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El. knyga: Global Population in Transition

  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 12-Apr-2018
  • Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319773629
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 12-Apr-2018
  • Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319773629

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This book deals with macro and micro aspects of population change and their inter-face with socio-economic factors and impact. It examines theoretical notions and pursues their empirical manifestations and uses multidisciplinary approaches to population change and diversity. It investigates the organic nature of the relationships between socio-economic factors and population change and the feedback loops that affect socio-economic organisation and behaviour. The book brings together material often scattered in a number of sources and disciplines that helps to understand population change and their socio-economic aspects. In addition to dealing with the more conventional factors in population dynamics in the form of fertility, mortality and migration, the book examines socio-economic forces that influence them. It discusses population evolving attributes that affect population characteristics and social and behaviour and impact on the environment. Further, it deals with social organisation and pathways that lead to different social and economic development and standards of living of diverse populations. 
1 Population: Survival and Growth
1(42)
1.1 Earth, Life and Humans in Context
1(11)
1.1.1 Recent Arrival of Humans
1(1)
1.1.2 Earth's Formation
1(1)
1.1.3 Human Essentials: Water and Oxygen
2(1)
1.1.4 Early Life
3(1)
1.1.5 From Single Cell to More Complex Life
4(1)
1.1.6 Great Oxidation, Ozone and Aerobic Life
4(1)
1.1.7 Vertebrates and the First Life Mass Extinction
4(1)
1.1.8 Life on Land and the Second Life Mass Extinction
5(1)
1.1.9 Plant and Animal Reproduction on Land
6(1)
1.1.10 Mammal-Like Animals and the Third Life Mass Extinction
7(1)
1.1.11 Recovery and Fourth Life Mass Extinction
7(1)
1.1.12 Dinosaurs and Other Life Prosper and the Fifth Life Mass Extinction
7(1)
1.1.13 New Life from Mammals to Primates
8(1)
1.1.14 Human Evolution
9(2)
1.1.15 Surviving Modern Humans
11(1)
1.2 World Population Growth and Distribution
12(8)
1.2.1 Growing and Multiplying
12(2)
1.2.2 Regional Distribution
14(4)
1.2.3 Population and Stage of Development
18(1)
1.2.4 Trends of Recent Population Growth
18(2)
1.3 Transitional Factors in Population Growth
20(8)
1.3.1 Engine of Population Growth
20(2)
1.3.2 Survival and Longer Lives
22(2)
1.3.3 Moving Urge
24(2)
1.3.4 Speculative Futures
26(2)
1.4 Survival and Enterprise
28(3)
1.5 Knowledge and Its Transmission
31(2)
1.6 Key Dimensions of Human Development
33(3)
1.7 Population Growth, Activity and Sustainability
36(1)
1.8 Transitional and Evolving Setting
37(1)
References
38(5)
2 Population: Notions, Theories and Policies
43(22)
2.1 Diversity of Views
43(1)
2.2 Population Size and Balance
43(2)
2.2.1 Some Basic Concepts
43(1)
2.2.2 Stable and Stationary Populations
44(1)
2.2.3 Maximum Population
44(1)
2.2.4 Minimum Population
44(1)
2.2.5 Optimum Population
44(1)
2.3 Population Regulation
45(1)
2.4 Technology and Population Growth
45(1)
2.5 Malthus' and Other Classical Propositions
46(3)
2.5.1 Malthus and Carrying Capacity
46(1)
2.5.2 J. S. Mill and the Stationary State
47(1)
2.5.3 Marx and Engels and Civilization
48(1)
2.6 Demographic Transition
49(1)
2.6.1 Thompson's A, B and C
49(1)
2.6.2 Kingsley Davis' Explosion and Transition
49(1)
2.6.3 Kingsley Davis' Change and Response
50(1)
2.7 Prophets of Doom and Others
50(2)
2.7.1 Population Growth Views
50(1)
2.7.2 Stages of Growth
50(1)
2.7.3 Zero-Population Growth
51(1)
2.7.4 Limits to Growth
51(1)
2.8 Population and Development Economics
52(2)
2.8.1 Harrod-Domar Model
52(1)
2.8.2 Human Capital and Technical Progress
53(1)
2.8.3 Human Capital and Fertility
53(1)
2.9 Population Change and Institutions
54(4)
2.9.1 Search for Explanation of Population Change
54(1)
2.9.2 Determinants of Fertility
54(1)
2.9.3 Second Demographic Transition
55(1)
2.9.4 Intergenerational Transfer and Fertility
55(1)
2.9.5 Ageing and Sustainability
56(2)
2.10 Changing Perceptions and Population Policies
58(4)
2.10.1 Policies on Population Growth
58(1)
2.10.2 Policies on Fertility Levels
59(1)
2.10.3 Policies on Internal Migration
60(1)
2.10.4 Government Concerns with Population Ageing
61(1)
2.11 Towards Greater Ecological Understanding
62(1)
2.12 Perceptions and Reactive Population Policies
62(1)
References
63(2)
3 Fitness Challenge: Too Many or Too Few
65(22)
3.1 Life, Reproduction and Evolution
65(2)
3.1.1 Reproduction and Fitness
65(1)
3.1.2 Biology: Cells, Genes, Homeostasis and Natural Selection
66(1)
3.1.3 Human Reproduction, Chromosomes and Sex
67(1)
3.2 Fertility: Variation and Themes
67(7)
3.2.1 Fitness-Maximizing and Human Fertility
67(1)
3.2.2 Fertility Determinants
68(1)
3.2.3 Fertility: Social and Economic Factors and Adaptive Behaviour
69(1)
3.2.4 Fitness-Maximizing and Carrying Capacity
70(1)
3.2.5 Cohort Size, Price of Labour and Fertility
70(1)
3.2.6 Backward Intergenerational Goods and Old Age Security
71(1)
3.2.7 Female Labour Force Participation and the Opportunity-Cost of Children
71(1)
3.2.8 Trade-Off Between Quantity and Quality: Human Capital
72(1)
3.2.9 Embodied Human Capital and Trade-Offs
72(2)
3.3 Fertility in Transition
74(4)
3.3.1 Demographic Transition: Fertility and Mortality
74(1)
3.3.2 Early Declines in Fertility
75(1)
3.3.3 Varying Experiences and Stages of the Fertility Transition
75(3)
3.4 Conundrum: Saving the Planet or Reducing the Dependency Burden
78(5)
3.4.1 Population Growth and Falling Fertility
78(1)
3.4.2 Rise and Fall in Fertility and Its Momentum
78(2)
3.4.3 Fertility and the Dependency Burden
80(1)
3.4.4 Shrinking Societies Led by Japan
80(2)
3.4.5 Inequality in Female Education and Access to Contraception
82(1)
3.4.6 Migration Replacement
82(1)
3.5 Transitional Phases and Challenges
83(1)
References
84(3)
4 Survival and Longevity
87(30)
4.1 Necessity, Endowments, Knowledge and Organisation
87(1)
4.2 Nature and Nurture
87(1)
4.3 Survival and Food
88(3)
4.3.1 FAD and FEE
88(1)
4.3.2 Food and Surviving the Population Explosion
88(1)
4.3.3 Survival and Food Security
89(2)
4.4 Survival, Disease and Other Threats
91(3)
4.4.1 Epidemiological Triangle
91(1)
4.4.2 Disease Reservoirs and Hosts
91(1)
4.4.3 Agents
92(1)
4.4.4 Endowments and Modifiers
92(1)
4.4.5 Climate
92(1)
4.4.6 Stressors
93(1)
4.4.7 Technologies
93(1)
4.4.8 Human Wander and Travel
93(1)
4.4.9 Immunity, Fadeout, Perpetuation and Population Densities
94(1)
4.5 Precarious Early Survival
94(2)
4.5.1 Lack of Current Knowledge
94(1)
4.5.2 Apparent Early Short Lives
94(1)
4.5.3 Microbes, War and Trade
95(1)
4.6 Features of Mortality Decline
96(1)
4.6.1 Improved Nutrition, Quarantine, Inoculation and Sanitation
96(1)
4.6.2 Effective Medicine
97(1)
4.7 Mortality Transition
97(10)
4.7.1 Early Improvements in Survival
97(1)
4.7.2 Limited Early Diffusion of Survival Practices
98(1)
4.7.3 Accelerating Pace of the Mortality Transition
99(2)
4.7.4 Natural Increase and Stages of the Demographic Transition
101(2)
4.7.5 Epidemiological Transition
103(3)
4.7.6 Survival and Healthy Lives
106(1)
4.8 Survival, Health and Socio-economic Determinants
107(5)
4.8.1 Survival and Development
107(1)
4.8.2 Survival and Income
108(1)
4.8.3 Socio-economic Status, Survival and Health
109(3)
4.9 Survival and Longevity: Success and Dilemma
112(2)
References
114(3)
5 Migration: Changing Flows and Views
117(34)
5.1 Factors Affecting Migration
117(3)
5.1.1 Out-of-Africa or Regional Origins
117(1)
5.1.2 Push and Pull Factors
117(1)
5.1.3 Surplus Labour and Migration
118(1)
5.1.4 Labour Shortages
119(1)
5.1.5 Migrant Networks
119(1)
5.2 Social and Economic Effects
120(3)
5.2.1 Forced Migration, Slavery, Transportation, Indenture and Trafficking
120(1)
5.2.2 Worker Migration
121(1)
5.2.3 Brain Drain
121(1)
5.2.4 Migrant Remittances
122(1)
5.2.5 Cultural Barriers
122(1)
5.2.6 Population Ageing and Migration
123(1)
5.3 Changing Views and Policies on International Migration
123(2)
5.3.1 Government Policies on Immigration
123(1)
5.3.2 Government Policies on Emigration
124(1)
5.4 Taxonomy and Information
125(2)
5.4.1 Definitions and Taxonomy
125(1)
5.4.2 Sources of Data
126(1)
5.5 Stocks and Flows
127(7)
5.5.1 Where Are the Immigrants?
127(4)
5.5.2 Largest Migrant Hosts
131(3)
5.5.3 Characteristics of Migrant Stocks and Flows
134(1)
5.6 Age and Sex of Migrants
134(2)
5.7 Migrant Workers
136(5)
5.7.1 Population of Working Age and Migrants
136(1)
5.7.2 Sex of Population of Working Age and Migrant Workers
137(1)
5.7.3 Migrant Workers and Labour Force Participation
138(1)
5.7.4 Economic Activity and Migrant Workers
138(1)
5.7.5 Migrant Workers and Income of Host Countries
139(1)
5.7.6 Labour Force Participation of Migrant Workers in Host Countries
140(1)
5.7.7 Regional Distribution of Migrant Workers
140(1)
5.8 Refugees
141(3)
5.9 Migrant Remittances
144(3)
5.10 Internal Migration and Urbanization
147(1)
5.11 Change and Growth
147(2)
References
149(2)
6 Urbanization: A Way of Living
151(30)
6.1 Population Growth and Concentration
151(1)
6.2 Cities and Urban Settlement
151(2)
6.3 Perspectives on Urbanization
153(6)
6.4 Urban Population Growth
159(5)
6.4.1 Degree and Pace of Urbanization
159(2)
6.4.2 Urbanization Level
161(1)
6.4.3 Growth of Megacities
161(3)
6.5 Urbanization: Economic Organisation and Income
164(6)
6.5.1 Mode of Production: Agriculture, Industry and Services
164(2)
6.5.2 Urbanization: Economic Organization, Productivity and Income
166(1)
6.5.3 Urbanization, Industrialisation and Income Inequality
167(3)
6.6 Gender and the City
170(2)
6.7 Urbanization: Banlieue and Slums
172(3)
6.8 Urbanization and the Environment
175(2)
6.9 Urban Agenda
177(1)
References
178(3)
7 Ageing Transformation
181(40)
7.1 Ageing Drivers
181(2)
7.1.1 Stable and Unstable Age Populations
181(1)
7.1.2 Surges and Wanes
181(2)
7.2 Transformation and Ageing
183(1)
7.3 Transformation Path and Clustering
184(3)
7.3.1 Transformation Phases and Ageing
184(1)
7.3.2 High Fertility and High Mortality: Child Populations
184(1)
7.3.3 Lowering Fertility and Mortality: Child and Young Adult Populations
185(1)
7.3.4 Converging Fertility and Mortality: Young Adult Populations
185(1)
7.3.5 Low Fertility and Low Mortality: Replacement of Young Through Immigration
186(1)
7.3.6 Low Fertility and Mortality: Older Populations
186(1)
7.4 Pace of Change
187(1)
7.5 Ageing: Socio-economic Dynamics
188(1)
7.6 Physical and Socio-economic Activity
189(9)
7.6.1 Ageing: Physical and Social Activity
189(2)
7.6.2 Ageing and Labour Force Participation
191(1)
7.6.3 Ageing and Income Generation
192(1)
7.6.4 Labour Force Bonuses and Deficits
193(4)
7.6.5 Dependency Transition
197(1)
7.6.6 Child Dependency
197(1)
7.6.7 Old-Age Dependency
198(1)
7.7 Ageing and Intergenerational Dependency
198(5)
7.7.1 Increasing Wants
198(1)
7.7.2 Ageing and Demand for Health Care and Social Services
199(1)
7.7.3 Ageing and Income Support
200(2)
7.7.4 Intergenerational Transfers: Productivity and Distributional Issues
202(1)
7.8 Ageing, Wellbeing and Other Outcomes
203(11)
7.8.1 Changing Living Arrangements
203(1)
7.8.2 Old-Age Living Arrangements and Development
203(2)
7.8.3 Old-Age Living Arrangements of Males and Females
205(1)
7.8.4 Some Intraregional and Within Country Differences
206(2)
7.8.5 Disability and Institutionalisation
208(1)
7.8.6 Formal Care and Female Informal Care
209(1)
7.8.7 Ageing and Long-Term Care Fiscal Implications
209(1)
7.8.8 Ageing and Changing Consumer Priorities
209(1)
7.8.9 Wellbeing and Life Satisfaction
210(4)
7.9 Presumptive Futures
214(3)
References
217(4)
8 Gender Dilemma: Difference and Equality
221(22)
8.1 Sex Differences
221(1)
8.2 Gender Identity and Behaviour
222(3)
8.2.1 Sex Differences and Gender Stereotypes
222(1)
8.2.2 Sex Typing, Gender Identity and Behaviour
223(1)
8.2.3 Stereotype Threat, Group Bias and Context
224(1)
8.2.4 Gender Similarity Hypothesis
224(1)
8.3 Son Preference
225(2)
8.4 Difference and Equality
227(13)
8.4.1 Dimensions and Context
227(2)
8.4.2 Capabilities
229(3)
8.4.3 Agency
232(4)
8.4.4 Economic Opportunities
236(4)
8.5 Gendered Inequalities in Transition
240(1)
References
241(2)
9 Deviance: Social Change and Control
243(34)
9.1 Deviant and Criminal Behaviour
243(1)
9.2 Social Ideals, Means and Anomie
244(1)
9.3 Psychosocial Development
245(2)
9.3.1 Moral Development
245(1)
9.3.2 Social Cognitive Development and Biological Determinism
246(1)
9.3.3 Social Learning and Modelling
246(1)
9.4 Social Control and Differentiation
247(3)
9.4.1 Social Differentiation
247(1)
9.4.2 Social Labelling
248(1)
9.4.3 Neutralization of Social Control
248(1)
9.4.4 Social Bonding and Control
249(1)
9.5 Crime and Punishment and Economics
250(1)
9.6 Deviance: Rebellion and Social Change
251(2)
9.7 Criminal Offenses
253(19)
9.7.1 Types of Criminal Offenses
253(6)
9.7.2 Criminal Behaviour: Sex and Age
259(6)
9.7.3 Victims of Crime
265(3)
9.7.4 Crime and Imprisonment
268(3)
9.7.5 Costs of Crime
271(1)
9.8 Deviance: Social Change and Control
272(1)
References
273(4)
10 Population and Socio-economic Prospects
277(40)
10.1 Socio-economic Organization in Transition
277(2)
10.2 Capital, Technical Change and Human Capital
279(2)
10.3 Health and Human Capital
281(3)
10.3.1 Health and Cognitive Capacity
281(1)
10.3.2 Childhood Health and Educational Achievement
281(1)
10.3.3 Health and Human Capital Productivity
282(1)
10.3.4 Life Expectancy and Healthy Life
283(1)
10.4 Education and Human Capital
284(5)
10.4.1 Education: Investment and Returns
284(4)
10.4.2 Education and Employment
288(1)
10.5 Labour Force and Employment
289(13)
10.5.1 Population and the Labour Force
289(3)
10.5.2 Labour Force Participation
292(4)
10.5.3 Shifting Employment Sector
296(1)
10.5.4 Unemployment
297(2)
10.5.5 Labour Productivity, Sharing of Earnings and Inequality
299(3)
10.6 Productivity, Inequality and Poverty
302(6)
10.6.1 Growing Global Productivity
302(1)
10.6.2 Life Cycle Ups and Downs
303(1)
10.6.3 Global Income Inequality
303(1)
10.6.4 Income Distribution and Inequality
304(3)
10.6.5 Inequality and Poverty
307(1)
10.6.6 Declining Extreme Poverty
307(1)
10.7 Productivity: Priorities and Choices
308(5)
10.7.1 Bare Necessities' Priority
308(1)
10.7.2 Life Cycle Changes and Preferences
309(2)
10.7.3 Relative Affluence and Choices
311(2)
10.8 Evolving and Transitional Socio-economic Development
313(1)
References
314(3)
11 Population and the Environment
317(28)
11.1 Widening Perspectives
317(5)
11.2 Environmental Conundrum: Population and Economic Growth
322(4)
11.3 Environment Domains and Human Activity
326(1)
11.4 Population, Land and the Environment
327(9)
11.4.1 Land Use: Agriculture and Forests
327(4)
11.4.2 Land Use: Mining
331(1)
11.4.3 Population Growth, Industrial and Service Production
332(3)
11.4.4 Population Growth and Urbanization
335(1)
11.4.5 Population Growth and Biodiversity
335(1)
11.5 Population, Water and the Environment
336(4)
11.5.1 Sources and Distribution of Water in the World
336(1)
11.5.2 Fresh Water Use
337(1)
11.5.3 Population Growth, Mangroves and Estuaries
338(1)
11.5.4 Population Growth and Fishing
338(1)
11.5.5 Human Activity and Warming of the Oceans
339(1)
11.6 Population, Air and the Environment
340(1)
11.7 Some Technology, Institutional, Market and Policy Issues
341(2)
11.7.1 Public and Private Interests
341(1)
11.7.2 Market Prices, Resources and Technology
342(1)
11.7.3 Institutional and Cultural Features
342(1)
References
343(2)
12 The Future and Its Challenges
345
12.1 Inevitable Future Population Growth
345(6)
12.1.1 Alternatives and Pathways of Population Change
345(1)
12.1.2 Feeding the Growing Population
346(2)
12.1.3 Settlement of the Growing Population
348(1)
12.1.4 Energy for a Growing Population
349(1)
12.1.5 Commons: Private and Public Interests
350(1)
12.2 Evolving Roles, Inequalities, Lags and Gaps
351(4)
12.2.1 Evolving Roles and Activity
351(1)
12.2.2 Lags and Gaps
352(3)
12.3 Asymmetries and Sharing of Productivity Gains
355(1)
12.3.1 Asymmetry in Age Distribution
355(1)
12.3.2 Intergenerational Transfers
355(1)
12.3.3 Asymmetry in Sharing of Productivity Gains
356(1)
12.3.4 Asymmetry Between Socioeconomic and Political Development
356(1)
12.4 Experiences and Challenges
356(1)
References
357
Jo. M. Martins is a graduate in economics from the University of Sydney, Australia, where he also completed post-graduate studies and a dissertation on economic development. After his private sector work experience, he went on to work for the United Nations and has served as an adviser and consultant to the World Health Organization and the World Bank. His public sector career started with the Government of Ontario, Canada. He spent almost two decades as a senior executive with the Government of New South Wales, Australia, followed by his appointment as a senior officer of the World Bank. His varied career has given him working experience in Australia, Africa, Asia and the Americas. T

Dr Fei Guo is an Associate Professor of Demography in the Department of Marketing and Management at Macquarie University, Australia.  She received her Ph.D. from the University of Hawaii in 1996.  Her main research interests have been skilled and return migration in the Asia Pacific region, internal migration in China and migrant communities in Australia.  Her other research interests include ageing and migrant health, diaspora and transnationalism. She is also interested in the areas of internationalisation of highly skilled professionals and the localisation of workforce in international corporations.  

David A. Swanson is Professor of Sociology at the University of California Riverside. His Ph.D. and M.A. are from the University of Hawaii (Sociology, with a concentration in Population Studies) and his B.Sc. is from Western Washington University (with a major in Sociology and a minor in Mathematics). Swanson also holds a graduate diploma in Social Sciences from the University of Stockholm. He served as member of the U. S. Census Bureaus Scientific Advisory Committee for six years (2004-10). He has testified before the US Congress and state legislative bodies. Swanson also has served as an expert witness in court cases and is the recipient of two Fulbright awards. Swanson has served as a state demographer (Alaska, Arkansas, and Oregon), a Department Chair (University of Mississippi and Pacific Lutheran University) and a Dean (Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration).