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El. knyga: Grammar of Spoken and Written English

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  • Formatas: 1256 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Nov-2021
  • Leidėjas: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027260475
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Grammar of Spoken and Written EnglishDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 1256 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Nov-2021
  • Leidėjas: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027260475
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"The completely redesigned Grammar of Spoken and Written English is a comprehensive corpus-based reference grammar. GSWE describes the structural characteristics of grammatical constructions in English, as do other reference grammars. But GSWE is unique in that it gives equal attention to describing the patterns of language use for each grammatical feature, based on empirical analyses of grammatical patterns in a 40-million-word corpus of spoken and written registers. Grammar-in-use is characterized by three inter-related kinds of information: frequency of grammatical features in spoken and written registers, frequencies of the most common lexico-grammatical patterns, and analysis of the discourse factors influencing choices among related grammatical features. GSWE includes over 350 tables and figures highlighting the results of corpus-based investigations. Throughout the book, authentic examples illustrate all research findings. The empirical descriptions document the lexico-grammatical features that are especially common in face-to-face-conversation compared to those that are especially common in academic writing. Analyses of fiction and newspaper articles are included as further benchmarks of language use. GSWE contains over 6,000 authentic examples from these four registers, illustrating the range of lexico-grammatical features in real-world speech and writing. In addition, comparisons between British and American English reveal specific regional differences. Now completely redesigned and available in an electronic edition, the Grammar of Spoken and Written English remains a unique and indispensable reference work for researchers, language teachers, and students alike"--

The completely redesigned Grammar of Spoken and Written English is a comprehensive corpus-based reference grammar. GSWE describes the structural characteristics of grammatical constructions in English, as do other reference grammars. But GSWE is unique in that it gives equal attention to describing the patterns of language use for each grammatical feature, based on empirical analyses of grammatical patterns in a 40-million-word corpus of spoken and written registers.
Grammar-in-use is characterized by three inter-related kinds of information: frequency of grammatical features in spoken and written registers, frequencies of the most common lexico-grammatical patterns, and analysis of the discourse factors influencing choices among related grammatical features. GSWE includes over 350 tables and figures highlighting the results of corpus-based investigations. Throughout the book, authentic examples illustrate all research findings.
The empirical descriptions document the lexico-grammatical features that are especially common in face-to-face-conversation compared to those that are especially common in academic writing. Analyses of fiction and newspaper articles are included as further benchmarks of language use. GSWE contains over 6,000 authentic examples from these four registers, illustrating the range of lexico-grammatical features in real-world speech and writing. In addition, comparisons between British and American English reveal specific regional differences.
Now completely redesigned and available in an electronic edition, the Grammar of Spoken and Written English remains a unique and indispensable reference work for researchers, language teachers, and students alike.
Abbreviations and symbols xi
Preface xiii
Symbols and notational conventions xvii
Section A. Introductory
Chapter 1 Introduction
3(46)
1.1 Introduction
4(2)
1.1.1 Major goals of the GSWE
5(1)
1.2 Structure and use in English grammar
6(9)
1.2.1 Register distribution
9(4)
1.2.2 Lexico-grammatical patterns
13(1)
1.2.3 Grammatical/discourse factors
14(1)
1.3 Varieties of English
15(10)
1.3.1 Registers of English
15(2)
1.3.2 Dialect distinctions
17(1)
1.3.3 Standard and non-standard English
18(3)
1.3.3.1 Variation within standard English
18(2)
1.3.3.2 Variation within non-standard English
20(1)
1.3.4 The relative importance of register and dialect differences
21(4)
1.4 Representation of varieties in the LSWE Corpus
25(4)
1.4.1 Register distinctions in the LSWE Corpus
25(1)
1.4.2 Dialect distinctions in the LSWE Corpus
26(1)
1.4.3 Size of the LSWE Corpus
27(1)
1.4.4 Representativeness and accuracy of the LSWE Corpus
27(2)
1.5 Description of the register categories in the LSWE Corpus
29(6)
1.5.1 Conversation
29(1)
1.5.2 Fiction
30(1)
1.5.3 News
31(2)
1.5.4 Academic prose
33(1)
1.5.5 Supplementary registers
34(1)
1.6 Grammatical analysis of the LSWE Corpus
35(3)
1.7 Quantitative findings in the grammar
38(3)
1.8 Functional interpretation of quantitative findings
41(3)
1.8.1 Function as the performance of tasks
41(2)
1.8.2 Function as a reflection of processing constraints
43(1)
1.8.3 Function as social or situational indexing
43(1)
1.8.4 Other explanatory considerations
44(1)
1.9 Overview of the grammar
44(1)
1.10 Potential users and uses of the GSWE
45(4)
Section B. Basic grammar 49(180)
Chapter 2 Word and phrase grammar
51(72)
2.1 The nature of grammatical units
52(1)
2.2 Words and their characteristics
53(11)
2.2.1 Word types and word tokens
54(2)
2.2.1.1 Use of words in text examples
54(1)
2.2.1.2 TTR across the registers
55(1)
2.2.2 Orthographic words, grammatical words, and lexemes
56(1)
2.2.3 The three major word classes
57(1)
2.2.3.1 Lexical words
57(1)
2.2.3.2 Function words
57(1)
2.2.3.3 Inserts
58(1)
2.2.4 Closed systems v. open classes
58(1)
2.2.5 The structure of words: Morphology
59(2)
2.2.5.1 Inflection
59(1)
2.2.5.2 Derivation
60(1)
2.2.5.3 Compounding
60(1)
2.2.5.4 Multi-word lexical units
61(1)
2.2.6 Core v. peripheral members of word classes
61(1)
2.2.7 Multiple class membership
62(1)
2.2.8 Use of lexical words, function words, and inserts
63(1)
2.2.9 Lexical density
64(1)
2.3 Survey of lexical words
64(7)
2.3.1 Nouns
65(1)
2.3.2 Lexical verbs
65(1)
2.3.3 Adjectives
66(1)
2.3.4 Adverbs
66(1)
2.3.5 Lexical word classes
67(2)
2.3.6 Borderline cases of lexical word class membership
69(2)
2.4 Survey of function words
71(26)
2.4.1 Determiners
72(1)
2.4.2 Pronouns
72(3)
2.4.2.1 Overlap of pronoun, determiner, and adverb classes
73(1)
2.4.2.2 Other pro-forms
74(1)
2.4.3 Primary auxiliaries
75(1)
2.4.4 Modal auxiliaries
75(1)
2.4.5 Prepositions
76(4)
2.4.5.1 Free v. bound prepositions
76(1)
2.4.5.2 Complex prepositions
77(1)
2.4.5.3 Overlap between prepositions and other word classes
78(2)
2.4.6 Adverbial particles
80(1)
2.4.6.1 Adverbial particles v. adverbs
80(1)
2.4.6.2 Adverbial particles v. prepositions
80(1)
2.4.7 Coordinators
81(7)
2.4.7.1 Correlative coordinators
82(1)
2.4.7.2 Coordinators v. other word classes
82(1)
2.4.7.3 Simple coordinators: Distribution
83(3)
2.4.7.4 Sentence/turn-initial coordinators
86(2)
2.4.7.5 Correlative coordinators: Distribution
88(1)
2.4.8 Subordinators
88(2)
2.4.8.1 Complex subordinators
88(1)
2.4.8.2 Correlative subordinators
89(1)
2.4.8.3 Overlap between subordinators and other word classes
89(1)
2.4.9 Wh-words
90(1)
2.4.10 Existential there
91(1)
2.4.11 The negator not
91(1)
2.4.12 The infinitive marker to
92(1)
2.4.13 Numerals
92(2)
2.4.13.1 Cardinals
92(1)
2.4.13.2 Ordinals
93(1)
2.4.13.3 Numerals: Distribution
93(1)
2.4.14 Major function word classes: Distribution
94(3)
2.5 Survey of inserts
97(1)
2.6 Phrases and their characteristics
98(3)
2.6.1 Constituency
98(1)
2.6.2 Form v. syntactic role of phrases
99(1)
2.6.3 Phrases in text samples
99(2)
2.7 Types of phrases
101(16)
2.7.1 Noun phrases
101(3)
2.7.1.1 The syntactic roles of noun phrases
102(2)
2.7.1.2 Discontinuous noun phrases
104(1)
2.7.2 Verb phrases
104(2)
2.7.2.1 The syntactic role of verb phrases
105(1)
2.7.2.2 Discontinuous verb phrases
105(1)
2.7.2.3 Auxiliary-only verb phrases
105(1)
2.7.3 Adjective phrases
106(1)
2.7.3.1 The syntactic roles of adjective phrases
106(1)
2.7.3.2 Discontinuous adjective phrases
106(1)
2.7.4 Adverb phrases
107(1)
2.7.4.1 The syntactic roles of adverb phrases
107(1)
2.7.5 Prepositional phrases
108(5)
2.7.5.1 Extended prepositional phrases
108(1)
2.7.5.2 The syntactic roles of prepositional phrases
109(1)
2.7.5.3 Stranded prepositions
109(1)
2.7.5.4 Stranded prepositions in independent wh-questions
110(3)
2.7.6 Genitive phrases
113(1)
2.7.7 Numeral phrases
113(5)
2.7.7.1 Complex numbers
114(1)
2.7.7.2 Types of numerical expressions
114(2)
2.7.7.3 Approximate numbers
116(1)
2.7.7.4 Approximating numeral expressions
117(1)
2.8 Embedding of phrases
117(1)
2.9 Coordination of phrases
118(3)
2.9.1 Phrasal v. clausal coordination
119(1)
2.9.2 Coordination tags
120(4)
2.9.2.1 Distribution of coordination tags
120(1)
2.10 Simple v. complex phrases
121(2)
Chapter 3 Clause grammar
123(106)
3.1 Clause v. non-clausal material
124(2)
3.1.1 Use of clauses v. non-clausal material in text samples
124(2)
3.2 Major clause elements
126(12)
3.2.1 Subject (S)
127(3)
3.2.1.1 Semantic roles of subjects
128(1)
3.2.1.2 Dummy subjects
129(1)
3.2.1.3 Subjects in non-finite clauses
129(1)
3.2.2 Verb phrase (V)
130(1)
3.2.3 Subject predicative (Ps)
130(1)
3.2.4 Direct object (Od)
130(2)
3.2.4.1 Semantic roles of direct objects
131(1)
3.2.4.2 Dummy objects
132(1)
3.2.5 Indirect object (Oi)
132(1)
3.2.6 Prepositional object (Op)
133(1)
3.2.7 Object predicative (Po)
134(1)
3.2.8 Adverbials (A)
134(3)
3.2.8.1 Circumstance adverbials (Ac)
135(1)
3.2.8.2 Stance adverbials (As)
135(2)
3.2.8.3 Linking adverbials (Ai)
137(1)
3.2.9 The operator
137(1)
3.3 Clause links
138(2)
3.4 Peripheral elements
140(5)
3.4.1 Detached predicatives and related forms
141(1)
3.4.2 Parentheticals
141(1)
3.4.3 Prefaces
142(1)
3.4.4 Tags
143(1)
3.4.5 Discourse markers
144(1)
3.4.6 Vocatives
144(1)
3.5 Major clause patterns
145(11)
3.5.1 Subject - verb phrase
145(2)
3.5.2 Subject - verb phrase - obligatory adverbial
147(2)
3.5.3 Subject - verb phrase - subject predicative
149(1)
3.5.3.1 The characterizing pattern
149(1)
3.5.3.2 The identifying pattern
150(1)
3.5.4 Subject - verb phrase - direct object
150(2)
3.5.5 Subject - verb phrase - prepositional object
152(2)
3.5.6 Subject - verb phrase - indirect object - direct object
154(1)
3.5.7 Subject - verb phrase - direct object - prepositional object
154(1)
3.5.8 Subject - verb phrase - direct object - object predicative
154(1)
3.5.9 Subject - verb phrase - direct object - obligatory adverbial
155(1)
3.5.10 More complex patterns
156(1)
3.6 Variations on clause patterns
156(3)
3.6.1 Order variations
156(1)
3.6.1.1 Inversion
156(1)
3.6.1.2 Fronting
156(1)
3.6.1.3 Postponement
157(1)
3.6.2 The passive
157(1)
3.6.3 Existential there
158(1)
3.6.4 Extraposition
158(1)
3.6.5 Clefting
158(1)
3.6.6 Condensation
159(1)
3.7 Ellipsis
159(3)
3.7.1 Ellipsis in coordinated clauses
159(1)
3.7.2 Ellipsis in comparative clauses
160(1)
3.7.3 Ellipsis in question-answer sequences
160(1)
3.7.4 Other types of textual ellipsis
160(1)
3.7.5 Omission of function words and situational ellipsis
161(1)
3.8 Negation
162(20)
3.8.1 Overall frequency of negation
162(1)
3.8.2 Not-negation
163(7)
3.8.2.1 The auxiliary do in negative clauses with transitive have (got)
163(2)
3.8.2.2 The auxiliary do in negative clauses with the semi-modal have to
165(1)
3.8.2.3 The auxiliary do in negative clauses with dare and need
166(1)
3.8.2.4 The auxiliary do in negative clauses with ought to and used to
167(1)
3.8.2.5 Full form v. operator contraction v. not-contraction
168(1)
3.8.2.6 Aren't I and ain't
169(1)
3.8.3 No-negation
170(2)
3.8.4 Occurrence of not-negation v. no-negation
172(5)
3.8.4.1 Variability of not-negation and no-negation
172(1)
3.8.4.2 Relative frequency of not-negation v. no-negation
173(1)
3.8.4.3 Choice of no-negation v. not-negation
173(3)
3.8.4.4 Not-negation collocations
176(1)
3.8.5 The scope of negation
177(1)
3.8.6 Assertive and non-assertive forms
178(2)
3.8.7 Multiple negation
180(2)
3.8.7.1 Dependent multiple negation
180(1)
3.8.7.2 Independent multiple negation
181(1)
3.9 Subject-verb concord
182(12)
3.9.1 Complications with concord patterns
183(6)
3.9.1.1 Concord with plural forms not ending in -s
183(1)
3.9.1.2 Concord with singular forms ending in -s
184(1)
3.9.1.3 Concord with coordinated subjects
184(2)
3.9.1.4 Concord with indefinite pronouns and quantifying expressions
186(1)
3.9.1.5 Concord with existential there
187(1)
3.9.1.6 Concord with clausal subjects
188(1)
3.9.2 Notional concord
189(2)
3.9.2.1 Concord with names, titles, and quotations
189(1)
3.9.2.2 Concord with measure expressions
189(1)
3.9.2.3 Concord with collective nouns
190(1)
3.9.3 Concord and proximity
191(1)
3.9.4 Non-standard concord in conversation
192(2)
3.9.5 Subject-verb concord and pronominal reference
194(1)
3.10 Types of dependent clauses
194(1)
3.11 Finite dependent clauses
195(4)
3.11.1 Nominal clauses
195(1)
3.11.2 Adverbial clauses
196(1)
3.11.3 Relative clauses
197(1)
3.11.4 Comparative clauses and other degree clauses
197(1)
3.11.5 Reporting clauses
198(1)
3.11.6 Comment clauses
198(1)
3.11.7 Other peripheral clauses
199(1)
3.12 Non-finite clauses
199(4)
3.12.1 Infinitive clauses
200(1)
3.12.2 Mg-clauses
201(1)
3.12.3 Ed-clauses
202(1)
3.12.4 Supplementive clauses
202(1)
3.12.5 Verbless clauses
203(1)
3.13 Major types of independent clauses
203(21)
3.13.1 Declarative clauses
204(1)
3.13.2 Interrogative clauses
205(15)
3.13.2.1 Wh-questions
205(3)
3.13.2.2 Yes/no-questions
208(1)
3.13.2.3 Alternative questions
209(1)
3.13.2.4 Question tags
209(3)
3.13.2.5 Interrogatives in general: Distribution
212(1)
3.13.2.6 Question types: Distribution
213(2)
3.13.2.7 Choice between interrogative who and whom
215(1)
3.13.2.8 Auxiliary do in independent interrogative clauses
216(4)
3.13.3 Exclamative clauses
220(1)
3.13.4 Imperative clauses
220(5)
3.13.4.1 The realization of imperative clauses
221(1)
3.13.4.2 Imperative clauses: Distribution
222(2)
3.14 Unembedded dependent clauses
224(1)
3.15 Non-clausal material
225(6)
3.15.1 Non-clausal material in writing
225(1)
3.15.2 Non-clausal material in conversation
226(3)
Section C. Key word classes and their phrases 229(427)
Chapter 4 Nouns, pronouns, and the simple noun phrase
231(124)
4.1 Overview of nominals in discourse
232(10)
4.1.1 Use of nominals in discourse
232(5)
4.1.1.1 Density and types of nominal elements
232(1)
4.1.1.2 The role of nominal elements in discourse
233(1)
4.1.1.3 Establishing reference
234(2)
4.1.1.4 Chains of reference
236(1)
4.1.2 Pronouns v. full noun phrases
237(2)
4.1.3 The forms of anaphoric expressions
239(1)
4.1.4 Forms of anaphoric expression in relation to distance
240(2)
4.2 The basic structure of noun-headed phrases
242(1)
4.3 Types of nouns
243(16)
4.3.1 Use of countable nouns in Text samples
244(1)
4.3.2 Use of uncountable nouns in Text samples
244(2)
4.3.2.1 Countable and uncountable uses of nouns
245(1)
4.3.2.2 Plural uncountables
246(1)
4.3.3 Proper nouns
246(3)
4.3.3.1 Initial capitals
247(1)
4.3.3.2 Proper nouns regularly occurring with the definite article
247(1)
4.3.3.3 Proper nouns functioning as common nouns
248(1)
4.3.4 Collective nouns
249(2)
4.3.4.1 Collocations of quantifying collectives
250(1)
4.3.5 Unit nouns
251(2)
4.3.5.1 Collocations of unit nouns
252(1)
4.3.6 Quantifying nouns
253(3)
4.3.6.1 Collocations of types of quantifying nouns
253(3)
4.3.6.2 Pair v. couple
256(1)
4.3.7 Species nouns
256(2)
4.3.7.1 Species nouns: Distribution
257(1)
4.3.8 Noun v. determiner
258(1)
4.4 Determiners
259(26)
4.4.1 The articles
260(12)
4.4.1.1 The indefinite article
260(2)
4.4.1.2 The zero article
262(2)
4.4.1.3 The definite article
264(2)
4.4.1.4 Generic reference
266(1)
4.4.1.5 Reference patterns of definite noun phrases
267(1)
4.4.1.6 Definite and indefinite articles: Distribution
268(2)
4.4.1.7 Definite and indefinite articles in relation to syntactic role
270(1)
4.4.1.8 Definite determiners: Distribution
271(1)
4.4.2 Possessive determiners
272(1)
4.4.2.1 Possessive determiners: Distribution
272(1)
4.4.3 Demonstrative determiners
273(3)
4.4.3.1 Demonstrative determiners: Distribution
275(1)
4.4.4 Quantifiers
276(3)
4.4.4.1 Quantifiers: Distribution
278(1)
4.4.5 Numerals
279(2)
4.4.5.1 Numerals across the registers
280(1)
4.4.6 Semi-determiners
281(3)
4.4.6.1 Other uses of the semi-determiners
282(1)
4.4.6.2 Semi-determiners: Distribution
283(1)
4.4.7 wh-determiners
284(1)
4.4.8 Determiner v. pronoun
285(1)
4.5 Number
285(7)
4.5.1 Regular plurals
285(1)
4.5.1.1 Plurals of words ending in -o
286(1)
4.5.2 Irregular plurals
286(1)
4.5.3 Latin and Greek plurals
287(2)
4.5.4 Zero plurals
289(1)
4.5.5 Plural-only nouns and nouns in -S
290(1)
4.5.6 Singular v. plural nouns: Distribution
291(1)
4.6 Case
292(20)
4.6.1 The form of the genitive
293(1)
4.6.1.1 Genitive v. common case
294(1)
4.6.2 The frequency of genitive case forms
294(1)
4.6.3 Specifying genitives
294(1)
4.6.4 Classifying genitives
295(1)
4.6.4.1 Classifying genitives: Use
296(1)
4.6.5 Genitives of time
296(1)
4.6.6 Genitives of measure
296(1)
4.6.7 Elliptic genitives
297(1)
4.6.8 Other independent genitives
298(1)
4.6.8.1 Independent genitives unsupported by the linguistic context
298(1)
4.6.9 Group genitives
298(1)
4.6.10 The double genitive
299(1)
4.6.11 Density of genitives
300(1)
4.6.12 Choice between s-genitives and of-phrases
301(6)
4.6.12.1 S-genitives and of-phrases overall
302(1)
4.6.12.2 S-genitives and of-phrases and the dependent noun
303(1)
4.6.12.3 Meanings of s-genitives and of-phrases
304(1)
4.6.12.4 S-genitives and of-phrases and length
305(1)
4.6.12.5 S-genitives and of-phrases and information status
306(1)
4.6.12.6 S-genitives and of-phrases in collocations
306(1)
4.6.12.7 Summary of choice between s-genitives and of-phrases
307(1)
4.6.13 Choice between elliptic genitives and of-constructions
307(1)
4.6.13.1 Elliptic genitives v. of-constructions: Distribution
308(1)
4.6.14 Choice between the double genitive and related constructions
308(4)
4.6.14.1 The double genitive v. corresponding constructions with possessive pronouns
308(2)
4.6.14.2 The double genitive v. ordinary of-phrases
310(2)
4.7 Gender
312(6)
4.7.1 Lexical expression of gender
312(4)
4.7.1.1 Words for masculine/feminine gender
313(2)
4.7.1.2 Lexical means of expressing dual gender reference
315(1)
4.7.2 Gender-specific v. dual gender pronoun reference
316(1)
4.7.2.1 Grammatical means for dual gender reference
317(1)
4.7.3 Personal v. non-personal reference with pronouns
317(1)
4.8 Noun formation
318(9)
4.8.1 Derived nouns
318(7)
4.8.1.1 Derivational prefixes used to form new nouns
319(1)
4.8.1.2 Some common derivational suffix patterns
320(2)
4.8.1.3 Frequency of common noun derivational suffixes
322(1)
4.8.1.4 Productivity of common noun derivations
322(3)
4.8.2 Formation of nouns through compounding
325(2)
4.8.2.1 Noun compounds in conversation and news in AmE
325(2)
4.9 The role of pronouns in discourse
327(1)
4.10 Personal pronouns
327(12)
4.10.1 Specific reference
328(2)
4.10.1.1 Problems in the use of first person plural pronouns
328(1)
4.10.1.2 Problems in the use of second person pronouns
329(1)
4.10.1.3 Problems in the use of third person pronouns
330(1)
4.10.2 Referring to people in general
330(1)
4.10.3 Special problems with collective nouns
331(1)
4.10.4 Special uses of it
331(1)
4.10.5 Personal pronouns: Distribution
332(2)
4.10.6 Nominative v. accusative forms of personal pronouns
334(5)
4.10.6.1 Pronoun choice after forms of be
334(1)
4.10.6.2 Pronoun choice after as and than
335(1)
4.10.6.3 Pronoun choice in coordinated noun phrases
336(2)
4.10.6.4 Pronoun choice in peripheral and non-integrated noun phrases
338(1)
4.10.6.5 Summary of factors affecting pronoun case choice
338(1)
4.11 Possessive pronouns
339(2)
4.11.1 The type a friend of mine
340(1)
4.11.2 Possessive pronouns: Distribution
340(1)
4.12 Reflexive pronouns
341(4)
4.12.1 Reflexive pronouns: Distribution
343(1)
4.12.2 Emphatic reflexive pronouns
344(1)
4.13 Reciprocal pronouns
345(1)
4.13.1 Reciprocal pronouns: Distribution
345(1)
4.14 Demonstrative pronouns
346(4)
4.14.1 Demonstrative pronouns: Distribution
347(1)
4.14.2 This/these in academic prose
348(1)
4.14.3 Those with postmodifying phrases or clauses
348(1)
4.14.4 The demonstrative pronoun that in conversation
348(1)
4.14.5 That in general
349(1)
4.15 Indefinite pronouns
350(3)
4.15.1 Indefinite pronouns: Distribution
351(1)
4.15.2 The pronoun one
351(5)
4.15.2.1 The pronoun one: Distribution
352(1)
4.16 Other pronouns
353(2)
Chapter 5 Verbs
355(94)
5.1 Major verb functions and classes
356(3)
5.1.1 Frequency of lexical, modal, and primary auxiliary verbs
356(1)
5.1.2 Distribution of lexical verbs and copula be across registers
357(2)
5.2 Single-word lexical verbs
359(44)
5.2.1 Classification of verbs into semantic domains
359(12)
5.2.1.1 Major semantic domains of single-word verbs
360(3)
5.2.1.2 Distribution of semantic domains
363(1)
5.2.1.3 Semantic domains of verbs
364(7)
5.2.2 Most common lexical verbs
371(7)
5.2.2.1 Overall use of the most common lexical verbs
371(2)
5.2.2.2 Most common verbs in each register
373(5)
5.2.3 Verbs with animate and inanimate subjects
378(2)
5.2.4 Valency patterns for single-word lexical verbs
380(12)
5.2.4.1 Valencies of common verbs across semantic domains
382(2)
5.2.4.2 Variation in verb valency patterns
384(1)
5.2.4.3 Intransitive and monotransitive patterns
384(2)
5.2.4.4 Intransitive, monotransitive, and complex transitive patterns
386(1)
5.2.4.5 Intransitive, monotransitive, and ditransitive patterns
387(1)
5.2.4.6 Monotransitive and ditransitive but not intransitive patterns
388(1)
5.2.4.7 Verbs taking almost all patterns
389(2)
5.2.4.8 General patterns
391(1)
5.2.5 Regular lexical verb inflections
392(1)
5.2.5.1 Consonant doubling of regularly inflected verbs
393(1)
5.2.5.2 Doubling of base-final/followed by -ed across dialects
393(1)
5.2.6 Irregular lexical verb inflections
393(6)
5.2.6.1 Classes of irregular verbs
394(1)
5.2.6.2 Regular and irregular forms
395(3)
5.2.6.3 Got and gotten
398(1)
5.2.7 Verb derivation
399(4)
5.2.7.1 Most frequent verb derivational affixes
399(1)
5.2.7.2 Productivity of verb derivational affixes
400(3)
5.3 Multi-word lexical verbs
403(23)
5.3.1 Features distinguishing multi-word verb combinations
403(4)
5.3.1.1 Multi-word combinations functioning as different structural categories
405(2)
5.3.2 Phrasal verbs
407(6)
5.3.2.1 Semantic domains of phrasal verbs
407(1)
5.3.2.2 Register distribution of phrasal verbs
408(1)
5.3.2.3 The most common phrasal verbs
408(4)
5.3.2.4 Productivity of particular verbs and adverbial particles
412(1)
5.3.3 Prepositional verbs
413(9)
5.3.3.1 Semantic domains of prepositional verbs
414(1)
5.3.3.2 Register distribution of prepositional verbs
414(1)
5.3.3.3 The most common prepositional verbs
415(6)
5.3.3.4 Productivity of particular verbs and prepositions
421(1)
5.3.4 Phrasal-prepositional verbs
422(3)
5.3.4.1 Register distribution of phrasal-prepositional verbs
422(1)
5.3.4.2 The most common phrasal-prepositional verbs
423(2)
5.3.5 Other multi-word verb constructions
425(1)
5.4 Main and auxiliary functions of primary verbs
426(7)
5.4.1 Be
426(1)
5.4.2 Have
427(1)
5.4.3 Do
428(5)
5.4.3.1 Main verb do in idiomatic expressions
428(1)
5.4.3.2 Do as pro-verb
428(1)
5.4.3.3 Register distribution of main verb and pro-verb do
429(1)
5.4.3.4 Auxiliary do in emphatic function
430(1)
5.4.3.5 Lexical associations of emphatic do
431(1)
5.4.3.6 Auxiliary do-support in negatives and interrogatives
432(1)
5.5 Copular verbs
433(16)
5.5.1 Verbs functioning as copulas
434(1)
5.5.2 Complements of copular verbs
434(1)
5.5.3 Register distribution of copular verbs and common predicative adjectives
435(8)
5.5.3.1 Current (non-sensory) copular verbs
437(2)
5.5.3.2 Sensory copular verbs
439(2)
5.5.3.3 Resulting copular verbs
441(2)
5.5.4 Valency patterns of the copulas be, seem, and appear
443(8)
5.5.4.1 Complement types with be, seem, and appear
444(2)
5.5.4.2 Subject and complement types with be
446(3)
Chapter 6 Variation in the verb phrase: Tense, aspect, voice, and modality
449(52)
6.1 Structure and meaning distinctions in the verb phrase
450(1)
6.2 Tense
451(7)
6.2.1 Basic tense and time distinctions
451(3)
6.2.1.1 Simple present tense marking past or future time
452(1)
6.2.1.2 Past tense in reported speech
453(1)
6.2.1.3 The marking of future time
454(1)
6.2.2 Register distribution of tense and modality
454(3)
6.2.3 Lexical associations of present and past tense
457(1)
6.3 Aspect
458(15)
6.3.1 Perfect and progressive aspect across registers and dialects
459(2)
6.3.1.1 Register distribution of perfect and progressive aspect
459(1)
6.3.1.2 Perfect and progressive aspect across dialects
460(1)
6.3.2 Perfect aspect
461(8)
6.3.2.1 Lexical associations of present perfect aspect
462(2)
6.3.2.2 Present perfect forms of get and have across dialects
464(1)
6.3.2.3 Present perfect aspect v. simple past tense
465(1)
6.3.2.4 Lexical associations of past perfect aspect
466(1)
6.3.2.5 Past perfect aspect v. simple past tense
467(2)
6.3.3 Progressive aspect
469(4)
6.3.3.1 Lexical associations of progressive aspect
469(4)
6.4 Active and passive voice
473(8)
6.4.1 Register distribution of active and passive voice
474(2)
6.4.2 Lexical associations of the passive
476(6)
6.4.2.1 Verbs that commonly occur in the passive
476(3)
6.4.2.2 Verbs common with the get passive
479(1)
6.4.2.3 Verbs uncommon in the passive
480(1)
6.5 Complex combinations of aspect and voice
481(1)
6.6 Modals and semi-modals
482(13)
6.6.1 Distribution of modals and semi-modals
484(1)
6.6.2 Individual modals/semi-modals across registers and dialects
485(4)
6.6.3 Lexical associations of modality
489(1)
6.6.4 Extrinsic v. intrinsic uses of individual modals
489(13)
6.6.4.1 The permission/possibility/ability modals
489(3)
6.6.4.2 The obligation/necessity modals and semi-modals
492(1)
6.6.4.3 The volition/prediction modals and semi-modals
493(2)
6.7 Combinations of modal verbs with marked aspect or voice
495(4)
6.8 Sequences of modals and semi-modals
499(2)
Chapter 7 Adjectives and adverbs
501(155)
7.1 Overview
502(1)
7.1.1 Use of adjectives and adverbs
502(1)
7.2 Defining characteristics of adjectives
503(3)
7.2.1 Attributive and predicative adjectives across registers
504(1)
7.2.2 Central and peripheral adjectives
505(1)
7.2.3 Adjectives strongly associated with attributive or predicative position
506(1)
7.3 Semantic grouping of adjectives
506(2)
7.4 Attributive adjectives
508(5)
7.4.1 Semantic domains of attributive adjectives
508(1)
7.4.2 Most common attributive adjectives
509(4)
7.5 Predicative adjectives
513(3)
7.5.1 Most common predicative adjectives
514(2)
7.6 Adjectives in other syntactic roles
516(3)
7.6.1 Postposed adjectives
516(1)
7.6.2 Adjectives as noun phrase heads
517(1)
7.6.3 Adjectives with a clause linking function
518(1)
7.6.4 Adjectives as exclamations
518(1)
7.6.5 Adjectives as detached predicatives
518(1)
7.7 Comparative and superlative degree
519(5)
7.7.1 Gradable adjectives with -er and -est
519(1)
7.7.2 Inflectional v. phrasal comparison
520(1)
7.7.3 Inflectional comparison across registers
521(1)
7.7.4 Phrasal comparison with more and most
522(1)
7.7.5 Doubly marked comparatives and superlatives
523(1)
7.7.6 Adjectives with superlative or absolute meanings
523(1)
7.8 Comparative clauses and other degree complements
524(3)
7.8.1 Comparative constructions across registers
525(2)
7.9 Formation of adjectives
527(6)
7.9.1 Participial adjectives
527(1)
7.9.1.1 Common participial adjectives
527(1)
7.9.2 Derived adjectives
527(3)
7.9.2.1 Common adjectives with derivational suffixes
528(2)
7.9.3 Adjectival compounds
530(3)
7.9.3.1 Distribution of adjectival compounds
532(1)
7.10 Adjectives in combination
533(2)
7.10.1 Repeated comparative adjectives
533(1)
7.10.2 The intensifiers good and and nice and
534(1)
7.11 Overview of adverbs
535(1)
7.12 The form of adverbs
536(6)
7.12.1 Formation of adverbs
536(3)
7.12.1.1 Adverb forms
537(2)
7.12.2 Adverbs and adjectives with the same form
539(2)
7.12.2.1 Good and real as adverbs
540(1)
7.12.3 Comparative and superlative forms
541(1)
7.13 Syntactic roles of adverbs
542(6)
7.13.1 Adverbs modifying adjectives
542(1)
7.13.1.1 Adverbs modifying adjectives in conversation and academic prose
542(1)
7.13.2 Adverbs modifying other adverbs
543(2)
7.13.2.1 Adverbs modifying adverbs in conversation and academic prose
543(2)
7.13.3 Adverbs modifying other elements
545(1)
7.13.4 Adverbs as complements of prepositions
545(1)
7.13.5 Adverbs as clause elements: Adverbials
546(1)
7.13.6 Adverbs with degree complements
546(1)
7.13.7 Adverbs standing alone
547(1)
7.14 Semantic categories of adverbs
548(12)
7.14.1 Importance of context in the semantics of adverbs
548(1)
7.14.2 Description of semantic categories
549(7)
7.14.2.1 Place
549(1)
7.14.2.2 Time
549(1)
7.14.2.3 Manner
550(1)
7.14.2.4 Degree
551(2)
7.14.2.5 Additive/restrictive
553(1)
7.14.2.6 Stance
553(2)
7.14.2.7 Linking
555(1)
7.14.2.8 Other meanings
556(1)
7.14.3 Semantic domains of adverbs in conversation and academic prose
556(4)
7.15 Discourse choices for degree adverbs as modifiers
560(7)
7.15.1 Amplifiers in conversation and academic prose
560(2)
7.15.2 Degree modifiers other than amplifiers in conversation and academic prose
562(94)
Section D. More complex structures 656(229)
Chapter 8 Complex noun phrases
567(84)
8.1 Overview
568(14)
8.1.1 Register distribution of noun phrases with pre- and postmodifiers
572(2)
8.1.2 Co-occurrence of modifiers with head noun types
574(5)
8.1.3 Discourse distribution of noun phrase types in academic prose
579(3)
8.2 Structural types of premodification
582(2)
8.2.1 Structural types of premodification across registers
583(1)
8.3 Meaning relations expressed by noun + noun sequences
584(7)
8.3.1 Noun + noun sequences across registers
586(2)
8.3.2 Plural nouns as premodifiers
588(3)
8.4 Noun phrases with multiple premodifiers
591(5)
8.4.1 Length of sequences of premodifiers
591(1)
8.4.2 Order of multiple premodifiers
592(3)
8.4.3 Coordinated premodifiers
595(1)
8.5 Restrictive v. non-restrictive postmodifiers
596(2)
8.5.1 Distribution of restrictive v. non-restrictive relative clauses
597(1)
8.6 Major structural types of postmodification
598(4)
8.6.1 Postmodifier types across registers
600(2)
8.7 Postmodification by finite relative clause
602(22)
8.7.1 The discourse choice among relativizers
603(13)
8.7.1.1 Variant relativizers in non-standard dialects
604(1)
8.7.1.2 Distribution of relativizers across registers
604(3)
8.7.1.3 Who v. which, that, and zero
607(1)
8.7.1.4 Who v. whom, that, and zero
608(2)
8.7.1.5 Which v. that
610(2)
8.7.1.6 Discourse choice between whose and of which
612(1)
8.7.1.7 Whose v. of which across registers
613(1)
8.7.1.8 Discourse choice of the zero relativizer
614(2)
8.7.2 Grammatical role of the relative clause gap
616(2)
8.7.2.1 Relative clause gaps in conversation
617(1)
8.7.3 Subject v. non-subject head nouns
618(1)
8.7.4 Relative clauses with adverbial gaps
619(5)
8.7.4.1 Relative adverbs across registers
619(2)
8.7.4.2 Head nouns taking relative clauses with adverbial gaps
621(3)
8.8 Postmodification by non-finite clause
624(4)
8.8.1 Participle clauses as postmodifiers
625(2)
8.8.1.1 Passive and -ing forms of verbs in postmodifying participle clauses v. relative clauses
625(2)
8.8.2 To-clauses as postmodifiers
627(1)
8.8.2.1 Structural types of postmodifying to-clause
627(1)
8.9 Postmodification by prepositional phrase
628(4)
8.9.1 Common prepositions in postmodifying prepositional phrases
629(2)
8.9.2 Choice of prepositional phrase v. relative clause
631(1)
8.10 Postmodification by appositive noun phrase
632(2)
8.10.1 Appositive noun phrases in news and academic prose
633(1)
8.11 Noun phrases with multiple postmodifiers
634(5)
8.11.1 Order of constituents in postmodifier complexes
636(3)
8.12 Noun complement clauses v. nominal postmodifiers
639(1)
8.13 Structural types of noun complement clause
639(3)
8.13.1 Noun complement clause types across registers
641(1)
8.14 Head nouns taking noun complement clauses
642(9)
8.14.1 Head nouns taking that-clauses
642(4)
8.14.1.1 Head nouns that take both that-complement clauses and relative clauses
644(2)
8.14.2 Head nouns taking to-clauses
646(1)
8.14.3 Head nouns taking of + ing-clauses
647(3)
8.14.4 Head nouns taking wh-interrogative clauses
650(1)
Chapter 9 The form and function of complement clauses
651(102)
9.1 Overview
652(2)
9.1.1 Complementation by clauses
652(1)
9.1.2 Structural types of complement clause
652(1)
9.1.3 Grammatical positions of complement clauses
653(1)
9.2 That-clauses
654(22)
9.2.1 Discourse functions of that-clauses
654(1)
9.2.2 Post-predicate that-clauses - controlled by verbs
655(9)
9.2.2.1 Structural patterns
655(1)
9.2.2.2 Controlling verbs, by semantic domain
656(5)
9.2.2.3 Common controlling verbs across registers
661(3)
9.2.3 Verbs taking extraposed that-clauses
664(1)
9.2.4 Subject noun phrases with subject predicative that-clauses
664(1)
9.2.5 That-clauses controlled by adjectival predicates
665(3)
9.2.5.1 Adjectival predicates taking post-predicate that-clauses
665(1)
9.2.5.2 Adjectival predicates taking extraposed that-clauses
666(2)
9.2.6 Register distribution of that-clause types
668(1)
9.2.7 Pre-predicate v. extraposed that-clauses
669(4)
9.2.7.1 Register factors
670(1)
9.2.7.2 Information structure
671(1)
9.2.7.3 Grammatical factors
672(1)
9.2.7.4 Topic and style
673(1)
9.2.8 Retention v. omission of the that complementizer
673(3)
9.2.8.1 Register factors
674(1)
9.2.8.2 Discourse factors favoring that omission
674(1)
9.2.8.3 Discourse factors favoring that retention
675(1)
9.3 Wh-clauses
676(10)
9.3.1 Structural types of wh-clauses
676(2)
9.3.2 Post-predicate wh-clauses controlled by verbs
678(8)
9.3.2.1 Grammatical patterns
678(1)
9.3.2.2 Controlling verbs, by semantic domain
679(2)
9.3.2.3 Common controlling verbs across registers
681(1)
9.3.2.4 Post-predicate wh-clauses introduced by whether and if
682(2)
9.3.2.5 Common verbs controlling whether- and if-clauses
684(2)
9.4 Infinitive clauses
686(46)
9.4.1 Overview
686(1)
9.4.2 Post-predicate infinitive clauses controlled by verbs
686(20)
9.4.2.1 Grammatical patterns
686(1)
9.4.2.2 Pattern 1: Verb + to-clause
687(1)
9.4.2.3 Pattern 2: Verb + NP + to-clause
688(2)
9.4.2.4 Pattern 2: NP2 + passive verb + to-clause
690(1)
9.4.2.5 Pattern 3: Verb + for NP + to-clause
690(1)
9.4.2.6 Register distribution of verb patterns
691(1)
9.4.2.7 Controlling verbs, by semantic domain
692(8)
9.4.2.8 Interaction between the characteristics of controlling verbs
700(1)
9.4.2.9 Common controlling verbs across registers
701(5)
9.4.3 Verbs taking extraposed to-clauses
706(1)
9.4.4 Subject noun phrases and subject predicative to-clauses
707(1)
9.4.5 To-clauses controlled by adjectives
708(5)
9.4.5.1 Grammatical patterns
708(1)
9.4.5.2 Adjectives taking post-predicate to-clauses
709(3)
9.4.6.3 Adjectival predicates taking extraposed to-clauses
712(1)
9.4.6 Grammatical distribution of to-clauses
713(2)
9.4.7 Pre-predicate v. extraposed to-clauses
715(5)
9.4.7.1 Register factors
715(2)
9.4.7.2 Information structure
717(2)
9.4.7.3 Grammatical complexity
719(1)
9.4.7.4 Stylistic preference
720(1)
9.4.8 Object-to-subject raising v. extraposed to-clauses with adjectives
720(3)
9.4.8.1 Register factors
721(1)
9.4.8.2 Grammatical complexity and information packaging
721(2)
9.4.8.3 Stylistic preference
723(1)
9.4.9 Subject-to-subject raising v. extraposed that-clauses
723(4)
9.4.9.1 Information packaging
723(1)
9.4.9.2 Register factors
724(1)
9.4.9.3 Clauses with seem and appear
725(1)
9.4.9.4 Clauses with likely and unlikely
726(1)
9.4.10 To-clause v. bare infinitive clause with dare and help
727(3)
9.4.10.1 Dialect factors
727(1)
9.4.10.2 Register factors
728(1)
9.4.10.3 The pattern to help + infinitive
729(1)
9.4.11 Try + to + verb v. try + and + verb
730(2)
9.4.11.1 Distributional factors
730(2)
9.5 Ing-clauses
732(11)
9.5.1 Overview
732(1)
9.5.2 Post-predicate ing-clauses controlled by verbs
732(9)
9.5.2.1 Grammatical patterns
732(1)
9.5.2.2 Controlling verbs, by semantic domain
733(5)
9.5.2.3 Common controlling verbs across registers
738(3)
9.5.3 Adjectival predicates controlling ing-clauses
741(1)
9.5.4 Post-predicate ing-clauses across registers
742(1)
9.5.5 Objective v. possessive NP with ing-clauses
742(1)
9.5.5.1 Register distribution
743(1)
9.6 Ellipsis and pro-form substitution in post-predicate complement clauses
743(3)
9.6.1 Verbs occurring commonly with ellipsis and pro-form substitution
744(2)
9.7 Choice of complement clause type
746(7)
9.7.1 Register distribution, structural factors, and semantic factors
746(2)
9.7.2 Lexico-grammatical factors
748(1)
9.7.3 That-clauses v. non-finite clauses
748(2)
9.7.4 Infinitive v. ing-clause
750(3)
Chapter 10 Adverbials
753(132)
10.1 Overview
754(14)
10.1.1 The three classes of adverbial
755(4)
10.1.1.1 Frequency of the three classes of adverbial
757(2)
10.1.2 Syntactic realizations of adverbials
759(3)
10.1.2.1 Syntactic realizations of the three adverbial classes
760(2)
10.1.3 Positions of adverbials in the clause
762(5)
10.1.3.1 Frequencies of positions of adverbials
764(3)
10.1.4 Adverbial variation in relation to other elements
767(1)
10.2 Circumstance adverbials
768(77)
10.2.1 Semantic categories of circumstance adverbials
768(7)
10.2.1.1 Place
768(1)
10.2.1.2 Time
769(1)
10.2.1.3 Process
769(2)
10.2.1.4 Contingency
771(1)
10.2.1.5 Extent/degree
772(1)
10.2.1.6 Addition/restriction
772(1)
10.2.1.7 Recipient
773(1)
10.2.1.8 Other semantic relationships
773(1)
10.2.1.9 Overlap and ambiguity
774(1)
10.2.2 Distribution of semantic categories
775(4)
10.2.3 Overview of syntactic realizations of semantic categories
779(2)
10.2.4 Syntactic realizations of circumstance adverbials (excluding clauses)
781(7)
10.2.4.1 Semantic categories within syntactic forms
781(2)
10.2.4.2 Length of prepositional phrases
783(2)
10.2.4.3 Diversity in adverb and prepositional phrase circumstance adverbials
785(3)
10.2.5 Most common circumstance adverbials
788(5)
10.2.6 Position of circumstance adverbials
793(9)
10.2.6.1 Associations between positions and semantic categories
794(4)
10.2.6.2 Relationships between position, grammatical structure, and length
798(4)
10.2.7 Circumstance adverbials in series
802(8)
10.2.7.1 Heterosemantic place, time, and manner series
803(4)
10.2.7.2 Homosemantic place, time, and manner series
807(2)
10.2.7.3 Series of three and more adverbials
809(1)
10.2.8 Clauses as circumstance adverbials
810(35)
10.2.8.1 Semantic categories of circumstance adverbial clauses
811(2)
10.2.8.2 Distribution of clausal semantic categories
813(5)
10.2.8.3 Syntactic forms of circumstance adverbial clauses
818(1)
10.2.8.4 Distribution of clausal syntactic forms
818(4)
10.2.8.5 Dangling participles
822(1)
10.2.8.6 Positions of adverbial clauses
823(7)
10.2.8.7 Subordinators and adverbial clauses
830(1)
10.2.8.8 Subordinators with non-finite adverbial clauses
831(2)
10.2.8.9 Most common subordinators across registers
833(5)
10.2.8.10 Common subordinators with multiple semantic roles
838(4)
10.2.8.11 Though as subordinator v. linking adverbial
842(2)
10.2.8.12 Conditional clauses with if v. subject-operator inversion
844(1)
10.3 Stance adverbials
845(22)
10.3.1 Semantic categories of stance adverbials
846(7)
10.3.1.1 Epistemic stance adverbials
846(2)
10.3.1.2 Attitude adverbials
848(1)
10.3.1.3 Style adverbials
849(1)
10.3.1.4 Ambiguity with other adverbial classes
849(2)
10.3.1.5 Distribution of semantic categories
851(2)
10.3.2 Syntactic realizations of stance adverbials
853(7)
10.3.2.1 Distribution of syntactic forms
854(5)
10.3.2.2 Sentence relatives as stance adverbials
859(1)
10.3.3 Most common stance adverbials across registers
860(4)
10.3.4 Positions of stance adverbials
864(2)
10.3.5 Other discourse functions of stance adverbials
866(1)
10.4 Linking adverbials
867(20)
10.4.1 Semantic categories of linking adverbials
867(9)
10.4.1.1 Enumeration and addition
867(1)
10.4.1.2 Summation
868(1)
10.4.1.3 Apposition
868(1)
10.4.1.4 Result/inference
869(1)
10.4.1.5 Contrast/concession
870(1)
10.4.1.6 Transition
871(1)
10.4.1.7 Overlap of linking adverbials and other adverbial classes
871(1)
10.4.1.8 Distribution of semantic categories
872(4)
10.4.2 Syntactic realizations of linking adverbials
876(2)
10.4.2.1 Distribution of syntactic forms
876(2)
10.4.3 Most common linking adverbials
878(4)
10.4.3.1 Most common linking adverbials in conversation and academic prose
878(3)
10.4.3.2 Stylistic preferences for linking adverbials
881(1)
10.4.4 Positions of linking adverbials
882(3)
Section E. Grammar in a wider perspective 885(236)
Chapter 11 Word order and related syntactic choices
887(70)
11.1 Overview
888(2)
11.1.1 Information flow
888(1)
11.1.2 Focus, emphasis, contrast, and intensification
889(1)
11.1.3 Weight
890(1)
11.2 Word order
890(37)
11.2.1 Grammatical principles of word order
891(1)
11.2.2 Fronting
892(11)
11.2.2.1 Fronted objects and other nominals
892(2)
11.2.2.2 Fronted predicatives
894(3)
11.2.2.3 Fronted infinitive predicates
897(1)
11.2.2.4 Fronted ed- and ing-predicates
898(2)
11.2.2.5 Fronting in dependent clauses
900(1)
11.2.2.6 Fronting in exclamations
901(1)
11.2.2.7 Fronting: Distribution
901(2)
11.2.3 Inversion of subject and verb or operator
903(15)
11.2.3.1 Subject-verb inversion
903(4)
11.2.3.2 Subject-operator inversion
907(2)
11.2.3.3 Inversion after the linking forms so, nor, and neither
909(1)
11.2.3.4 Special cases of inversion in independent clauses
909(1)
11.2.3.5 Inversion in dependent clauses
910(3)
11.2.3.6 Inversion in reporting clauses
913(1)
11.2.3.7 Reporting clauses in fiction and news
914(3)
11.2.3.8 Inversion in general: Distribution
917(1)
11.2.4 Word-order options at the end of the clause
918(9)
11.2.4.1 The placement of direct and indirect objects
919(1)
11.2.4.2 Pronoun sequences as direct and indirect object
920(2)
11.2.4.3 Clauses with direct objects and object predicatives
922(1)
11.2.4.4 The placement of objects of phrasal verbs
923(4)
11.3 The passive
927(7)
11.3.1 Types of passive construction
927(1)
11.3.2 Passives across syntactic positions and registers
928(3)
11.3.3 The long passive
931(3)
11.3.3.1 Length of subject v. agent phrase in long passives
931(1)
11.3.3.2 Givenness of subject v. agent phrase
932(2)
11.3.4 Comparison of discourse functions of the long and short passive
934(1)
11.4 Existential there
934(13)
11.4.1 The grammatical status of existential there
935(1)
11.4.2 Variation in the verb phrase
936(1)
11.4.2.1 Verb constructions other than simple be
936(1)
11.4.3 The notional subject
937(1)
11.4.4 Adverbial expansions
938(1)
11.4.5 Existential and locative there
939(1)
11.4.6 Simple v. complex existential clauses
940(2)
11.4.7 Discourse functions of existential clauses
942(3)
11.4.8 Existential clause v. locative inversion
945(1)
11.4.8.1 Existential clause v. locative inversion: Distribution
945(1)
11.4.9 Existential constructions with there v. have
946(1)
11.5 Dislocation
947(3)
11.5.1 Prefaces
948(1)
11.5.2 Noun phrase tags
948(1)
11.5.3 Prefaces and noun phrase tags: Distribution
948(2)
11.6 Clefting
950(5)
11.6.1 It-clefts
950(1)
11.6.2 Wh-clefts
951(1)
11.6.3 Reversed wh-clefts
951(1)
11.6.4 Cleft constructions: Distribution
952(3)
11.7 Syntactic choices in conversation v. academic prose
955(2)
Chapter 12 The grammatical marking of stance
957(22)
12.1 Overview
958(3)
12.1.1 Paralinguistic and non-linguistic devices
959(1)
12.1.2 Lexical marking of stance
960(1)
12.2 Major grammatical devices used to express stance
961(3)
12.2.1 Variability in the structural characteristics of stance devices
963(1)
12.3 Major semantic distinctions conveyed by stance markers
964(4)
12.3.1 Epistemic stance
964(2)
12.3.2 Attitudinal stance
966(1)
12.3.3 Style of speaking stance
967(1)
12.4 Attribution of stance to the speaker or writer
968(2)
12.4.1 Explicit attribution of stance
968(1)
12.4.2 Implicit attribution of stance to the speaker/writer
969(1)
12.4.3 Ambiguous attribution of stance
969(1)
12.5 Register differences in the marking of stance
970(9)
12.5.1 Major stance devices across registers
970(3)
12.5.2 Stance adverbials across registers
973(3)
12.5.3 Stance complement constructions across registers
976(3)
Chapter 13 Lexical expressions in speech and writing
979(52)
13.1 Overview
980(2)
13.2 Lexical bundles
982(35)
13.2.1 Operational definition of lexical bundles
984(9)
13.2.1.1 Lexical bundles in conversation and academic prose
985(8)
13.2.2 Key to lists of lexical bundles
993(1)
13.2.3 Lexical bundles in conversation
994(13)
13.2.3.1 Personal pronoun + lexical verb phrase (+ complement-clause fragment)
995(3)
13.2.3.2 Pronoun/noun phrase + be +
998(1)
13.2.3.3 Verb phrase with active verb
999(1)
13.2.3.4 Yes-no question fragments
1000(1)
13.2.3.5 Wh-question fragments
1001(1)
13.2.3.6 Lexical bundles with wh-clause fragments
1002(1)
13.2.3.7 Lexical bundles with to-clause fragments
1003(1)
13.2.3.8 Verb + that-clause fragments
1003(1)
13.2.3.9 Adverbial clause fragments
1004(1)
13.2.3.10 Noun phrase expressions
1005(1)
13.2.3.11 Prepositional phrase expressions
1005(1)
13.2.3.12 Quantifier expressions
1006(1)
13.2.3.13 Other expressions
1007(1)
13.2.3.14 Meaningless sound bundles
1007(1)
13.2.4 Lexical bundles in academic prose
1007(10)
13.2.4.1 Noun phrase with of-phrase fragment
1008(1)
13.2.4.2 Noun phrase with other post-modifier fragments
1009(1)
13.2.4.3 Prepositional phrase with embedded of-phrase fragment
1010(101)
13.2.4.4 Other prepositional phrase (fragment)
1111
13.2.4.5 Anticipatory it + verb phrase/adjective phrase
1012(1)
13.2.4.6 Passive verb + prepositional phrase fragment
1013(1)
13.2.4.7 Copula be + noun phrase/adjective phrase
1014(1)
13.2.4.8 (Verb phrase +) that-clause fragment
1014(1)
13.2.4.9 (Verb/adjective +) to-clause fragment
1015(1)
13.2.4.10 Adverbial clause fragment
1016(1)
13.2.4.11 Pronoun/noun phrase + be (+ ...)
1016(1)
13.2.4.12 Other expressions
1017(1)
13.3 Idiomatic phrases
1017(5)
13.3.1 Idiomatic phrases across registers
1018(1)
13.3.2 Verb + noun phrase combinations with have, make, and take ion
1019(3)
13.4 Free combinations of verb + particle
1022(1)
13.5 Coordinated binomial phrases
1023(8)
13.5.1 Key to lists of binomial phrases
1024(1)
13.5.2 Verb and/or verb
1024(2)
13.5.3 Noun and/or noun
1026(1)
13.5.4 Adjective and/or adjective
1027(2)
13.5.5 Adverb and/or adverb
1029(2)
Chapter 14 The grammar of conversation
1031(90)
14.1 Introduction
1032(14)
14.1.1 An example of conversation
1034(1)
14.1.2 A functional survey of conversation
1035(11)
14.1.2.1 Conversation takes place in the spoken medium
1035(1)
14.1.2.2 Conversation takes place in shared context
1036(2)
14.1.2.3 Conversation avoids elaboration or specification of meaning
1038(1)
14.1.2.4 Conversation is interactive
1039(2)
14.1.2.5 Conversation is expressive of politeness, emotion, and attitude
1041(1)
14.1.2.6 Conversation takes place in real time
1042(1)
14.1.2.7 Conversation has a restricted and repetitive repertoire
1043(1)
14.1.2.8 Conversation employs a vernacular range of expression
1044(1)
14.1.2.9 Lack of functional explanation
1045(1)
14.2 Performance phenomena: Dysfluency and error
1046(14)
14.2.1 Hesitations: Silent and filled pauses
1047(2)
14.2.1.1 Frequency of filled and unfilled pauses
1048(1)
14.2.2 Repeats
1049(7)
14.2.2.1 Multiple consecutive repeats
1049(2)
14.2.2.2 Frequency of repeats
1051(4)
14.2.2.3 Repeats of forms with verb contractions
1055(1)
14.2.3 Retrace-and-repair sequences: Reformulations
1056(1)
14.2.4 Utterances left grammatically incomplete
1057(2)
14.2.5 Syntactic blends
1059(1)
14.2.5.1 Syntactic blends v. semantic gap-filling clauses
1060(1)
14.3 The constructional principles of spoken grammar
1060(43)
14.3.1 Principles of online production
1061(5)
14.3.1.1 Parenthetical structures
1062(1)
14.3.1.2 The 'add-on' strategy
1062(1)
14.3.1.3 Clausal and non-clausal units (C-units)
1063(2)
14.3.1.4 Distribution of clausal and non-clausal units
1065(1)
14.3.2 Prefaces, bodies, and tags
1066(10)
14.3.2.1 Prefaces and other utterance launchers
1068(2)
14.3.2.2 The ambivalent grammatical status of utterance launchers
1070(3)
14.3.2.3 Extending the body
1073(1)
14.3.2.4 Tags
1074(2)
14.3.3 More on non-clausal units: Inserts
1076(17)
14.3.3.1 Interjections
1078(2)
14.3.3.2 Greetings and farewells
1080(1)
14.3.3.3 Discourse markers
1081(2)
14.3.3.4 Attention signals
1083(1)
14.3.3.5 Response elicitors
1083(1)
14.3.3.6 Response forms
1084(3)
14.3.3.7 Hesitators
1087(1)
14.3.3.8 Various polite speech-act formulae
1087(1)
14.3.3.9 Expletives
1088(2)
14.3.3.10 Distribution of inserts
1090(3)
14.3.4 Syntactic non-clausal units
1093(6)
14.3.4.1 Elliptic replies
1094(1)
14.3.4.2 Other types of syntactic non-clausal unit
1095(3)
14.3.4.3 Elliptic phrasal non-clausal units in their context
1098(1)
14.3.5 Ellipsis in clausal units
1099(4)
14.3.5.1 Initial (situational) ellipsis
1099(1)
14.3.5.2 Initial ellipsis
1100(1)
14.3.5.3 Final (post-operator) ellipsis
1101(1)
14.3.5.4 Medial (operator) ellipsis
1102(1)
14.3.5.5 Distribution of initial, medial, and end ellipsis
1102(1)
14.4 Selected topics in conversational grammar
1103(18)
14.4.1 A closer look at vocatives
1103(5)
14.4.1.1 The distribution of vocatives
1105(3)
14.4.2 Conducive yes-no interrogatives
1108(3)
14.4.2.1 Negative yes-no interrogatives
1108(1)
14.4.2.2 Negative v. positive yes-no interrogatives
1109(1)
14.4.2.3 Assertive yes-no questions
1110(1)
14.4.2.4 Assertive v. non-assertive yes-no questions
1110(1)
14.4.3 First person imperatives with let's
1111(2)
14.4.3.1 Common accompaniments of let's
1112(1)
14.4.4 Direct speech reporting (quoted speech)
1113(3)
14.4.4.1 Using utterance-launchers to open quoted speech
1113(1)
14.4.4.2 Repetition of reporting clauses
1114(1)
14.4.4.3 Reporting clauses with go
1114(1)
14.4.4.4 Opening quoted speech with be + like, all
1114(1)
14.4.4.5 The past progressive with reporting verbs
1115(1)
14.4.5 Vernacular or non-standard grammar
1116(5)
14.4.5.1 Morphophonemic variants
1117(1)
14.4.5.2 Morphological variants
1117(1)
14.4.5.3 Morphosyntactic variants
1118(1)
14.4.5.4 Syntactic variants
1119(1)
14.4.5.5 Conclusion
1120(1)
Appendix: Contractions 1121(12)
Notes 1133(10)
Bibliography 1143(16)
Lexical index 1159(30)
Conceptual index 1189
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