and an elastic half space
50(1)
1.7.5.2 Contact between a rigid cylinder and an elastic half-space
51(1)
1.8 Elaslodynamic solutions
52(10)
1.8.1 Lumped spring-dashpot model
53(4)
1.8.2 Cone macro element model
57(3)
1.8.3 Propagation of surface waves
60(2)
1.9 Response of a multilayer linear elastic system
62(5)
1.10 Generalities about tire-road interaction
67(10)
1.10.1 Theoretical basis derived from the Hertz theory
67(2)
1.10.2 Tire interaction on bare soils
69(3)
1.10.3 Tire interaction on pavements
72(5)
2 Unsaturated soil mechanics applied to road materials
77(70)
2.1 Physical principles of unsaturated soils
77(17)
2.1.1 Potential of water in a porous media
77(1)
2.1.2 Surface tension
78(1)
2.1.3 Contact angle
79(1)
2.1.4 Capillarity and Laplace's equation
79(3)
2.1.5 Thermophysical properties of moist air
82(3)
2.1.6 Psychrometric equation
85(1)
2.1.7 Raoult's Law
86(2)
2.1.8 Relationship between suction and relative humidity: the Kelvin equation
88(3)
2.1.9 Osmotic, capillary, and total suction
91(1)
2.1.10 Dissolution of gas and tensile strength of water
92(1)
2.1.11 Reduction of the freezing point of water
93(1)
2.2 Water Retention Curve
94(19)
2.2.1 Water retention curve for drainage
94(1)
2.2.2 Water retention curve in wetting
95(1)
2.2.3 Hysteresis of the water retention curve
95(2)
2.2.4 Methods for measurement of suction
97(1)
2.2.4.1 Suction plate
97(2)
2.2.4.2 Pressure plate
99(2)
2.2.4.3 Osmotic control
101(1)
2.2.4.4 Vapor control
102(1)
2.2.4.5 Tensiometers
103(1)
2.2.4.6 Thermocouple psychromcters
103(1)
2.2.4.7 Chilled mirror apparatus
104(2)
2.2.4.8 Filter paper
106(1)
2.2.4.9 Other methods
107(1)
2.2.5 Models for adjusting the Water Retention Curve
107(1)
2.2.5.1 Correlations for the Water Retention Curve proposed in the MEPDM
108(2)
2.2.6 Evolution of suction during compaction and water retention model
110(3)
2.3 Flow of water and air in unsaturated soils
113(13)
2.3.1 Assessment of the functions of relative penneability
114(1)
2.3.1.1 Steady State Methods
115(1)
2.3.1.2 Unsteady State Methods
116(2)
2.3.1.3 Indirect methods
118(3)
2.3.2 Continuity equation for water flow in unsaturated soils
121(3)
2.3.2.1 Continuity equation in terms of diffusivity
124(2)
2.4 Heat transport and thermal properties of unsaturated soils
126(6)
2.4.1 Thermal conductivity models
127(1)
2.4.1.1 Johansen's model
128(1)
2.4.1.2 Cote and Konrad model
129(2)
2.4.2 Heat capacity of soils
131(1)
2.5 Mechanical properties of unsaturated soils
132(3)
2.5.1 Shear strength of unsaturated materials
133(2)
2.5.2 Compressibility of unsaturated materials
135(1)
2.5.3 Stiffness of unsaturated materials
135(1)
2.6 Modeling the behavior of unsaturated soils using the Barcelona Basic Model, BBM
135(12)
3 Compaction
147(72)
3.1 Mechanical framework of soil compaction
147(4)
3.2 Stress distributions
151(25)
3.2.1 Tire compactors
151(4)
3.2.2 Cylinder compactors
155(8)
3.2.3 Sheepsfoot and padsfoot compactors
163(1)
3.2.4 Vibratory compactors
164(2)
3.2.5 Polygonal drums and impact compactors
166(1)
3.2.6 Theoretical analysis of vibratory rollers
167(9)
3.3 Relationships between soil compaction and stress paths
176(16)
3.3.1 Static compaction along an oedometric path
184(1)
3.3.1.1 Fine-grained soils
184(1)
3.3.1.2 Coarse grained soils
185(1)
3.3.1.3 Effect of cyclic loading
186(1)
3.3.2 Static compaction along a triaxial path
187(1)
3.3.3 Static compaction along stress paths with inversion or rotation
187(2)
3.3.4 Dynamic compaction
189(2)
3.3.5 Effects of temperature
191(1)
3.4 Relationships between laboratory and field compaction
192(2)
3.5 Compaction interpreted in the framework, of unsaturated soil mechanics
194(7)
3.6 Compaction characteristics for fine grained soils
201(7)
3.7 Compaction characteristics for granular soils
208(5)
3.8 Compaction controlled by the degree of saturation
213(6)
4 Embankments
219(56)
4.1 Embankments on soft soils
219(39)
4.1.1 Stability analysis
219(2)
4.1.2 Shear strength parameters
221(1)
4.1.2.1 Total Stress Analysis
222(2)
4.1.2.2 Effective Stress Analysis
224(1)
4.1.2.3 Analysis of the generalized bearing capacity failure
224(2)
4.1.2.4 Analysis of rotational failure
226(2)
4.1.2.5 Sources of inaccuracy of a computed safety factor
228(1)
4.1.2.6 Numerical methods for limit state analysis
229(1)
4.1.3 Analysis of settlements
230(1)
4.1.3.1 Immediate settlements
231(1)
4.1.3.2 Primary consolidation
232(4)
4.1.3.3 Radial consolidation
236(3)
4.1.3.4 Secondary compression
239(1)
4.1.4 Constructive methods for embankments over soft soils
240(1)
4.1.4.1 Methods without substitution of soft soil
240(4)
4.1.4.2 Methods with partial or total substitution of the soft soil
244(1)
4.1.5 Instrumentation and control
244(3)
4.1.6 Use of geosynthetics in embankments
247(1)
4.1.6.1 Geosynthetic reinforced embankments
247(3)
4.1.6.2 Systems of geosynthetics and columns
250(8)
4.2 Behavior of the fill of the embankment
258(17)
4.2.1 Modeling behavior of compacted soils under wetting using the Barcelona Basic Model BBM
260(6)
4.2.2 Microstructure and volumetric behavior
266(9)
5 Mechanical behavior of road materials
275(62)
5.1 From micromechanics to macromechanics
275(24)
5.1.1 Micromechanical stiffness in the elastic domain
275(1)
5.1.1.1 Behavior under compressive forces
275(4)
5.1.1.2 Behavior under compressive and shear forces
279(1)
5.1.2 Elastoplastic contact
280(4)
5.1.3 Anisotropy
284(5)
5.1.4 Effect of water
289(6)
5.1.5 Particle Strength
295(4)
5.2 Laboratory characterization of road materials
299(20)
5.2.1 The CBR test
299(1)
5.2.1.1 Theoretical analysis of the CBR test
300(5)
5.2.2 Characterization of stiffness under small strains
305(2)
5.2.3 Transition from small to large strains
307(3)
5.2.4 Cyclic triaxial tests
310(4)
5.2.5 Comparison between monotonic and cyclic behavior
314(1)
5.2.6 Advanced mechanical characterization of road materials
315(4)
5.3 Modeling the mechanical behavior of road materials
319(14)
5.3.1 Models describing the resilient modulus
320(4)
5.3.2 Models describing resilient modulus and Poisson's ratio
324(5)
5.3.3 Permanent strain under cyclic loading
329(4)
5.4 Geomechanical approach to ranking of road materials
333(4)
6 Climate effects
337(46)
6.1 Heat flow over road structures
337(7)
6.1.1 Irradiance at the surface of the earth
342(2)
6.2 Flow of water in road structures
344(11)
6.2.1 Infiltration of water
346(1)
6.2.1.1 Uniform infiltration through layers of asphalt materials
347(1)
6.2.1.2 Local infiltration through cracks in asphalt layers
348(3)
6.2.1.3 Relationship between precipitation and infiltration
351(1)
6.2.2 Evaporation
352(3)
6.3 Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical modeling applied to pavement structures
355(3)
6.3.1 Conservation equations
355(1)
6.3.2 Phenomenological relationships
356(1)
6.3.3 Derivation of equations for water and gas flow in non-isothermal conditions
356(1)
6.3.4 Boundary conditions
357(1)
6.4 Empirical method based on the Thornthwaite Moisture Index
358(3)
6.5 Frost action
361(13)
6.5.1 Mechanism of water migration affecting roads during freezing and thawing
363(1)
6.5.1.1 Relationships between frozen and unsaturated soils
364(3)
6.5.1.2 Mechanical properties of soils after freezing and thawing
367(2)
6.5.2 Criteria for frost susceptibility
369(1)
6.5.2.1 Criteria based on material properties
370(2)
6.5.2.2 Criteria based on material characteristics in unsaturated states
372(1)
6.5.2.3 Laboratory tests for evaluating frost susceptibility
373(1)
6.6 Basic principles for road structure sub-drainage
374(9)
6.6.1 Drainage materials
377(1)
6.6.2 Flow of water trough a drainage layer
378(2)
6.6.3 Effects of drainage layer capillarity
380(1)
6.6.4 Design of drainage layers
380(3)
7 Non destructive evaluation and inverse methods
383(30)
7.1 Non destructive evaluation
383(7)
7.1.1 Deflection based methods
383(2)
7.1.2 Dynamic methods
385(1)
7.1.2.1 Steady state methods
385(1)
7.1.2.2 Transient methods
385(1)
7.1.2.3 Seismic methods
386(2)
7.1.2.4 Methods based on the dispersion of Rayleigh waves
388(2)
7.2 Methods based on electromagnetic waves
390(2)
7.2.1 Infrared thermography
390(1)
7.2.2 Ground penetrating radar
391(1)
7.3 Forward and inverse analysis of road structures
392(6)
7.3.1 Forward analysis
393(1)
7.3.1.1 Static analysis
393(2)
7.3.1.2 Dynamic Methods
395(1)
7.3.2 Inverse methods
396(2)
7.4 Continuous Compaction Control and Intelligent Compaction CCC/IC
398(15)
7.4.1 Compaction Meter Value (CMV)
399(1)
7.4.2 Oscillometer Value (OMV)
400(1)
7.4.3 Compaction Control Value (CCV)
401(1)
7.4.4 Roller Integrated Stiffness, ks
401(1)
7.4.5 Omega Value Ω
401(2)
7.4.6 Vibratory Modulus, Evib
403(1)
7.4.7 Machine Drive Power MDP
404(1)
7.4.8 Relationship between modulus and CCC/CI values
405(1)
7.4.9 Correlations between CCC measurements and geomechanical properties
405(2)
7.4.10 Quality control based on CCC measurements
407(1)
7.4.10.1 Option 1
407(1)
7.4.10.2 Option 2
407(2)
7.4.10.3 Option 3
409(4)
References 413(22)
Index 435
Bernardo Caicedo obtained his undergraduate degree in civil engineering at the Universidad del Cauca, Colombia in 1985. He obtained his doctoral degree at LEcole Centrale de Paris in 1991 with a thesis carried out at the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées. The subject of his dissertation was the study of water migration in pavements under freezing and thawing.

He joined the University of Los Andes in Colombia in 1991. He has been involved in teaching, research, as well as in the development of advanced laboratory facilities such as geotechnical centrifuges, a climatic chamber and two hollow cylinder apparatuses for testing granular materials and asphalt mixtures.

His research activities cover a broad spectrum of areas in geotechnical engineering: soil dynamics, unsaturated soils, physical modelling, granular materials, climatic interactions in pavements, and the study of the mechanical behavior of multi-phase soils including chemical and biological interactions. His research efforts have allowed him to publish more than 150 journal and conference papers.

Bernardo Caicedo is a member of the editorial panel of several international journals, and he participates in technical comities of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering ISSMGE working on transportation geotechnics, unsaturated soil mechanics, and physical modelling.