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El. knyga: Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition

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(Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and The Energy Institute, University of California, Davis, USA, and Geologisk Institut, Aarhus University, Denmark)
  • Formatas: 423 pages
  • Serija: Energy and the Environment
  • Išleidimo metai: 13-Oct-2014
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040073421
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second EditionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 423 pages
  • Serija: Energy and the Environment
  • Išleidimo metai: 13-Oct-2014
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040073421
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A geologist specializing in geothermal energy, Glassley explains where the energy comes from, how to find it, how to access it, the kinds of applications that have been successful in the past, and what could be done to improve its use in the future. He also considers its dangers and limitations and economic and social issues it raises. His topics include Earth as a heat engine, the geology and geochemistry of exploring for geothermal systems, resource assessments, drilling, geothermal heat pumps for low-temperature geothermal resources, and environmental considerations in using geothermal resources. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com) An In-Depth Introduction to Geothermal EnergyAddressing significant changes in the energy markets since the first edition, Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition expounds on the geothermal industry, exploring the expansion, growth, and development of geothermal systems. This text covers every area of geothermal energy, including environmental and economic issues, and technological advancements. Considers the Vast Technological Achievements within the Geothermal IndustryFactoring in new concepts for distributed generation, hybrid technologies, and the development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), the book incorporates real-world examples designed to illustrate the key aspects of chapter topics. It provides case studies in nearly every chapter, and includes examples from the U.S., Iceland, France, and Japan.Contains comprehensive, quantitative, and rigorous treatment of the geology, geochemistry, and geophysics of geothermal resources, and how they impact exploration, resource assessment, and operationsProvides a state-of-the-art description of current Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)Presents an objective description of the most recent economic comparisons including all energy resourcesCovers environmental issues of energy use and quantitative descriptions of the relative impacts of all renewable and non-renewable energy resourcesDescribes geothermal resources from a global perspective, including direct use and geothermal heat pump applications, as well as power productionGeothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition can be used for undergraduate coursework; as a reference for designers, planners, engineers, and architects; and as a source of background material for policymakers, investors, and regulators.

Recenzijos

"... a well-written all-inclusive updated version of the first edition presents advances in understanding the economics and valuation of resources, particularly the expanded attention to life cycle analysis on energy returned on energy invested approaches." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2015

"This is a very well written book and is very useful for both scientists as well as technologists as the ready reference for geothermal energy. It deals with every possible latest aspect with basic concepts along with the mathematical description. It will certainly be very handy for the planner as well as students who like to tap the potential of alternate energy resource." Professor Sandeep Singh, IIT Roorkee, India

"Great introductory treatment of all aspects of geothermal energy from sources and occurrences, to exploration and utilization, to economic and environmental aspects, and to the future possibilities." Andrew Chiasson, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, USA

"This book provides a thorough, solid grounding in the basic physical science needed to understand geothermal energy. This is not always the case in writings on renewable energy! The reader of Glassleys book will come away with a clear understanding of basic thermodynamics, geophysics, and geochemistry at a fundamental level. That leads to a deeper appreciation for the technological needs and challenges of geothermal energy systems. The book is quantitative throughoutan essential feature if one is to grasp the true potential of any renewable energy resource." Richard Wolfson, Professor of Physics & Environmental Studies, Middlebury College, Vermont, USA

"provides an excellent general discussion of the major elements in this new aspect of geothermal energy development such as the "magnitude" and "characteristics" of these systems for the non-geoscientist as well as undergraduate and graduate science students." Joe Iovenitti, Consulting Geoscientist, USA

"This textbook will help educate the next generation of geothermal practitioners who will implement the solutions needed to grow geothermal energy so that it becomes a key part of the future renewable energy mix." Trenton Cladouhos, AltaRock Energy, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA " a well-written all-inclusive updated version of the first edition presents advances in understanding the economics and valuation of resources, particularly the expanded attention to life cycle analysis on energy returned on energy invested approaches." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2015

"This is a very well written book and is very useful for both scientists as well as technologists as the ready reference for geothermal energy. It deals with every possible latest aspect with basic concepts along with the mathematical description. It will certainly be very handy for the planner as well as students who like to tap the potential of alternate energy resource." Professor Sandeep Singh, IIT Roorkee, India

"Great introductory treatment of all aspects of geothermal energy from sources and occurrences, to exploration and utilization, to economic and environmental aspects, and to the future possibilities." Andrew Chiasson, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, USA

"This book provides a thorough, solid grounding in the basic physical science needed to understand geothermal energy. This is not always the case in writings on renewable energy! The reader of Glassleys book will come away with a clear understanding of basic thermodynamics, geophysics, and geochemistry at a fundamental level. That leads to a deeper appreciation for the technological needs and challenges of geothermal energy systems. The book is quantitative throughoutan essential feature if one is to grasp the true potential of any renewable energy resource." Richard Wolfson, Professor of Physics & Environmental Studies, Middlebury College, Vermont, USA

"provides an excellent general discussion of the major elements in this new aspect of geothermal energy development such as the "magnitude" and "characteristics" of these systems for the non-geoscientist as well as undergraduate and graduate science students." Joe Iovenitti, Consulting Geoscientist, USA

"This textbook will help educate the next generation of geothermal practitioners who will implement the solutions needed to grow geothermal energy so that it becomes a key part of the future renewable energy mix." Trenton Cladouhos, AltaRock Energy, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA

Series Preface xiii
Preface to 2nd Edition xvii
Preface to 1st Edition xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Series Editor xxiii
Author xxv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(14)
Global Energy Landscape
2(4)
Historical Role of Fuel
2(1)
Impact of Population Growth and Per Capita Energy Use
3(1)
Fuel Emissions and Environmental Considerations
4(2)
Geothermal Energy as a Renewable Energy Source
6(4)
No Fuel, Few Emissions, and Reduced Volatility
6(3)
Geothermal Energy Is a Flexible Energy Resource
9(1)
Electrical Demand and the Characteristics of Geothermal Energy
10(2)
Generating Electrical Power for the Grid
10(1)
Generating Electrical Power for Local Use
11(1)
How This Book Is Organized
12(1)
Synopsis
12(1)
Problems
12(1)
References
13(1)
Further Information Sources
13(2)
Chapter 2 Sources of Geothermal Heat: The Earth as a Heat Engine
15(26)
Origin of the Earth's Heat
15(4)
Heat from Formation of the Core
15(2)
Heat from the Radioactive Decay of Long-Lived Isotopes
17(2)
Transfer of Heat in the Earth
19(7)
Radiation
19(1)
Conduction
20(4)
Convection
24(2)
Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Geothermal Resources
26(3)
Classification of Geothermal Systems by Their Geological Context
29(3)
Extensional Environments
30(1)
Compressional Environments
30(1)
Translational Environments
31(1)
Hot Spots
31(1)
Transitional Settings
31(1)
Availability and Utilization of Geothermal Energy
32(2)
Synopsis
34(1)
Case Studies
35(1)
Extensional Environments---Spreading Centers
35(1)
Compressional Environments---Subduction Zones
36(1)
Hot Spots
36(1)
Problems
36(1)
References
37(1)
Further Information
38(3)
Chapter 3 Thermodynamics and Geothermal Systems
41(20)
First Law of Thermodynamics: Equivalence of Heat and Work and the Conservation of Energy
41(1)
Conservation of Energy
41(3)
Internal Energy
41(2)
Pressure--Volume Work
43(1)
Enthalpy
43(1)
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Inevitable Increase of Entropy
44(1)
Efficiency
44(1)
Carnot Cycle
44(5)
Heat Capacity
46(1)
Entropy
47(2)
Gibbs Function and Gibbs Energy (ΔG)
49(2)
Standard State
50(1)
Thermodynamic Efficiency
51(2)
Synopsis
53(1)
Case Study: Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Rock-Water Interaction
53(5)
Problems
58(1)
References
59(1)
Additional Sources
59(2)
Chapter 4 Subsurface Fluid Flow: Hydrology of Geothermal Systems
61(22)
General Model for Subsurface Fluid Flow
61(1)
Matrix Porosity and Permeability
62(5)
Definition of Matrix Permeability
65(1)
Kozeny--Carman Equation
66(1)
Hydraulic Conductivity
66(1)
Fracture Porosity and Permeability
67(4)
Fracture Permeability
67(1)
Fracture Transmissivity
68(3)
Effect of Depth on Porosity and Permeability
71(2)
Hydrologic Properties of Real Geothermal Systems
73(1)
Synopsis
74(1)
Case Study: Long Valley Caldera
74(4)
Problems
78(1)
References
79(1)
Further Information Sources
79(4)
Chapter 5 Chemistry of Geothermal Fluids
83(28)
Why the Geochemistry of Geothermal Fluids Matters
83(1)
Water as a Chemical Agent
84(2)
Components and Chemical Systems
86(3)
Chemical Potentials and Gibbs Energy
87(1)
Activity
88(1)
Saturation and the Law of Mass Action
89(6)
Equilibrium Constants
89(1)
Activity Coefficients (γ)
90(1)
Affinity
91(1)
Solubility
92(2)
Ion Exchange
94(1)
Kinetics of Geothermal Reactions
95(3)
Gases in Geothermal Fluids
98(4)
Gas Partitioning between Liquid and Vapor
99(3)
Fluid Flow and Mixing in Natural Systems
102(1)
Simulating Reactive Transport
103(1)
Synopsis
104(2)
Case Study: Silica System
106(1)
Problems
107(1)
References
107(4)
Chapter 6 Exploring for Geothermal Systems: Geology and Geochemistry
111(34)
Classifying Geothermal Environments
111(1)
Classification of Geothermal Systems from a Regional Perspective
112(6)
Isolated Continental Volcanic Centers (Brophy Type A)
113(1)
Andesite Volcanoes (Brophy Type B)
113(1)
Calderas (Brophy Type C)
114(1)
Fault-Bounded Sedimentary Basins (Brophy Type D)
115(1)
Fault-Bounded Extensional (Horst and Graben) Complexes (Brophy Type E)
116(1)
Oceanic Basaltic Provinces (Brophy Type F)
117(1)
Origin of Geothermal Fluids: Significance for Resource Exploration and Assessment
118(3)
Surface Manifestations
121(6)
Springs
121(5)
Surface Deposits Lacking Active Springs
126(1)
Fluid Geochemistry as an Exploration Tool
127(12)
Fluid Composition and Geothermometry
127(5)
Isotopes
132(7)
Fluid Inclusions
139(2)
Alteration and Exploration
141(1)
Synopsis
142(1)
Problems
142(1)
References
143(1)
Additional Information Sources
144(1)
Chapter 7 Exploring for Geothermal Systems: Geophysical Methods
145(16)
Geophysics as an Exploration Tool: Aeromagnetic Surveys
145(2)
Resistivity and Magnetotelluric Surveys
147(2)
Gravity Surveys
149(2)
Seismicity and Reflection Seismology
151(2)
Temperature Measurements
153(1)
Remote Sensing as an Exploration Tool: Promising New Technique
154(2)
Multispectral Studies
154(2)
Synopsis
156(1)
Case Study: Fallon, Nevada
156(3)
Problems
159(1)
References
159(1)
Additional Information Sources
160(1)
Chapter 8 Resource Assessments
161(18)
Assessing a Geothermal Resource
161(2)
Resource Base and Reserves
163(2)
Uncertainty
164(1)
Determining the Reservoir Volume
165(1)
Establishing the Reservoir Heat Content
166(1)
Significance of Heat Capacity
167(2)
Efficiency of Heat Extraction
169(3)
Synopsis
172(1)
Case Study: Establishing the US Geothermal Resource
172(4)
Problems
176(1)
References
177(1)
Further Information Sources
178(1)
Chapter 9 Drilling
179(22)
Background
179(1)
Drilling for Geothermal Heat Pump and Direct-Use Applications
179(6)
Drilling Equipment and Technology
180(2)
Drilling Fluid and Circulation
182(1)
Properties of Drilling Fluids
183(2)
Well Completion
185(1)
Environmental Issues
185(1)
Drilling for Geothermal Fluids for Power Generation
185(11)
Drilling Rigs
186(1)
Confining Pressure and Rock Strength
186(3)
Temperature and Drilling Fluid Stability
189(2)
Casing and Grouting
191(1)
Packers
192(1)
Lost Circulation
193(1)
Blowout Prevention Equipment
193(1)
Directional Drilling
193(2)
Coring
195(1)
Synopsis
196(1)
Case Study: Kakkonda, Japan
197(2)
Problems
199(1)
References
199(1)
Further Information Sources
200(1)
Chapter 10 Generating Power Using Geothermal Resources
201(32)
History of Geothermal Power Production
201(2)
Flexibility and Consistency
203(1)
General Features of Geothermal Power Generation Facilities
204(1)
Dry Steam Resources
205(6)
Hydrothermal Systems
211(8)
Flashing
213(2)
Steam Quality
215(1)
Dual-Flash Systems
216(1)
End State: Condensers and Cooling Towers
217(2)
Binary Generation Facilities: Organic Rankine Cycle
219(2)
Synopsis
221(1)
Case Study: The Geysers
221(7)
Geology
221(2)
Power Generation History
223(1)
Emissions
224(1)
Sustainability and Reinjection
225(3)
Problems
228(1)
References
228(1)
Further Information
229(4)
Chapter 11 Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources: Geothermal Heat Pumps
233(22)
Basic Heat Pump Principles
233(2)
Thermodynamics of Heat Pumps
235(2)
Coefficient of Performance and Energy Efficiency Ratio
237(1)
Near-Surface Thermal Reservoir
238(3)
Solar Insolation
238(1)
Soil Characteristics
239(2)
Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity of Soils
241(1)
Design Considerations for Closed-Loop Systems
242(2)
Heating and Cooling Loads
242(1)
Calculating Loop Length
242(2)
Local Variability: Why Measurements Matter
244(2)
Synopsis
246(1)
Case Study: Weaverville and a US Cost-Benefit Analysis of GHP Installation
246(6)
Problems
252(1)
References
253(1)
Further Information
253(2)
Chapter 12 Direct Use of Geothermal Resources
255(26)
Assessing the Magnitude of the Direct-Use Reservoir
255(3)
Nature of Thermal Energy Transfer
258(7)
Heat Transfer by Conduction
259(2)
Heat Transfer by Convection
261(2)
Heat Transfer by Radiation
263(1)
Heat Transfer by Evaporation
264(1)
Establishing the Feasibility of a Direct-Use Application
265(1)
District Heating
265(4)
Evaluation and Operation
265(3)
Managing Return Temperature
268(1)
Piping and Heat Loss
268(1)
Compatibility of Materials and Fluid Chemistry
268(1)
Aquaculture
269(3)
Drying
272(1)
Synopsis
273(1)
Case Study: Canby Cascaded System
273(6)
Problems
279(1)
References
279(1)
Further Information
280(1)
Chapter 13 Enhanced Geothermal Systems
281(26)
Concept of EGS
281(1)
Magnitude of EGS
282(3)
Characteristics of EGS
285(10)
Identifying Candidate Zones for Stimulation
286(2)
Improving Permeability: Required Rock Volume
288(1)
Physical Principles of the Stimulation Process
289(3)
Managing the Stimulation Process
292(2)
Monitoring the Stimulation Process
294(1)
History of Enhanced Geothermal System Development
295(1)
Drilling and Downhole Equipment
296(1)
Drilling Fluids
296(1)
Reservoir Engineering
296(1)
Reservoir Management for Sustainability
297(2)
Synopsis
299(1)
Case Study: Newberry Volcano Enhanced Geothermal System Demonstration Project
300(3)
Problems
303(1)
References
304(1)
Additional Information Sources
305(2)
Chapter 14 Use of Geothermal Resources: Economic Considerations
307(18)
Economics of Geothermal Power
307(6)
Upfront Capital Costs Associated with Geothermal Power
307(2)
Capacity Factors
309(2)
Levelized Costs
311(2)
Economics of R&D Investment in Geothermal Energy
313(2)
Technology Evolution and S-Curves
313(1)
Projected Energy Costs
313(2)
Developing a Geothermal Project
315(3)
Rights to Develop a Resource and Permitting
316(1)
Initial Resource Assessments
316(1)
Refining the Resource Assessment through Exploration Drilling
317(1)
Production Wells and Feasibility Study
318(1)
Alternative Economic Models
318(3)
Life-Cycle Analyses
319(1)
Energy Returned on Energy Invested
320(1)
Synopsis
321(1)
Problems
321(1)
References
322(1)
Further Information
323(2)
Chapter 15 Use of Geothermal Resources: Environmental Considerations
325(26)
Emissions
325(5)
Carbon Dioxide
325(3)
Hydrogen Sulfide
328(1)
Mercury
329(1)
Solute Load and Resource Recovery
330(2)
Seismicity
332(8)
Mechanics of Seismic Events
332(1)
Shear Stress, Normal Stress, and Frictional Strength
332(1)
Pore Water
333(1)
Seismic Activity Associated with Geothermal Projects
334(1)
Seismicity Associated with Injection of Cool Water
334(2)
Rupture Area and Magnitude
336(1)
Seismicity Associated with Fluid Extraction
337(1)
Seismicity Associated with High-Pressure Injection of Fluid to Enhance Reservoir Permeability
338(2)
Ground Subsidence
340(3)
Water Use
343(1)
Land Use
344(1)
Synopsis
345(1)
Problems
346(1)
References
346(3)
Further Information
349(2)
Chapter 16 Geothermal Energy Future: Possibilities and Issues
351(14)
History of Geothermal Emergence in the Market Place
351(1)
Geopressured Resources
352(5)
Magnitude of the Resource
352(1)
Why Geopressured Reservoirs Form
353(1)
Example of Geopressured Systems: Los Angeles Basin
354(1)
Challenges to Development
354(1)
Fluid Chemistry
354(3)
Reinjection
357(1)
Supercritical Geothermal Fluids
357(2)
Thermoelectric Generation
359(1)
Flexible Generation
360(1)
Hybrid Geothermal Systems
361(1)
Synopsis
362(1)
Problems
362(1)
References
362(1)
Further Information
363(2)
Subject Index 365(14)
Index of Locations 379
William Glassley is the executive director of the California Geothermal Energy Collaborative. He has more than 30 years experience in R&D in the earth sciences. The focus of his research has been in areas related to geothermal processes. He has held faculty appointments at several academic institutions. He was on the staff of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for more than 20 years. He currently is with the University of California. The author of more than 50 research articles in international journals, he has also participated on numerous national and international panels and working groups, and holds a doctorate in geochemistry.
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