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El. knyga: Grammar of Neverver [De Gruyter E-books]

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Grammar of NeververDidesnis paveikslėlis
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Partnerių interneto svetainė: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110289619
Barbour (U. of Waikato, New Zealand) presents a grammar of the Southern Oceanic language Neverer, which is spoken by about 560 Mindu and Sakhan people on Malekula Island in Vanuatu, and has been virtually unknown to the academic world until now. She covers phonology; nominals; the noun phrase; possession, relativization, and number; verb classes; expressing temporal, modal, and aspectual information; reduplication; clause structure; complex nuclei; complex cores; complement-taking predicates; and clausal juncture and inter-propositional relations. The study would be best appreciated by specialists in Oceanic and Austronesian languages, but perhaps also by some general linguists interested in linguistic typology. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Neverver is an Oceanic language spoken by just over 500 people on the high island of Malekula in Vanuatu. Drawing on an extensive corpus of field recordings collected between 2004 and 2008, the analysis reveals a very interesting phonological system with six prenasalized segments, rich systems of possession, tense/aspect/mood marking, valence change, and verb serialization. The grammaris of interest to specialists in Oceanic and Austronesian linguistics, as well as to general linguists, especially those interested in linguistic typology.

Acknowledgements v
Table of contents
vii
Tables and figures
xix
Abbreviations xxi
Maps
xxiii
1 Introduction
1(23)
1.1 Geographic and linguistic context
1(4)
1.1.1 Limap village
3(1)
1.1.2 Lingarakh village
4(1)
1.1.3 Multilingual interactions
5(1)
1.2 Historical origins
5(4)
1.2.2 Early work on Neverver
7(2)
1.3 An evaluation of language vitality
9(6)
1.3.2 Language statistics and transmission patterns
9(1)
1.3.3 Domains of use
10(1)
1.3.3.1 Religion
10(1)
1.3.3.2 Education
11(1)
1.3.3.3 Media
11(1)
1.3.4 Language support
12(1)
1.3.4.1 Local support
12(1)
1.3.4.2 Official support
13(1)
1.3.5 Literacy development and language documentation
14(1)
1.4 Emerging vernacular literacy practices
15(3)
1.4.2 Literacy in religion
15(2)
1.4.3 Literacy in entertainment
17(1)
1.4.4 Literacy in education
17(1)
1.5 Documenting Neverver
18(6)
1.5.2 Working with the Neverver speech community
21(2)
1.5.3 Describing Neverver
23(1)
2 Phonology
24(48)
2.0 Introduction
24(1)
2.1 The consonant inventory
24(1)
2.2 Distinctive features for Neverver consonants
25(1)
2.3 Consonant contrasts
26(18)
2.3.1 Nasals /m, n, η/
26(1)
2.3.2 Plain plosives /p, t, k/
27(1)
2.3.2.1 The /p/ segment
28(1)
2.3.2.2 The /t/ and /k/ segments
29(1)
2.3.3 Prenasalized plosives /b, d, g/
30(2)
2.3.4 The prenasalized bilabial trill /B/
32(2)
2.3.5 Plain fricatives /β, s, Y/
34(2)
2.3.6 The prenasalized affricate /d3/
36(1)
2.3.7 Liquids /r, l/
37(1)
2.3.8 The prenasalized alveolar trill /D/
37(1)
2.3.8.1 Consonant sequences and the inflection of verb stems
38(1)
2.3.8.2 Consonant sequences and reduplication
39(1)
2.3.8.3 Syllable-final consonant clusters
39(1)
2.3.9 Non-lateral approximants /j, w/
40(2)
2.3.10 Geminates
42(2)
2.4 The vowel inventory
44(5)
2.4.1 Distinctive features for Neverver vowels
45(1)
2.4.2 Contrastive sets for the contemporary vowel segments
45(1)
2.4.3 Contrastive front rounded vowels /y/ and /ø/
45(1)
2.4.4 Realizations of the high front vowel /i/
46(1)
2.4.5 Realizations of the high back vowel /u/
47(1)
2.4.6 Diphthongs
47(1)
2.4.7 Multi-vowel sequences
48(1)
2.5 Phonotactic constraints
49(11)
2.5.1 One-to-one association
50(1)
2.5.2 Unassociated C slots
50(1)
2.5.3 Type A simultaneous association
51(2)
2.5.4 Type B simultaneous association
53(3)
2.5.5 Violations of the phonotactic constraint
56(1)
2.5.5.1 Initial /tC-/ sequences
56(2)
2.5.5.2 The formation of compounds
58(2)
2.6 Phonological processes
60(6)
2.6.1 Neutralization
60(1)
2.6.2 Metathesis
61(1)
2.6.3 Epenthesis
61(1)
2.6.3.1 Epenthetic schwa
62(1)
2.6.3.2 Epenthetic plosives [ d] and [ g]
63(1)
2.6.3.3 Epenthetic plosive [ b]
63(1)
2.6.3.4 Established allomorphy for the irrealis nasal /m/
63(2)
2.6.3.5 Epenthetic [ i]
65(1)
2.6.4 Apocope and syncope
65(1)
2.7 Stress
66(2)
2.7.1 Stress assignment in nouns
66(1)
2.7.2 Stress assignment in verbs
67(1)
2.8 Intonation patterns
68(2)
2.8.1 Terminal intonation
68(1)
2.8.2 Non-terminal intonation
69(1)
2.8.3 Polar interrogatives (§9.3.2.)
70(1)
2.9 Orthographic conventions
70(2)
3 Nominals
72(37)
3.0 Introduction
72(1)
3.1 Pronouns
72(4)
3.1.1 Independent personal pronouns
72(3)
3.1.2 Possessive determiners
75(1)
3.1.3 Possessive pronouns
76(1)
3.2 Noun classes
76(1)
3.3 Common nouns
77(10)
3.3.1 The function and distribution of the common noun prefix n(V)-
77(3)
3.3.2 The form of the common noun prefix
80(2)
3.3.3 A note on the syllabification of segmental vowel sequences
82(1)
3.3.4 Non-prototypical common nouns
83(1)
3.3.5 Common nouns with temporal meanings
84(3)
3.4 Personal nouns
87(4)
3.4.1 Personal proper names
87(2)
3.4.2 Personal kin terms
89(2)
3.5 Local nouns
91(9)
3.5.1 Proper place names
92(1)
3.5.2 Local nouns denoting familiar places
93(1)
3.5.3 Local nouns denoting significant features of the physical environment
93(1)
3.5.3.1 The absolute frame
93(2)
3.5.3.2 The absolute/deictic frame
95(1)
3.5.3.3 Locative part nouns
96(1)
3.5.4 Temporal local nouns
96(1)
3.5.4.1 Parts of the day
97(2)
3.5.4.2 Time counters
99(1)
3.6 Pronominal-noun
100(3)
3.7 Nominalization processes
103(4)
3.7.1 Simple nominalization
103(1)
3.7.2 Simulfix nominalization
104(1)
3.7.2.1 Nominalizing intransitive verb stems
104(1)
3.7.2.2 Nominalization and reduplication of intransitive stems
104(1)
3.7.2.3 Nominalizing transitive verb stems with experiencer subjects
105(1)
3.7.2.4 Nominalizing prototypical transitive stems
105(1)
3.7.2.5 Nominalizations involving other word classes
105(2)
3.8 Compound nouns
107(2)
3.8.1 Noun-Noun compounds
107(1)
3.8.2 Noun-Verb compounds
108(1)
4 The noun phrase
109(23)
4.0 Introduction
109(1)
4.1 Noun phrase heads
109(3)
4.2 The syntactic functions of the noun phrase
112(2)
4.3 The structure of the noun phrase
114(2)
4.4 Unmodified nouns
116(2)
4.4.1 Encoding indefinite non-referring expressions with zero modification
116(1)
4.4.2 Encoding definite referring expressions with zero modification
117(1)
4.4.3 Using unmodified nouns to encode generic expressions
117(1)
4.5 Nominal modification
118(8)
4.5.1 Lexical modifiers
118(1)
4.5.2 Intensifiers
119(1)
4.5.3 Possessives
119(1)
4.5.4 Quantifiers
120(2)
4.5.5 Demonstratives
122(2)
4.5.6 Number
124(1)
4.5.6.1 The plural marker
124(1)
4.5.6.2 Number relative clauses
124(1)
4.5.7 The limiter (lu)me `only, just'
125(1)
4.5.8 Summary of noun phrase modification
125(1)
4.6 Noun phrase coordination
126(6)
4.6.1 Prosodic listing
126(1)
4.6.2 The comitative preposition blev
127(2)
4.6.3 Inclusory pronominal constructions
129(1)
4.6.3.1 The explicit phrasal inclusory construction
129(1)
4.6.3.2 The implicit split inclusory construction
130(1)
4.6.4 Disjunctive coordination
131(1)
5 Possession, relativization, and number
132(32)
5.0 Introduction
132(1)
5.1 Describing possession
133(14)
5.1.1 Human possessors
135(4)
5.1.1.1 Exceptions
139(1)
5.1.1.2 Human possession and definiteness
140(1)
5.1.2 Non-human possessors
141(1)
5.1.2.1 Inherent possession
141(2)
5.1.2.2 Associative possession
143(3)
5.1.3 Semantic irregularities
146(1)
5.2 Relative clauses
147(9)
5.2.1 Relativising the subject position
149(1)
5.2.2 Relativising the object position
149(1)
5.2.3 Relativising the second object position
150(1)
5.2.4 Relativising the oblique - objects of prepositions
151(1)
5.2.5 Relativising the genitive - possessors
151(1)
5.2.6 Relativization and pronominal-nouns
152(1)
5.2.6.1 Relative clauses with an as the head
152(1)
5.2.6.2 Relative clauses with kut as the head
152(1)
5.2.6.3 Relative clauses with dran as the head
153(1)
5.2.7 Relative clauses with demonstrative predicates
154(1)
5.2.8 Pronominal-nouns and demonstrative predicates
155(1)
5.2.9 Relative clauses and indefinite heads
156(1)
5.3 Number
156(6)
5.3.1 Cardinal numbers
157(1)
5.3.1.1 Cardinal numbers one to nine
157(1)
5.3.1.2 Cardinal numbers ten and over
158(2)
5.3.2 Ordinal numbers
160(1)
5.3.3 Indefinite referring expressions
161(1)
5.4 Nmod and the quantifier tle `another'
162(2)
6 Verb classes
164(25)
6.0 Introduction
164(1)
6.1 The subject/mood prefix
164(10)
6.1.1 Accounting for regular allomorphy in the subject/mood prefix
166(7)
6.1.2 The impersonal subject/mood prefix
173(1)
6.1.3 Representing the subject/mood prefix
173(1)
6.2 Morphophonemic stem alternations
174(2)
6.2.1 Allomorphy in the irregular verb vu `go'
175(1)
6.3 Verb classes
176(11)
6.3.1 Inherently transitive stems
177(2)
6.3.1.1 Non-prototypical transitive stems
179(1)
6.3.1.2 Detransitive morphology
180(2)
6.3.2 Inherently intransitive stems
182(1)
6.3.2.1 Bare intransitive stems
183(4)
6.4 Homonymy
187(2)
7 Expressing temporal, modal, and aspectual information
189(39)
7.0 Introduction
189(2)
7.1 Expressing temporal contrasts
191(4)
7.1.1 Events which happened (or did not happen) prior to the reference time
191(1)
7.1.2 Events which are happening at the reference time
192(1)
7.1.3 States that existed (or did not exist) prior to or at the reference time
193(1)
7.1.4 Relative future events
194(1)
7.1.5 Events marked by suppakh or lile `nearly, soon'
195(1)
7.2 Expressing reality status
195(10)
7.2.1 Habitual events, such as those described in familiar processes
197(1)
7.2.2 Imperative and prohibitive constructions
198(2)
7.2.3 Adverbial subordinate clauses
200(2)
7.2.4 Complement clauses
202(1)
7.2.5 Relative clauses with indefinite heads
203(2)
7.2.6 The grammatical category of mood
205(1)
7.3 The encoding of aspectual and temporal meanings
205(23)
7.3.1 External tense/aspect markers
206(1)
7.3.1.1 Anterior ij
207(1)
7.3.1.2 Remote anterior ma ij
207(1)
7.3.1.3 Immediate aspect mej `just'
208(2)
7.3.1.4 Discourse perfect lu
210(2)
7.3.1.5 Continuative aspect deb(b)/mo
212(1)
7.3.1.6 Summary of external tense/aspect markers
213(1)
7.3.2 Intermediate quantificational aspect
214(1)
7.3.2.1 Frequentative aspect sakhsakh
215(1)
7.3.2.2 Argument quantifier mokh
216(1)
7.3.3 Internal aspectual markers
216(2)
7.3.3.1 Completive (total) aspect lu
218(1)
7.3.3.2 Completive (plural) aspect dan
219(1)
7.3.3.3 Partitive aspect da
220(1)
7.3.3.4 Partly complete aspect dor
220(1)
7.3.3.5 Temporary aspect der
221(1)
7.3.3.6 Past habitual with duvakh and reduplication
222(1)
7.3.3.7 Aspectual distinctions encoded through reduplication
222(2)
7.3.4 Phasal aspect encoded in core layer juncture
224(1)
7.3.4.1 Progressive aspect tokh
225(1)
7.3.4.2 Ingressive aspect tabatn ~ stait
226(1)
7.3.4.3 Egressive aspect suvsuv
227(1)
8 Reduplication
228(35)
8.0 Introduction
228(1)
8.1 Forms of reduplication
228(11)
8.1.1 Non-prototypical verb reduplication
232(2)
8.1.2 Formalizing the process of reduplication
234(3)
8.1.3 Interaction with the subject/mood prefix
237(2)
8.1.4 Reduplication in other parts of speech
239(1)
8.2 Functions of reduplication
239(22)
8.2.1 Reduplication in detransitive constructions
241(1)
8.2.1.1 Unspecified object deletion (§6.3.1.2.)
241(1)
8.2.1.2 Inherent object constructions (§6.3.1.2.)
242(1)
8.2.1.3 Object incorporation (§10.1.)
242(1)
8.2.1.4 Reflexives and reciprocals (§9.4.)
242(1)
8.2.1.5 Nominalization (§3.7., §12.5.)
243(1)
8.2.2 Reduplication in stative verbs
244(1)
8.2.2.1 Inherently stative verbs (§6.3.2.1.)
244(1)
8.2.2.2 Action to state (§6.3.2.)
245(1)
8.2.2.3 Temporary state to permanent state (§6.3.2.)
246(1)
8.2.2.4 State to maximal state
246(1)
8.2.2.5 Permanent state to temporary state
246(1)
8.2.2.6 Verb modification: Nuclear serial verb constructions (§10.2. - §10.5.)
247(1)
8.2.2.7 Noun modification (§4.5.1.)
248(1)
8.2.3 Reduplication and imperfective aspect (§7.3.3.7.)
249(1)
8.2.3.1 Iterative
249(1)
8.2.3.2 Habitual
250(1)
8.2.3.3 Durative action
251(2)
8.2.3.4 Diminutive
253(1)
8.2.4 Reduplication and number
254(1)
8.2.4.1 Marking plural S/P
255(1)
8.2.4.2 Participant number and ergativity
255(1)
8.2.4.3 Non-individuated patients
256(1)
8.2.4.4 Reduplication and plural nouns
256(1)
8.2.5 Reduplication, mood and negative polarity
257(1)
8.2.5.1 Prohibition (§7.2.2., §9.5.1.)
257(1)
8.2.5.2 Inability
257(1)
8.2.5.3 Negative condition (§13.3.4.)
258(1)
8.2.6 Reduplication and semantic extension
258(1)
8.2.7 Inherent/fossilized reduplication
259(2)
8.3 Reduplication and repetition
261(2)
9 Clause structure
263(45)
9.0 Introduction
263(1)
9.1 The structure of verbal clauses
263(16)
9.1.1 Single-argument verbs
266(1)
9.1.2 Two-argument verbs
266(1)
9.1.3 Three-argument verbs
267(2)
9.1.4 Encoding non-core arguments
269(2)
9.1.4.1 lon `LOC'
271(2)
9.1.4.2 aran `LOC.on'
273(1)
9.1.4.3 lappan `under'
274(1)
9.1.4.4 sur `near, by, along'
274(1)
9.1.4.5 blev `comitative'
275(2)
9.1.4.6 tuan `LOCPSN' personal locational preposition
277(2)
9.1.4.7 il `BENE, CAUS' benefactive, cause marker
279(1)
9.2 Negation of verbal predicates
279(4)
9.2.1 mosi `no longer' and vasi `not yet'
280(1)
9.2.2 Negative verbs
281(2)
9.3 Interrogatives
283(5)
9.3.1 Constituent interrogatives
284(3)
9.3.2 Polar interrogatives
287(1)
9.3.3 Alternation questions
288(1)
9.4 Reflexive and reciprocal constructions
288(3)
9.4.1 Reflexives
289(1)
9.4.2 Reciprocals
290(1)
9.5 Impersonal constructions
291(2)
9.5.1 Impersonal subjects and prohibition
292(1)
9.6 Comparative structures
293(1)
9.7 Fronting of constituents
294(3)
9.7.1 Fronting core arguments of a main clause
294(1)
9.7.2 Fronting arguments of sentential complements
295(1)
9.7.3 Fronting core arguments of a subordinate clause
296(1)
9.8 Multi-purpose modifiers
297(1)
9.9 Expressions of modality
298(2)
9.9.1 ing `EXCLAM' exclamatory marker
298(1)
9.9.2 man `EMPH' emphatic marker
299(1)
9.9.3 bor `maybe'
299(1)
9.9.4 var `unfortunately'
300(1)
9.10 Non-verbal predicates
300(6)
9.10.1 Classificatory clauses
302(1)
9.10.2 Identificational clauses
303(1)
9.10.3 Ownership predicates
304(1)
9.10.4 Presentative clauses
305(1)
9.11 `Yes', `no', and other interjections
306(2)
10 Complex nuclei
308(22)
10.0 Introduction
308(1)
10.1 Object incorporation
308(6)
10.1.1 Prototypical incorporated objects
309(1)
10.1.2 Less prototypical incorporated objects
310(1)
10.1.2.1 verver-sal-ikh `give s.o. directions'
311(1)
10.1.2.2 jaljal-druk `wear sash diagonally acros chest'
311(1)
10.1.3 Incorporated objects with intransitive bases
311(1)
10.1.4 Non-prototypical incorporated objects
312(2)
10.2 Nuclear serial verbs
314(5)
10.2.1 Major properties of nuclear serial verbs
316(3)
10.3 Grammaticalization pathways
319(8)
10.3.1 From serial verb to preposition
320(1)
10.3.1.1 gwas `cross', `over'
320(1)
10.3.1.2 delvis `go around'
321(1)
10.3.1.3 sur `near, along, by'
322(3)
10.3.2 From serial verb to aspectual marker
325(1)
10.3.3 From serial verb to adverb
325(1)
10.3.4 From negative morpheme to serial verb
326(1)
10.4 Patterns of transitivity
327(1)
10.5 Three-part nuclear SVCs
328(2)
11 Complex cores
330(27)
11.0 Introduction
330(1)
11.1 Comparing nuclear and core serialization
330(3)
11.2 Mono-clausal properties of core SVCs
333(5)
11.3 Sub-types of core SVCs
338(19)
11.3.1 Same-subject constructions
340(1)
11.3.1.1 Same-subject directional SVCs
340(2)
11.3.1.2 Same-subject sequential SVCs
342(3)
11.3.1.3 Same-subject limit SVCs
345(1)
11.3.1.4 Same-subject utterance SVCs
346(2)
11.3.1.5 Same-subject aspectual SVCs
348(1)
11.3.1.6 Same-subject modal SVCs
348(1)
11.3.2 Switch-function constructions
349(1)
11.3.2.1 Switch-function directional SVCs
349(1)
11.3.2.2 Switch-function existential/locational SVCs
350(1)
11.3.2.3 Switch-function recipient SVCs
351(1)
11.3.3 Ambient SVCs
352(1)
11.3.3.1 Ambient manner SVCs
352(1)
11.3.3.2 Ambient aspectual SVCs
353(1)
11.3.3.3 Ambient directional SVCs
354(1)
11.3.3.4 Ambient similative SVCs
355(1)
11.3.4 Inclusory constructions
356(1)
12 Complement-taking predicates
357(35)
12.0 Introduction
357(1)
12.1 Complementation in Neverver
357(2)
12.2 Complementizers
359(2)
12.3 Complementation and mood patterns
361(6)
12.3.1 Polarity determined complements
361(2)
12.3.2 Irrealis complements
363(2)
12.3.3 Independent complements
365(1)
12.3.4 Observations on mood patterning and complementation
365(2)
12.4 Semantic sub-types of complementation
367(23)
12.4.1 Immediate perception predicates
367(4)
12.4.2 Predicates of knowledge and acquisition of knowledge
371(3)
12.4.3 Manipulative predicates
374(1)
12.4.4 Propositional attitude predicates
375(3)
12.4.5 Modal predicates
378(1)
12.4.6 Desiderative predicates
379(2)
12.4.7 Anti-desiderative predicates
381(1)
12.4.8 Achievement predicates
382(3)
12.4.9 Phasal predicates (ingression)
385(1)
12.4.10 Utterance predicates
386(4)
12.5 Nominalized complements
390(2)
13 Clausal juncture and inter-propositional relations
392(29)
13.0 Introduction
392(1)
13.1 Relationships between clauses
392(2)
13.2 Morpho-syntactic features of clausal juncture and intonation
394(1)
13.3 Adverbial subordination
395(12)
13.3.1 Time
396(4)
13.3.2 Event/state location
400(1)
13.3.3 Reason/purpose
400(3)
13.3.4 Condition-consequence
403(4)
13.4 Subordinating tail-head linkage
407(2)
13.5 Syndetic coordination
409(6)
13.5.1 Conjunctive coordination
410(2)
13.5.2 Adversative coordination
412(2)
13.5.3 Disjunctive coordination
414(1)
13.5.4 Augmentative coordination
414(1)
13.6 Prosodic conjunction
415(4)
13.6.1 Semantic relations signaled by rising intonation on the initial clause
416(2)
13.6.2 Semantic relations signaled by level/falling intonation on the initial clause
418(1)
13.7 Form and meaning
419(2)
Appendices
421(36)
Appendix I A. Bernard Deacon's Nesan Data (1926-1927)
421(6)
1 Orthographic notes
421(1)
2 Nesan and Neverver
422(5)
Appendix II Neverver language vitality assessment
427(1)
1 Intergenerational language transmission
427(1)
2 Absolute number of speakers (January 2005)
427(1)
3 Proportion of speakers within the total population
428(1)
3.1 Percentage of households with differing dominant languages
428(1)
3.2 Languages reported to be spoken by the Neverver speech community
428(3)
4 Shifts in domains of language use
429(1)
5 Response to new domains and media
429(1)
6 Materials for language education and literacy
429(1)
7 Governmental and institutional language attitudes and policies, including official status and use
429(1)
8 Community members' attitudes towards their own language
430(1)
9 Type and quality of documentation
430(1)
Appendix III The Neverver documentation corpus
431(6)
1 The contemporary tale collection [ NVCT]
431(1)
2 The conversation collection [ NVCV]
431(1)
3 The daily life collection [ NVDL]
432(1)
4 The custom interview collection [ NVKI]
433(1)
5 The traditional story collection [ NVKS]
434(1)
6 The elicitation collection [ NVE]
435(1)
7 The lexical collection [ NVLX]
435(101)
8 The question collection [ NVKW]
536
9 Songs
436(1)
10 Digital images
436(1)
11 Literacy resources
436(1)
Appendix IV Sample texts
437(19)
1 Nidam Sokhsokh `Baked Yams' [ NVDL12]
437(2)
2 Nossorian an Krismas `The Christmas Story' [ NVCT02]
439(7)
3 Nibongva `The Circumcision Ceremony' [ NVKI02]
446(4)
4 Nakhabb `Fire' [ NVKS07]
450(6)
Appendix V Semantic relations
456(1)
References 457(12)
Index 469
Julie Barbour, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9783110289619_pe.html
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