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Gray's Anatomy for Students 5th edition [Minkštas viršelis]

Edited by (Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, ), Edited by , Edited by (Director of Anatomy, Professor of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 1168 pages, aukštis x plotis: 276x216 mm, weight: 2490 g, Contains 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Gray's Anatomy
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Mar-2023
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
  • ISBN-10: 0323934234
  • ISBN-13: 9780323934237
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 1168 pages, aukštis x plotis: 276x216 mm, weight: 2490 g, Contains 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Gray's Anatomy
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Mar-2023
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
  • ISBN-10: 0323934234
  • ISBN-13: 9780323934237
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Concise, readable text and an outstanding art program make Gray's Anatomy for Students, 5th Edition, your go-to text for essential information in human anatomy. This fully revised volume focuses on the core information medical students need to know, in an easy-access format and with additional multimedia content to facilitate effective study and mastery of the material. A team of expert authors share a wealth of diverse teaching and clinical experience—all enhanced by more than 1,000 innovative, original illustrations by renowned illustrators Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson, who capture anatomical features with unrivalled clarity.
  • Helps you understand the practical applications of anatomical concepts through unique coverage of surface anatomy, correlative diagnostic images, and clinical case studies.

  • Contains increased representation of diverse population groups throughout, incorporating a wider range of skin tones and important clinical considerations related to transgender and intersex individuals.

  • Presents anatomy logically by body region – as well as bonus updated eBook chapters for each major body system to facilitate learning from a different perspective.

  • Includes new and improved online materials such as self-assessment questions, medical and physical therapy clinical cases, a unique Interactive Surface Anatomy tool, and more.

  • Provides fully revised and updated clinical content including numerous new In the Clinic boxes, images, and correlates throughout that reflect the latest advances seen in clinical practice. New and updated Clinical Cases are included in the accompanying enhanced eBook.

  • Features an updated neuroanatomy eBook chapter, so you can learn key aspects of this challenging topic in the context of general anatomy.

  • Improves comprehension of complex cranial nerves with a visual map summarizing cranial nerve distribution and function.

  • Offers schematic drawings for key structures and topics in every chapter, providing an additional, simplified approach to introduce each topic—ideal for quick initial understanding and as a guide for your own anatomy drawings.

  • Enables you to quickly review the basic concepts from each chapter with Conceptual Overviews.

  • An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

Evolve Instructor site with a downloadable image bank is available to instructors through their Elsevier sales rep or via request at https://evolve.elsevier.com.

1 The body
What is anatomy?
2(3)
How can gross anatomy be studied?
2(1)
Important anatomical terms
2(3)
Imaging
5(5)
Diagnostic imaging techniques
5(3)
Nuclear medicine imaging
8(2)
Image Interpretation
10(2)
Plain radiography
10(1)
Computed tomography
11(1)
Magnetic resonance imaging
11(1)
Nuclear medicine imaging
11(1)
Safety in Imaging
12(1)
Body systems
13(11)
Skeletal System
13(1)
Cartilage
13(1)
Bone
14(4)
Joints
18(6)
Skin and Fascias
24(1)
Skin
24(1)
Fascia
24(1)
Muscular System
25(1)
Cardiovascular System
26(3)
Lymphatic System
29(1)
Lymphatic vessels
29(2)
Lymph nodes
30(1)
Lymphatic trunks and ducts
30(1)
Nervous System
31(16)
Central nervous system
31(1)
Functional subdivisions of the CNS
32(15)
Other Systems
47(6)
2 Back
Conceptual overview
53(1)
General Description
53(3)
Functions
54(1)
Support
54(1)
Movement
54(1)
Protection of the nervous system
55(1)
Component Parts
56(5)
Bones
56(1)
Muscles
57(2)
Vertebral canal
59(1)
Spinal nerves
60(1)
Relationship to Other Regions
61(1)
Head
61(1)
Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
62(1)
Limbs
62(1)
Key Features
62(2)
Long vertebral column and short spinal cord
62(1)
Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves
63(1)
Innervation of the back
63(1)
Regional anatomy
64(1)
Skeletal Framework
64(16)
Vertebrae
64(8)
Intervertebral foramina
72(1)
Posterior spaces between vertebral arches
73(7)
Joints
80(3)
Joints between vertebrae in the back
80(3)
Ligaments
83(5)
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
83(1)
Ligamenta flava
83(1)
Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
83(1)
Interspinous ligaments
84(4)
Back Musculature
88(15)
Superficial group of back muscles
88(6)
Intermediate group of back muscles
94(2)
Deep group of back muscles
96(5)
Suboccipital muscles
101(2)
Spinal Cord
103(13)
Vasculature
104(4)
Meninges
108(1)
Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal
109(2)
Spinal nerves
111(5)
Surface anatomy
116(9)
Back surface anatomy
116(1)
Absence of lateral curvatures
116(1)
Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane
117(1)
Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks
118(1)
How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes
119(1)
Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
120(1)
Identifying major muscles
121(4)
Clinical cases
122
3 Thorax
Conceptual overview
125(1)
General Description
125(1)
Functions
126(1)
Breathing
126(1)
Protection of vital organs
126(1)
Conduit
126(1)
Component Parts
126(6)
Thoracic wall
126(2)
Superior thoracic aperture
128(1)
Inferior thoracic aperture
128(1)
Diaphragm
129(1)
Mediastinum
130(1)
Pleural cavities
130(2)
Relationship to Other Regions
132(2)
Neck
132(1)
Upper limb
132(1)
Abdomen
132(1)
Breast
133(1)
Key Features
134(6)
Vertebral level TIV/V
134(1)
Venous shunts from left to right
134(2)
Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall
136(2)
Sympathetic system
138(1)
Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture
138(1)
Innervation of the diaphragm
139(1)
Regional anatomy
140(1)
Pectoral Region
140(4)
Breast
140(3)
Muscles of the pectoral region
143(1)
Thoracic Wall
144(19)
Skeletal framework
144(7)
Intercostal spaces
151(12)
Diaphragm
163(1)
Arterial supply
164(1)
Venous drainage
164(1)
Innervation
164(1)
Movements of the Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm During Breathing
164(2)
Pleural Cavities
166(19)
Pleura
166(4)
Lungs
170(15)
Mediastinum
185(60)
Anterior mediastinum
185(1)
Middle mediastinum
186(31)
Superior mediastinum
217(12)
Posterior mediastinum
229(9)
Surface anatomy
238(1)
Thorax surface anatomy
238(1)
How to count ribs
238(1)
Surface anatomy of the breast in women
239(1)
Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral level
239(1)
Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinum
240(1)
Visualizing the margins of the heart
241(1)
Where to listen for heart sounds
242(1)
Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural recesses, and lung lobes and fissures
242(2)
Where to listen for lung sounds
244(1)
Clinical cases
245(4)
4 Abdomen
Conceptual overview
249(1)
General Description
249(1)
Functions
250(3)
Houses and protects major viscera
250(2)
Breathing
252(1)
Changes in intraabdominal pressure
252(1)
Component Parts
253(4)
Wall
253(1)
Abdominal cavity
254(2)
Inferior thoracic aperture
256(1)
Diaphragm
256(1)
Pelvic inlet
257(1)
Relationship to Other Regions
257(2)
Thorax
257(1)
Pelvis
257(1)
Lower limb
258(1)
Key Features
259(15)
Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult
259(3)
Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal nerves
262(1)
The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal wall
263(2)
Vertebral level LI
265(1)
The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries
265(2)
Venous shunts from left to right
267(1)
All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system passes through the liver
268(2)
Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large prevertebral plexus
270(1)
Regional anatomy
271(1)
Surface Topography
271(1)
Four-quadrant pattern
271(1)
Nine-region pattern
272(2)
Abdominal Wall
274(1)
Superficial fascia
274(12)
Anterolateral muscles
276(6)
Extraperitoneal fascia
282(1)
Peritoneum
282(1)
Innervation
283(2)
Arterial supply and venous drainage
285(1)
Lymphatic drainage
286(1)
Groin
286(12)
Inguinal canal
288(6)
Inguinal hernias
294(4)
Abdominal Viscera
298(104)
Peritoneum
298(1)
Peritoneal cavity
299(7)
Organs
306(36)
Arterial supply
342(11)
Venous drainage
353(4)
Lymphatics
357(1)
Innervation
357(8)
Posterior Abdominal Region
365(1)
Posterior abdominal wall
366(7)
Viscera
373(13)
Vasculature
386(6)
Lymphatic system
392(2)
Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region
394(8)
Surface anatomy
402(11)
Abdomen surface anatomy
402(1)
Defining the surface projection of the abdomen
402(1)
How to find the superficial inguinal ring
403(1)
How to determine lumbar vertebral levels
404(1)
Visualizing structures at the LI vertebral level
405(1)
Visualizing the position of major blood vessels
406(1)
Using abdominal quadrants to locate major viscera
407(1)
Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut is referred
408(1)
Where to find the kidneys
409(1)
Where to find the spleen
409(4)
Clinical cases
409
5 Pelvis and perineum
Conceptual overview
413(1)
General Description
413(1)
Functions
413(3)
Contains and supports the bladder, rectum, anal canal, and reproductive tracts
413(2)
Anchors the roots of the external genitalia
415(1)
Component Parts
416(6)
Pelvic inlet
416(1)
Pelvic walls
416(2)
Pelvic outlet
418(1)
Pelvic floor
419(1)
Pelvic cavity
419(1)
Perineum
420(2)
Relationship to Other Regions
422(2)
Abdomen
422(1)
Lower limb
423(1)
Key Features
424(7)
The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly
424(1)
Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic cavity
425(1)
The prostate in men and the uterus in women are anterior to the rectum
426(1)
The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord segments
426(1)
Nerves are related to bone
427(1)
Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels S2 to S4 controls erection
428(1)
Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum intersect at the perineal body
429(1)
The course of the urethra is different in men and women
429(2)
Regional anatomy
431(1)
Pelvis
431(64)
Bones
431(5)
Joints
436(2)
Orientation
438(1)
Differences between men and women
438(1)
True pelvis
439(11)
Viscera
450(24)
Fascia
474(1)
Peritoneum
474(5)
Nerves
479(9)
Blood vessels
488(6)
Lymphatics
494(1)
Perineum
495(20)
Borders and ceiling
495(2)
Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses
497(1)
Anal triangle
497(2)
Urogenital triangle
499(9)
Somatic nerves
508(2)
Visceral nerves
510(1)
Blood vessels
511(1)
Veins
511(3)
Lymphatics
514(1)
Surface anatomy
515(6)
Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum
515(1)
Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the anatomical position
515(1)
How to define the margins of the perineum
515(2)
Identification of structures in the anal triangle
517(1)
Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of women
518(1)
Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of men
519(2)
Clinical cases
521(4)
6 Lower Limb
Conceptual overview
525(1)
General Introduction
525(2)
Function
527(2)
Support the body weight
527(1)
Locomotion
527(2)
Component Parts
529(6)
Bones and joints
529(4)
Muscles
533(2)
Relationship to Other Regions
535(1)
Abdomen
535(1)
Pelvis
535(1)
Perineum
535(1)
Key Points
535(6)
Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal nerves
535(5)
Nerves related to bone
540(1)
Superficial veins
540(1)
Regional anatomy
541(23)
Bony pelvis
541(3)
Proximal femur
544(4)
Hip joint
548(4)
Gateways to the lower limb
552(1)
Nerves
553(3)
Arteries
556(2)
Veins
558(2)
Lymphatics
560(1)
Deep fascia and the saphenous opening
561(1)
Femoral triangle
562(2)
Gluteal Region
564(9)
Muscles
564(5)
Nerves
569(3)
Arteries
572(1)
Veins
573(1)
Lymphatics
573(1)
Thigh
573(37)
Bones
574(5)
Muscles
579(11)
Arteries
590(3)
Veins
593(1)
Nerves
594(2)
Knee joint
596(11)
Tibiofibular joint
607(1)
Popliteal fossa
607(3)
Leg
610(47)
Bones
610(2)
Joints
612(1)
Posterior compartment of leg
613(7)
Lateral compartment of leg
620(2)
Anterior compartment of leg
622(3)
Foot
625(2)
Bones
627(4)
Joints
631(9)
Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major structures at the ankle
640(2)
Arches of the foot
642(1)
Plantar aponeurosis
643(1)
Fibrous sheaths of toes
643(1)
Extensor hoods
644(1)
Intrinsic muscles
644(7)
Arteries
651(2)
Veins
653(1)
Nerves
653(4)
Surface anatomy
657(12)
Lower limb surface anatomy
657(1)
Avoiding the sciatic nerve
657(1)
Finding the femoral artery in the femoral triangle
658(1)
Identifying structures around the knee
658(2)
Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa
660(1)
Finding the tarsal tunnel---the gateway to the foot
661(1)
Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the foot
662(1)
Finding the dorsalis pedis artery
663(1)
Approximating the position of the plantar arterial arch
663(1)
Major superficial veins
664(1)
Pulse points
665(1)
Clinical cases
665(4)
7 Upper Limb
Conceptual overview
669(1)
General Description
669(1)
Functions
670(4)
Positioning the hand
670(3)
The hand as a mechanical tool
673(1)
The hand as a sensory tool
673(1)
Component Parts
674(3)
Bones and joints
674(2)
Muscles
676(1)
Relationship to Other Regions
677(2)
Neck
677(1)
Back and thoracic wall
678(1)
Key Points
679(7)
Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic nerves
679(4)
Nerves related to bone
683(1)
Superficial veins
684(1)
Orientation of the thumb
685(1)
Regional anatomy
686(21)
Shoulder
686(1)
Bones
686(3)
Joints
689(9)
Muscles
698(3)
Posterior Scapular Region
701(1)
Muscles
702(1)
Gateways to the posterior scapular region
702(2)
Nerves
704(1)
Arteries and veins
704(2)
Axilla
706(29)
Axillary inlet
708(1)
Anterior wall
708(3)
Medial wall
711(1)
Lateral wall
712(1)
Posterior wall
713(2)
Gateways in the posterior wall
715(1)
Floor
716(1)
Contents of the axilla
716(19)
Arm
735(14)
Bones
736(3)
Muscles
739(2)
Arteries and veins
741(4)
Nerves
745(4)
Elbow Joint
749(5)
Cubital Fossa
754(3)
Forearm
757(5)
Bones
759(1)
Joints
760(2)
Anterior Compartment of the Forearm
762(9)
Muscles
762(6)
Arteries and veins
768(2)
Nerves
770(1)
Posterior Compartment of the Forearm
771(7)
Muscles
771(6)
Arteries and veins
777(1)
Nerves
778(1)
Hand
778(28)
Bones
779(2)
Joints
781(3)
Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist
784(3)
Palmar aponeurosis
787(1)
Palmaris brevis
787(1)
Anatomical snuffbox
787(1)
Fibrous digital sheaths
788(1)
Extensor hoods
789(2)
Muscles
791(6)
Arteries and veins
797(4)
Nerves
801(5)
Surface anatomy
806(13)
Upper limb surface anatomy
806(1)
Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior scapular region
806(1)
Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and related structures
807(1)
Locating the brachial artery in the arm
808(1)
The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial nerve
809(1)
Cubital fossa (anterior view)
809(2)
Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and nerves in the distal forearm
811(1)
Normal appearance of the hand
812(1)
Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent branch of the median nerve
813(1)
Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in the hand
813(1)
Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep palmar arches
814(1)
Pulse points
814(1)
Clinical cases
815(4)
8 Head and Neck
Conceptual overview
819(1)
General Description
819(4)
Head
819(2)
Neck
821(2)
Functions
823(1)
Protection
823(1)
Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive tracts
823(1)
Communication
823(1)
Positioning the head
823(1)
Connects the upper and lower respiratory and digestive tracts
823(1)
Component Parts
824(5)
Skull
824(2)
Cervical vertebrae
826(1)
Hyoid bone
827(1)
Soft palate
828(1)
Muscles
828(1)
Relationship to Other Regions
829(1)
Thorax
829(1)
Upper limbs
829(1)
Key Features
830(7)
Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI
830(1)
Airway in the neck
831(1)
Cranial nerves
832(1)
Cervical nerves
833(1)
Functional separation of the digestive and respiratory passages
833(3)
Triangles of the neck
836(1)
Regional anatomy
837(9)
Skull
837(1)
Anterior view
837(2)
Lateral view
839(2)
Posterior view
841(1)
Superior view
842(1)
Inferior view
842(4)
Cranial Cavity
846(9)
Roof
846(1)
Floor
847(8)
Meninges
855(6)
Cranial dura mater
855(3)
Arachnoid mater
858(1)
Pia mater
859(1)
Arrangement of meninges and spaces
859(2)
Brain and Its Blood Supply
861(18)
Brain
861(1)
Blood supply
862(7)
Venous drainage
869(10)
Cranial Nerves
879(10)
Olfactory nerve [ I]
881(1)
Optic nerve [ II]
881(1)
Oculomotor nerve [ III]
882(1)
Trochlear nerve [ IV]
882(1)
Trigeminal nerve [ V]
883(1)
Abducent nerve [ VI]
883(1)
Facial nerve [ VII]
883(1)
Vestibulocochlear nerve [ VIII]
884(1)
Glossopharyngeal nerve [ IX]
884(4)
Vagus nerve [ X]
888(1)
Accessory nerve [ XI]
888(1)
Hypoglossal nerve [ XII]
888(1)
Face
889(18)
Muscles
889(7)
Parotid gland
896(3)
Innervation
899(2)
Vessels
901(6)
Scalp
907(5)
Layers
907(2)
Innervation
909(1)
Vessels
910(1)
Lymphatic drainage
911(1)
Orbit
912(26)
Bony orbit
912(5)
Lacrimal apparatus
917(2)
Fissures and foramina
919(1)
Fascial specializations
920(1)
Muscles
921(6)
Vessels
927(1)
Innervation
928(4)
Eyeball
932(6)
Ear
938(19)
External ear
939(4)
Middle ear
943(7)
Internal ear
950(7)
Temporal and Infratemporal Fossae
957(20)
Bony framework
958(2)
Temporomandibular joints
960(2)
Masseter muscle
962(1)
Temporal fossa
963(3)
Infratemporal fossa
966(11)
Pterygopalatine Fossa
977(8)
Skeletal framework
978(1)
Gateways
979(1)
Contents
979(6)
Neck
985(40)
Fascia
985(3)
Superficial venous drainage
988(3)
Anterior triangle of the neck
991(17)
Posterior triangle of the neck
1008(7)
Root of the neck
1015(10)
Pharynx
1025(12)
Skeletal framework
1026(1)
Pharyngeal wall
1027(3)
Fascia
1030(1)
Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them
1031(1)
Nasopharynx
1031(2)
Oropharynx
1033(1)
Laryngopharynx
1033(1)
Tonsils
1033(1)
Vessels
1034(2)
Nerves
1036(1)
Larynx
1037(17)
Laryngeal cartilages
1038(3)
Extrinsic ligaments
1041(1)
Intrinsic ligaments
1042(1)
Laryngeal joints
1043(1)
Cavity of the larynx
1044(2)
Intrinsic muscles
1046(3)
Function of the larynx
1049(2)
Vessels
1051(2)
Nerves
1053(1)
Nasal Cavities
1054(18)
Lateral wall
1055(1)
Regions
1056(1)
Innervation and blood supply
1057(1)
Skeletal framework
1057(2)
External nose
1059(1)
Paranasal sinuses
1059(2)
Walls, floor, and roof
1061(4)
Nares
1065(1)
Choanae
1066(1)
Gateways
1067(1)
Vessels
1067(3)
Innervation
1070(2)
Oral Cavity
1072(34)
Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity
1073(1)
Skeletal framework
1073(3)
Walls: the cheeks
1076(1)
Floor
1077(3)
Tongue
1080(7)
Salivary glands
1087(4)
Roof---palate
1091(8)
Oral fissure and lips
1099(1)
Oropharyngeal isthmus
1100(1)
Teeth and gingivae
1100(6)
Surface anatomy
1106(10)
Head and neck surface anatomy
1106(1)
Anatomical position of the head and major landmarks
1106(1)
Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI vertebral levels
1107(1)
How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck
1108(1)
How to locate the median cricothyroid ligament
1109(1)
How to find the thyroid gland
1110(1)
Estimating the position of the middle meningeal artery
1110(1)
Major features of the face
1111(1)
The eye and lacrimal apparatus
1112(1)
External ear
1113(1)
Pulse points
1114(2)
Clinical cases
1116
e9 Neuroanatomy
Part I Nervous System Overview
Development
Terms of orientation
Cellular components
Nervous system functional organization
Part II Brain
Cerebral hemispheres
Ventricular system
Meninges
Cerebral vasculature
Venous drainage
Part III Thalamus
Part IV Brainstem
Overview
External midbrain
External pons
External medulla oblongata
Brainstem internal features
Internal midbrain
Internal pons
Internal medulla oblongata
Vascular supply to the brainstem
Part V Spinal cord
Overview
Spinal meninges
External features
Internal features
Ascending tracts in the spinal cord
Descending tracts in the spinal cord
Vascular supply to the spinal cord
Part VI Basal nuclei
Corpus striatum
Connections of the basal nuclei
Part VII Cerebellum
Structures of the cerebellum
Afferent cerebellar pathways
Efferent cerebellar pathways
Vascular supply
Part VIII Visual system
Central visual pathway
Part IX Auditory and vestibular system
Auditory system
Cochlea
Central auditory pathways
Vestibular system
Central vestibular pathways
Part X Hypothalamus
Borders of the hypothalamus
Connections to the pituitary
Functional divisions of the hypothalamus
Summary of connections
Part XI Olfactory and limbic system
Olfactory system
Limbic System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Gastrointestinal System
Urogenital System
Nervous System
eS1 Cardiovascular System
eS2 Respiratory System
eS3 Gastrointestinal System
eS4 Urogenital System
eS5 Lymphatic System
eS6 Nervous System
Richard L. Drake PhD is Director of Anatomy, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; USA. A. Wayne Vogl is Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology in the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences at the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Adam W. M. Mitchell is a Lecturer, Interventional Fellow int the Department of Interventional Radiology at Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK