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Grammar of Science [Minkštas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 514 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 217x142x30 mm, weight: 700 g, 23 Line drawings, unspecified
  • Serija: Cambridge Library Collection - Physical Sciences
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Dec-2014
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108077110
  • ISBN-13: 9781108077118
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 514 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 217x142x30 mm, weight: 700 g, 23 Line drawings, unspecified
  • Serija: Cambridge Library Collection - Physical Sciences
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Dec-2014
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108077110
  • ISBN-13: 9781108077118
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
First published in 1892, this important work by the mathematician Karl Pearson (18571936) presents a thoroughly positivist account of the nature of science. Pearson claims that 'the scientific method is the sole gateway to the whole region of knowledge', rejecting additional fields of inquiry such as metaphysics. He also emphasises that science can, and should, describe only the 'how' of phenomena and never the 'why'. A scholar of King's College, Cambridge, and later a professor at King's College and University College London, Pearson made significant contributions to the philosophy of science. Including helpful chapter summaries, this book explores in detail a number of scientific concepts, such as matter, energy, space and time. The work influenced such thinkers as Albert Einstein, who considered it to be essential reading when he created his study group, the Olympia Academy, at the age of twenty-three.

Daugiau informacijos

This 1892 publication by an influential mathematician and philosopher of science presents a positivist account of the nature of science.
Chapter I Introductory
§ 1 Science and the Present
1(6)
§ 2 Science and Citizenship
7(3)
§ 3 The First Claim of Science
10(1)
§ 4 Essentials of Good Science
11(3)
§ 5 The Scope of Science
14(4)
§ 6 Science and Metaphysics
18(5)
§ 7 The Ignorance of Science
23(6)
§ 8 The Wide Domain of Science
29(2)
§ 9 The Second Claim of Science
31(4)
§ 10 The Third Claim of Science
35(1)
§ 11 Science and the Imagination
36(3)
§ 12 The Method of Science Illustrated
39(3)
§ 13 Science and the Æsthetic Judgment
42(2)
§ 14 The Fourth Claim of Science
44(3)
Summary and Literature
45(2)
Chapter II The Facts Of Science
§ 1 The Reality of Things
47(3)
§ 2 Sense-Impressions and Consciousness
50(3)
§ 3 The Brain as a Central Telephone Exchange
53(2)
§ 4 The Nature of Thought
55(4)
§ 5 Other-Consciousness as an Eject
59(2)
§ 6 Attitude of Science towards Ejects
61(3)
§ 7 The Scientific Validity of a Conception
64(3)
§ 8 The Scientific Validity of an Inference
67(2)
§ 9 The limits to Other-Consciousness
69(2)
§ 10 The Canons of Legitimate Inference
71(2)
§ 11 The External Universe
73(4)
§ 12 Outside and Inside Myself
77(3)
§ 13 Sensations as the Ultimate Source of the Materials of Knowledge
80(3)
§ 14 Shadow and Reality
83(3)
§ 15 Individuality
86(1)
§ 16 The Futility of "Things-in-Themselves"
87(2)
§ 17 The Term Knowledge is meaningless if applied to Unthinkable Things
89(3)
Summary and Literature
90(2)
Chapter III The Scientific Law
§ 1 Foreword and Resume
92(2)
§ 2 Of the Word Law and its Meanings
94(5)
§ 3 Natural Law Relative to Man
99(3)
§ 4 Man as the Maker of Natural Law
102(2)
§ 5 The Two Senses of the Words "Natural Law"
104(2)
§ 6 Confusion between the Two Senses of Natural Law
106(3)
§ 7 The Reason behind Nature
109(2)
§ 8 True Relation of Civil and Natural Law
111(3)
§ 9 Physical and Metaphysical Supersensuousness
114(2)
§ 10 Progress in the Formulating of Natural Law
116(4)
§ 11 The Universality of Scientific Law
120(2)
§ 12 The Routine of Perceptions as possibly a Product of the Perceptive Faculty
122(6)
§ 13 The Mind as a Sorting-Machine
128(1)
§ 14 Science, Natural Theology, and Metaphysics
129(2)
§ 15 Conclusions
131(5)
Summary and Literature
135(1)
Chapter IV Cause And Effect. Probability
§ 1 Mechanism
136(4)
§ 2 Force as a Cause
140(3)
§ 3 Will as a Cause
143(1)
§ 4 Secondary Causes Involve no Enforcement
144(3)
§ 5 Is Will a First Cause?
147(1)
§ 6 Will as a Secondary Cause
148(3)
§ 7 First Causes have no Existence for Science
151(2)
§ 8 Cause and Effect as the Routine of Experience
153(3)
§ 9 Width of the Term Cause
156(1)
§ 10 The Universe of Sense-Impressions as a Universe of Motions
157(3)
§ 11 Necessity belongs to the World of Conceptions, not to that of Perceptions
160(2)
§ 12 Routine in Perception is a Necessary Condition of Knowledge
162(4)
§ 13 Probable and Provable
166(4)
§ 14 Probability as to Breaches in the Routine of Perceptions
170(1)
§ 15 The Basis of Laplace's Theory in an Experience of Ignorance
171(5)
§ 16 Nature of Laplace's Investigations
176(1)
§ 17 The Permanency of Routine for the Future
177(4)
Summary and Literature
180(1)
Chapter V Space And Time
§ 1 Space as a Mode of Perception
181(6)
§ 2 The Infinite Bigness of Space
187(3)
§ 3 The Infinite Divisibility of Space
190(3)
§ 4 The Space of Memory and Thought
193(3)
§ 5 Conceptions and Perceptions
196(4)
§ 6 Sameness and Continuity
200(3)
§ 7 Conceptual Space, Geometrical Boundaries
203(3)
§ 8 Surfaces as Boundaries
206(2)
§ 9 Conceptual Discontinuity of Bodies. The Atom
208(5)
§ 10 Conceptual Continuity. Ether
213(1)
§ 11 On the General Nature of Scientific Conceptions
214(3)
§ 12 Time as a Mode of Perception
217(5)
§ 13 Conceptual Time and its Measurement
222(6)
§ 14 Concluding Remarks on Space and Time
228(3)
Summary and Literature
229(2)
Chapter VI The Geometry Of Motion
§ 1 Motion as the Mixed Mode of Perception
231(2)
§ 2 Conceptual Analysis of a Case of Perceptual Motion Point-Motion
233(4)
§ 3 Rigid Bodies as Geometrical Ideals
237(2)
§ 4 On Change of Aspect, or Rotation
239(3)
§ 5 On Change of Form, or Strain
242(4)
§ 6 Factors of Conceptual Motion
246(1)
§ 7 Point-Motion. Relative Character of Position and Motion
247(3)
§ 8 Position. The Map of the Path
250(3)
§ 9 The Time-Chart
253(4)
§ 10 Steepness and Slope
257(3)
§ 11 Speed as a Slope. Velocity
260(2)
§ 12 The Velocity Diagram, or Hodograph. Acceleration
262(3)
§ 13 Acceleration as a Spurt and a Shunt
265(3)
§ 14 Curvature
268(5)
§ 15 The Relation between Curvature and Normal Acceleration
273(3)
§ 16 Fundamental Propositions in the Geometry of Motion
276(3)
§ 17 The Relativity of Motion. Its Synthesis from Simple Components
279(6)
Summary and Literature
284(1)
Chapter VII Matter
§ 1 "All Things Move"---but only in Conception
285(3)
§ 2 The Three Problems
288(3)
§ 3 How the Physicists define Matter
291(5)
§ 4 Does Matter occupy Space?
296(5)
§ 5 The "Common-sense" View of Matter---Impenetrable and Hard
301(2)
§ 6 Individuality does not denote Sameness in Substratum
303(5)
§ 7 Hardness not characteristic of Matter
308(2)
§ 8 Matter as Non-Matter in Motion
310(3)
§ 9 The Ether as "Perfect Fluid" and "Perfect Jelly"
313(3)
§ 10 The Vortex-Ring Atom and the Ether-Squirt Atom
316(3)
§ 11 A Material Loophole into the Supersensuous
319(4)
§ 12 The Difficulties of a Perceptual Ether
323(2)
§ 13 Why do Bodies move?
325(7)
Summary and Literature
330(2)
Chapter VIII The Laws Of Motion
§ 1 Corpuscles and their Structure
332(5)
§ 2 The Limits to Mechanism
337(3)
§ 3 The First Law of Motion
340(2)
§ 4 The Second Law of Motion, or the Principle of Inertia
342(3)
§ 5 The Third Law of Motion. Acceleration is determined by Position
345(6)
§ 6 Velocity as an Epitome of Past History. Mechanism and Materialism
351(3)
§ 7 The Fourth Law of Motion
354(3)
§ 8 The Scientific Conception of Mass
357(2)
§ 9 The Fifth Law of Motion. The Definition of Force
359(4)
§ 10 Equality of Masses tested by Weighing
363(4)
§ 11 How far does the Mechanism of the Fourth and Fifth Laws of Motion extend?
367(3)
§ 12 Density as the Basis of the Kinetic Scale
370(4)
§ 13 The Influence of Aspect on the Corpuscular Dance
374(2)
§ 14 The Hypothesis of Modified Action and the Synthesis of Motion
376(4)
§ 15 Criticism of the Newtonian Laws of Motion
380(8)
Summary and Literature
386(2)
Chapter IX Life
§ 1 The Relation of Biology to Physics
388(4)
§ 2 Mechanism and Life
392(3)
§ 3 Mechanism and Metaphysics in Theories of Heredity
395(5)
§ 4 The Definition of Living and Lifeless
400(4)
§ 5 Do the Laws of Motion apply to Life?
404(4)
§ 6 Life Defined by Secondary Characteristics
408(2)
§ 7 The Origin of Life
410(1)
§ 8 The Perpetuity of Life, or Biogenesis
411(2)
§ 9 The Spontaneous Generation of Life, or Abiogenesis
413(4)
§ 10 The Origin of Life in an "ultra-scientific" Cause
417(3)
§ 11 On the Relation of the Conceptual Description to the Phenomenal World
420(2)
§ 12 Natural Selection in the Inorganic World
422(3)
§ 13 Natural Selection and the History of Man
425(3)
§ 14 Primitive History describable in terms of the Principles of Evolution
428(2)
§ 15 Morality and Natural Selection
430(4)
§ 16 Individualism, Socialism, and Humanism
434(7)
Summary and Literature
439(2)
Chapter X The Classification Of The Sciences
§ I Summary as to the Material of Science
441(2)
§ 2 Bacon's "Intellectual Globe"
443(3)
§ 3 Comte's "Hierarchy"
446(2)
§ 4 Spencer's Classification
448(4)
§ 5 Precise and Synoptic Sciences
452(2)
§ 6 Abstract and Concrete Sciences.---Abstract Science
454(5)
§ 7 Concrete Science.---Inorganic Phenomena
459(6)
§ 8 Concrete Science.---Organic Phenomena
465(4)
§ 9 Applied Mathematics and Bio-Physics as Cross Links
469(2)
§ 10 Conclusion
471(6)
Summary and Literature
475(2)
Appendix
Note I On the Principle of Inertia and Absolute Rotation
477(3)
Note II On Newton's Third Law of Motion
480(1)
Note III William of Occam's Razor
481(1)
Note IV On the Vitality of Seeds
482(1)
Note V A. R. Wallace on Matter
483(1)
Note VI On the Sufficiency of Natural Selection to account for the History of Civilized Man
484
Index