Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
Introduction |
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xxvii | |
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Part I Introduction to Ethical Disclosure |
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1 | (74) |
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Chapter 1 Ethics of Ethical Hacking |
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3 | (20) |
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Why You Need to Understand Your Enemy's Tactics |
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3 | (5) |
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Recognizing the Gray Areas in Security |
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8 | (2) |
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How Does This Stuff Relate to an Ethical Hacking Book? |
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10 | (5) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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The Controversy of Hacking Books and Classes |
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15 | (4) |
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16 | (2) |
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Recognizing Trouble When It Happens |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Where Do Attackers Have Most of Their Fun? |
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19 | (4) |
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Security Does Not Like Complexity |
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20 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Ethical Hacking and the Legal System |
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23 | (24) |
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23 | (2) |
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Understanding Individual Cyberlaws |
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25 | (22) |
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18 USC Section 1029: The Access Device Statute |
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25 | (4) |
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18 USC Section 1030 of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act |
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29 | (9) |
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18 USC Sections 2510, et. Seq., and 2701, et. Seq., of the Electronic Communication Privacy Act |
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38 | (4) |
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Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) |
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42 | (3) |
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Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002 |
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45 | (1) |
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Securely Protect Yourself Against Cyber Trespass Act (SPY Act) |
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46 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Proper and Ethical Disclosure |
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47 | (28) |
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Different Teams and Points of View |
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48 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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Full Disclosure Policy---the RainForest Puppy Policy |
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52 | (2) |
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Organization for Internet Safety (OIS) |
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54 | (8) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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Conflicts Will Still Exist |
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62 | (5) |
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63 | (4) |
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67 | (5) |
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Pros and Cons of Proper Disclosure Processes |
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67 | (4) |
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Vendors Paying More Attention |
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71 | (1) |
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So What Should We Do from Here on Out? |
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72 | (3) |
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72 | (3) |
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Part II Penetration Testing and Tools |
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75 | (96) |
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Chapter 4 Social Engineering Attacks |
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77 | (16) |
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How a Social Engineering Attack Works |
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77 | (2) |
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Conducting a Social Engineering Attack |
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79 | (2) |
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Common Attacks Used in Penetration Testing |
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81 | (8) |
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81 | (5) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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Preparing Yourself for Face-to-Face Attacks |
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89 | (2) |
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Defending Against Social Engineering Attacks |
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91 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Physical Penetration Attacks |
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93 | (16) |
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Why a Physical Penetration Is Important |
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94 | (1) |
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Conducting a Physical Penetration |
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94 | (3) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Common Ways into a Building |
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97 | (11) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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Physically Defeating Locks |
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103 | (4) |
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107 | (1) |
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Defending Against Physical Penetrations |
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108 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Insider Attacks |
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109 | (16) |
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Why Simulating an Insider Attack Is Important |
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109 | (1) |
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Conducting an Insider Attack |
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110 | (13) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Gaining Local Administrator Privileges |
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111 | (4) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (7) |
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Defending Against Insider Attacks |
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123 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Using the BackTrack Linux Distribution |
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125 | (16) |
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BackTrack: The Big Picture |
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125 | (1) |
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Installing BackTrack to DVD or USB Thumb Drive |
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126 | (2) |
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Using the BackTrack ISO Directly Within a Virtual Machine |
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128 | (3) |
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Creating a BackTrack Virtual Machine with VirtualBox |
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128 | (1) |
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Booting the BackTrack LiveDVD System |
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129 | (1) |
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Exploring the BackTrack X Windows Environment |
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130 | (1) |
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Starting Network Services |
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130 | (1) |
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Persisting Changes to Your BackTrack Installation |
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131 | (6) |
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Installing Full BackTrack to Hard Drive or USB Thumb Drive |
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131 | (3) |
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Creating a New ISO with Your One-time Changes |
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134 | (1) |
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Using a Custom File that Automatically Saves and Restores Changes |
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135 | (2) |
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Exploring the BackTrack Boot Menu |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Using Metasploit |
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141 | (16) |
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Metasploit: The Big Picture |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Using the Metasploit Console to Launch Exploits |
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142 | (5) |
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Exploiting Client-Side Vulnerabilities with Metasploit |
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147 | (2) |
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Penetration Testing with Metasploit's Meterpreter |
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149 | (6) |
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Automating and Scripting Metasploit |
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155 | (1) |
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Going Further with Metasploit |
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156 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Managing a Penetration Test |
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157 | (14) |
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Planning a Penetration Test |
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157 | (4) |
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Types of Penetration Tests |
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157 | (1) |
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Scope of a Penetration Test |
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158 | (1) |
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Locations of the Penetration Test |
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158 | (1) |
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Organization of the Penetration Testing Team |
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158 | (1) |
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Methodologies and Standards |
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159 | (1) |
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Phases of the Penetration Test |
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159 | (2) |
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Testing Plan for a Penetration Test |
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161 | (1) |
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Structuring a Penetration Testing Agreement |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Get-Out-of-Jail-Free Letter |
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162 | (1) |
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Execution of a Penetration Test |
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162 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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Access During the Penetration Test |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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External and Internal Coordination |
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164 | (1) |
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Information Sharing During a Penetration Test |
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164 | (4) |
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164 | (4) |
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Reporting the Results of a Penetration Test |
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168 | (3) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (240) |
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Chapter 10 Programming Survival Skills |
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173 | (28) |
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173 | (7) |
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Basic C Language Constructs |
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173 | (5) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (4) |
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Random Access Memory (RAM) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Putting the Pieces of Memory Together |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (6) |
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Machine vs. Assembly vs. C |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (9) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Basic Linux Exploits |
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201 | (24) |
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201 | (2) |
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Function Calling Procedure |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (6) |
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204 | (4) |
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Ramifications of Buffer Overflows |
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208 | (1) |
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Local Buffer Overflow Exploits |
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209 | (8) |
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Components of the Exploit |
|
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209 | (2) |
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Exploiting Stack Overflows from the Command Line |
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211 | (2) |
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Exploiting Stack Overflows with Generic Exploit Code |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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Exploit Development Process |
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217 | (8) |
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218 | (1) |
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|
218 | (3) |
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Determine the Attack Vector |
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221 | (1) |
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Build the Exploit Sandwich |
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222 | (1) |
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|
222 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Advanced Linux Exploits |
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225 | (26) |
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225 | (11) |
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225 | (4) |
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Reading from Arbitrary Memory |
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229 | (2) |
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Writing to Arbitrary Memory |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (3) |
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Memory Protection Schemes |
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236 | (15) |
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236 | (4) |
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Kernel Patches and Scripts |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (8) |
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249 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Shellcode Strategies |
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251 | (16) |
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251 | (9) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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System Call Proxy Shellcode |
|
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258 | (1) |
|
Process Injection Shellcode |
|
|
259 | (1) |
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Other Shellcode Considerations |
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|
260 | (3) |
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260 | (1) |
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Self-Corrupting Shellcode |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (4) |
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Kernel Space Considerations |
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|
264 | (3) |
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Chapter 14 Writing Linux Shellcode |
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267 | (30) |
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267 | (9) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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Shell-Spawning Shellcode with execve |
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272 | (4) |
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Implementing Port-Binding Shellcode |
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276 | (8) |
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|
276 | (3) |
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Assembly Program to Establish a Socket |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (3) |
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Implementing Reverse Connecting Shellcode |
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284 | (3) |
|
Reverse Connecting C Program |
|
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284 | (1) |
|
Reverse Connecting Assembly Program |
|
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (7) |
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|
287 | (1) |
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Structure of Encoded Shellcode |
|
|
288 | (1) |
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JMP/CALL XOR Decoder Example |
|
|
288 | (1) |
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|
289 | (2) |
|
Putting the Code Together |
|
|
291 | (3) |
|
Automating Shellcode Generation with Metasploit |
|
|
294 | (3) |
|
Generating Shellcode with Metasploit |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Encoding Shellcode with Metasploit |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
Chapter 15 Windows Exploits |
|
|
297 | (44) |
|
Compiling and Debugging Windows Programs |
|
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297 | (7) |
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|
297 | (2) |
|
Debugging on Windows with OllyDbg |
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299 | (5) |
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|
304 | (12) |
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Exploit Development Process Review |
|
|
305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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|
306 | (2) |
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|
308 | (1) |
|
Determine the Attack Vector |
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|
309 | (3) |
|
Build the Exploit Sandwich |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
Debug the Exploit if Needed |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
Understanding Structured Exception Handling (SEH) |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
Understanding Windows Memory Protections (XP SP3, Vista, 7, and Server 2008) |
|
|
318 | (4) |
|
Stack-Based Buffer Overrun Detection (/GS) |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
Safe Structured Exception Handling (SafeSEH) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
SEH Overwrite Protection (SEHOP) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
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|
320 | (1) |
|
Data Execution Prevention (DEP) |
|
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321 | (1) |
|
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Bypassing Windows Memory Protections |
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322 | (19) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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|
325 | (6) |
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331 | (7) |
|
Summary of Memory Bypass Methods |
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|
338 | (3) |
|
Chapter 16 Understanding and Detecting Content-Type Attacks |
|
|
341 | (20) |
|
How Do Content-Type Attacks Work? |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
Which File Formats Are Being Exploited Today? |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
Intro to the PDF File Format |
|
|
345 | (3) |
|
Analyzing a Malicious PDF Exploit |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
Implementing Safeguards in Your Analysis Environment |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Tools to Detect Malicious PDF Files |
|
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351 | (7) |
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351 | (4) |
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355 | (3) |
|
Tools to Test Your Protections Against Content-type Attacks |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
How to Protect Your Environment from Content-type Attacks |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
Apply All Security Updates |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Disable JavaScript in Adobe Reader |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Enable DEP for Microsoft Office Application and Adobe Reader |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Chapter 17 Web Application Security Vulnerabilities |
|
|
361 | (18) |
|
Overview of Top Web Application Security Vulnerabilities |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Injection Vulnerabilities |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerabilities |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
The Rest of the OWASP Top Ten |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
SQL Injection Vulnerabilities |
|
|
362 | (11) |
|
SQL Databases and Statements |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
Testing Web Applications to Find SQL Injection Vulnerabilities |
|
|
367 | (6) |
|
Cross-Site Scripting Vulnerabilities |
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373 | (6) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Explaining Cross-Site Scripting |
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374 | (5) |
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379 | (16) |
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|
379 | (1) |
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380 | (4) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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|
382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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|
384 | (1) |
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|
384 | (1) |
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|
384 | (9) |
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|
384 | (2) |
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|
386 | (1) |
|
Eavesdropping/Packet Capture |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (6) |
|
How to Protect Against VoIP Attacks |
|
|
393 | (2) |
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|
395 | (16) |
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|
395 | (1) |
|
Which Protocols Does SCADA Use? |
|
|
396 | (3) |
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|
396 | (1) |
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|
396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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|
398 | (1) |
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|
399 | (9) |
|
SCADA Fuzzing with Autodafe |
|
|
399 | (6) |
|
SCADA Fuzzing with TFTP Daemon Fuzzer |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
Stuxnet Malware (The New Wave in Cyberterrorism) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
How to Protect Against SCADA Attacks |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
Part IV Vulnerability Analysis |
|
|
411 | (222) |
|
Chapter 20 Passive Analysis |
|
|
413 | (32) |
|
Ethical Reverse Engineering |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Why Bother with Reverse Engineering? |
|
|
414 | (2) |
|
Reverse Engineering Considerations |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (11) |
|
Source Code Auditing Tools |
|
|
416 | (2) |
|
The Utility of Source Code Auditing Tools |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
Manual Source Code Auditing |
|
|
420 | (5) |
|
Automated Source Code Analysis |
|
|
425 | (2) |
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|
427 | (18) |
|
Manual Auditing of Binary Code |
|
|
427 | (14) |
|
Automated Binary Analysis Tools |
|
|
441 | (4) |
|
Chapter 21 Advanced Static Analysis with IDA Pro |
|
|
445 | (26) |
|
Static Analysis Challenges |
|
|
445 | (16) |
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|
446 | (2) |
|
Statically Linked Programs and FLAIR |
|
|
448 | (6) |
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454 | (5) |
|
Quirks of Compiled C++ Code |
|
|
459 | (2) |
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|
461 | (10) |
|
|
461 | (3) |
|
IDA Pro Plug-In Modules and the IDA Pro SDK |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
Building IDA Pro Plug-Ins |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
IDA Pro Loaders and Processor Modules |
|
|
468 | (3) |
|
Chapter 22 Advanced Reverse Engineering |
|
|
471 | (24) |
|
Why Try to Break Software? |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Overview of the Software Development Process |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (11) |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
Code Coverage Analysis Tools |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (3) |
|
Memory Use Monitoring Tools |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Instrumented Fuzzing Tools and Techniques |
|
|
484 | (11) |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
Fuzzing Unknown Protocols |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
SPIKE Static Content Primitives |
|
|
489 | (3) |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
492 | (3) |
|
Chapter 23 Client-Side Browser Exploits |
|
|
495 | (30) |
|
Why Client-Side Vulnerabilities Are Interesting |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
Client-Side Vulnerabilities Bypass Firewall Protections |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Client-Side Applications Are Often Running with Administrative Privileges |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Client-Side Vulnerabilities Can Easily Target Specific People or Organizations |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Internet Explorer Security Concepts |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Internet Explorer Security Zones |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
History of Client-Side Exploits and Latest Trends |
|
|
499 | (7) |
|
Client-Side Vulnerabilities Rise to Prominence |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Notable Vulnerabilities in the History of Client-Side Attacks |
|
|
500 | (6) |
|
Finding New Browser-Based Vulnerabilities |
|
|
506 | (15) |
|
|
506 | (3) |
|
Mozilla Security Team Fuzzers |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
510 | (5) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
515 | (6) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Protecting Yourself from Client-Side Exploits |
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
Keep Up-to-Date on Security Patches |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Run Internet-Facing Applications with Reduced Privileges |
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
Chapter 24 Exploiting the Windows Access Control Model |
|
|
525 | (54) |
|
Why Access Control Is Interesting to a Hacker |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
Most People Don't Understand Access Control |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
Vulnerabilities You Find Are Easy to Exploit |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
You'll Find Tons of Security Vulnerabilities |
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526 | (1) |
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How Windows Access Control Works |
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526 | (12) |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (3) |
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531 | (4) |
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535 | (3) |
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Tools for Analyzing Access Control Configurations |
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538 | (5) |
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Dumping the Process Token |
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538 | (3) |
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Dumping the Security Descriptor |
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541 | (2) |
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Special SIDs, Special Access, and "Access Denied" |
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543 | (10) |
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543 | (2) |
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545 | (1) |
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Investigating "Access Denied" |
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545 | (8) |
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Analyzing Access Control for Elevation of Privilege |
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|
553 | (1) |
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Attack Patterns for Each Interesting Object Type |
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554 | (19) |
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|
554 | (6) |
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Attacking Weak DACLs in the Windows Registry |
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|
560 | (4) |
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Attacking Weak Directory DACLs |
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564 | (5) |
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Attacking Weak File DACLs |
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|
569 | (4) |
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What Other Object Types Are Out There? |
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573 | (6) |
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Enumerating Shared Memory Sections |
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573 | (1) |
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574 | (1) |
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575 | (1) |
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Enumerating Other Named Kernel Objects (Semaphores, Mutexes, Events, Devices) |
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|
576 | (3) |
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Chapter 25 Intelligent Fuzzing with Sulley |
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|
579 | (16) |
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|
579 | (2) |
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581 | (14) |
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581 | (1) |
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581 | (3) |
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|
584 | (4) |
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Monitoring the Process for Faults |
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|
588 | (1) |
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Monitoring the Network Traffic |
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|
589 | (1) |
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|
589 | (1) |
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590 | (2) |
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Postmortem Analysis of Crashes |
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|
592 | (1) |
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Analysis of Network Traffic |
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593 | (1) |
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|
594 | (1) |
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Chapter 26 From Vulnerability to Exploit |
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595 | (22) |
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596 | (5) |
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Debugging for Exploitation |
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596 | (1) |
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|
597 | (4) |
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Understanding the Problem |
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|
601 | (10) |
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Preconditions and Postconditions |
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602 | (1) |
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603 | (8) |
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Payload Construction Considerations |
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611 | (3) |
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Payload Protocol Elements |
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612 | (1) |
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Buffer Orientation Problems |
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|
612 | (1) |
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Self-Destructive Shellcode |
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613 | (1) |
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614 | (3) |
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|
614 | (1) |
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614 | (1) |
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615 | (2) |
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Chapter 27 Closing the Holes: Mitigation |
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617 | (16) |
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617 | (2) |
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618 | (1) |
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|
618 | (1) |
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|
619 | (14) |
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Source Code Patching Considerations |
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|
620 | (2) |
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Binary Patching Considerations |
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|
622 | (4) |
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|
626 | (5) |
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Third-Party Patching Initiatives |
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|
631 | (2) |
|
|
633 | (40) |
|
Chapter 28 Collecting Malware and Initial Analysis |
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|
635 | (22) |
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|
635 | (2) |
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|
635 | (1) |
|
Malware Defensive Techniques |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Latest Trends in Honeynet Technology |
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|
637 | (7) |
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|
637 | (1) |
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|
637 | (1) |
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|
637 | (1) |
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|
638 | (1) |
|
Low-Interaction Honeypots |
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|
639 | (1) |
|
High-Interaction Honeypots |
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|
639 | (1) |
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|
640 | (2) |
|
Thwarting VMware Detection Technologies |
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
Catching Malware: Setting the Trap |
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|
644 | (2) |
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|
644 | (1) |
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|
644 | (1) |
|
Using Nepenthes to Catch a Fly |
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|
644 | (2) |
|
Initial Analysis of Malware |
|
|
646 | (11) |
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|
646 | (2) |
|
|
648 | (5) |
|
Norman SandBox Technology |
|
|
653 | (4) |
|
Chapter 29 Hacking Malware |
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|
657 | (16) |
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|
657 | (3) |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
User Space Hiding Techniques |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Use of Rootkit Technology |
|
|
659 | (1) |
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|
659 | (1) |
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|
660 | (9) |
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|
660 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (8) |
|
Reverse-Engineering Malware |
|
|
669 | (4) |
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|
670 | (1) |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Automated Malware Analysis |
|
|
671 | (2) |
Index |
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673 | |