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VOLUME 1 The Great North American Stage Directors |
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vii | |
Series Introduction James Peck |
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viii | |
Acknowledgments |
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x | |
Introduction: Forerunners and Groundbreakers in the Art of Theatrical Directing Cheryl Black |
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1 | (1) |
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1 The Belasco Brand: Directing the Modern Theatrical Experience |
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23 | (36) |
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2 The Cultural Imaginings of a Theatrical Impresario: David Belasco in Context |
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59 | (42) |
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3 Arthur Hopkins's First Act: Before the Crash (1913-29) |
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101 | (40) |
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4 Arthur Hopkins's Second Act: After the Crash (1928-48) |
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141 | (24) |
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5 "She Must Be Fierce": Margaret Webster's Groundbreaking Broadway Career |
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165 | (39) |
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6 Not the Moor, but the Figure of the Moor: A Case Study of the Racial, Political, and Personal Stakes of Margaret Webster's Othello (1943) and The Tempest (1945) |
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204 | (39) |
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Notes on Contributors |
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243 | (2) |
Index |
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245 | |
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VOLUME 2 The Great North American Stage Directors |
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vii | |
Series Introduction James Peck |
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viii | |
Introduction: The Director in the Company and the Value of Crisis Jonathan Chambers |
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1 | (1) |
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1 Harold Clurman, the Group, and the Legacy of a Director |
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15 | (26) |
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2 Cultural Messiah: Harold Clurman and the Early Years of the Group Theatre |
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41 | (22) |
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3 Something More Than the "Naked Facts": Clurman and Odets's Messy Idealism |
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63 | (24) |
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4 Orson Welles, Project 891, and the Mercury Theatre: A Consideration of Welles as the Director of a Company |
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87 | (23) |
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5 Recovering History and Supernatural Politics: Orson Welles's Creative Collaborations in the Federal Theatre Project's "Voodoo Macbeth" |
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110 | (26) |
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6 Caesar: A Production for Its Time and Beyond |
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136 | (31) |
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7 Margo Jones and the Rhetoric of Company-Making |
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167 | (24) |
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8 Margo Jones and Alma Winemiller: A Director and Her Doppelganger |
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191 | (23) |
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9 On a Double-Dog Dare: Margo Jones's Production of Inherit the Wind |
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214 | (24) |
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Notes on Contributors |
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238 | (3) |
Index |
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241 | |
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VOLUME 3 The Great North American Stage Directors |
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vii | |
Series Introduction James Peck |
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ix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xii | |
Introduction: Living the American Dream |
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1 | (1) |
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1 Gadget Makes American Theatre |
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13 | (42) |
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2 Choreography as Directing: On Jerome Robbins |
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55 | (23) |
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3 Jerome Robbins: A Hide-and-Seek Directorial Life |
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78 | (37) |
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4 Lloyd Richards in the Classroom |
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115 | (24) |
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5 The Performative Tradition of Lloyd Richards |
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139 | (39) |
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6 Mentoring August: Lloyd Richards and August Wilson |
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178 | (30) |
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Notes on Contributors |
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208 | (2) |
Index |
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210 | (3) |
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VOLUME 4 The Great North American Stage Directors |
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ix | |
Series Introduction James Peck |
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x | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (1) |
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1 Speedy Entertainment: How the Abbott Touch Shaped the Mid-Century Musical |
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15 | (19) |
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34 | (20) |
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54 | (21) |
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4 The Remaining One-Third: Vinnette Carroll and the Urban Arts Corps |
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75 | (23) |
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5 An Architect of Feeling: Vinnette Carroll and Her Broadway Gospel Musicals |
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98 | (21) |
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6 Vinnette Carroll, Langston Hughes, and the Creation of the Gospel Song-Play |
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119 | (30) |
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7 Hal Prince Assumes Direction of a Genre |
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149 | (21) |
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8 "A Show Every Year Like Clockwork": Harold Prince's Illustrious Career As a Revolutionary Musical Theatre Director and Creative Producer |
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170 | (21) |
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9 Producing Phantoms: Hal Prince and the Mega in the Mega-Musical |
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191 | (22) |
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Notes on Contributors |
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213 | (5) |
Index |
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218 | |
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About the Editors |
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vii | |
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xxvii | |
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1 | (48) |
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1 The Role of Batteries for the Successful Transition to Renewable Energy Sources |
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3 | (10) |
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1 The Need for Transitioning to Renewable Energy Sources |
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3 | (2) |
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2 Energy Storage as Key Enabler |
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5 | (4) |
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2.1 Stationary Energy Storage |
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5 | (2) |
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2.2 Energy Storage Technologies for Transportation |
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7 | (1) |
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2.3 Storage Technologies for Portable Electronic Devices |
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8 | (1) |
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3 The Variety of Battery Chemistries and Technologies |
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9 | (4) |
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10 | (3) |
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2 Fundamental Principles of Battery Electrochemistry |
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13 | (36) |
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13 | (3) |
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2 Main Battery Components |
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16 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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3 Voltage, Capacity, and Energy |
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19 | (10) |
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3.1 Theoretical Cell Voltage |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (3) |
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3.3 Energy Storage and Delivery |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (6) |
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4.1 Kinetics and Over voltage |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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4.4 Mass Transfer Polarization |
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32 | (3) |
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5 Practical Operating Parameters |
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35 | (2) |
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5.1 Coulombic Efficiency and Energy Efficiency (Round-Trip Efficiency) |
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35 | (1) |
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5.2 Capacity Retention and Cycle Life |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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6 Main Classes of Batteries and Alternative Electrochemical Power Sources |
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37 | (12) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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6.1.5 Li Primary Batteries |
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40 | (1) |
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6.2 Secondary Batteries (Accumulators) |
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41 | (1) |
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6.2.1 Lead-Acid Batteries |
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42 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries |
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42 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Ni-Metal-Hydride Batteries |
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42 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries |
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43 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Redox Flow Batteries |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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6.3.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) |
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45 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) |
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45 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) |
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45 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) |
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46 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) |
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46 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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Section II Presently Employed Battery Technologies |
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49 | (408) |
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3 Lead-Acid - Still the Battery Technology with the Largest Sales |
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52 | (43) |
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1 Introduction and History |
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51 | (1) |
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2 Fundamentals of the Lead-Acid Accumulator |
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52 | (10) |
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52 | (2) |
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2.2 Electrode Potentials in Equilibrium |
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54 | (1) |
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2.2.1 Thermodynamic Fundamentals |
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54 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Equilibrium Potential of the Main Reaction |
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55 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Single-Electrode Potentials |
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57 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Important Reference Electrodes |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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2.3.1.1 Hydrogen Evolution |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Oxidation of Organic Substances |
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62 | (1) |
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3 Behavior of the Lead-Acid Accumulator During Current Flow |
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62 | (5) |
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3.1 Overpotentials in Lead-Acid Accumulators |
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63 | (1) |
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3.2 Mathematic Concept to Describe the Electron Transfer Reaction |
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63 | (1) |
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3.3 Inhibition of the Electron Transfer Reaction During Charge |
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64 | (1) |
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3.4 Current/Voltage Characteristics During Overcharge |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (6) |
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4.1 Sulfation of Negative Active Mass |
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69 | (4) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (4) |
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77 | (1) |
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6.2 Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries |
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78 | (2) |
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7 Discharge Characteristic |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (4) |
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8.1 IUIa Charging Algorithms |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (3) |
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9.1 Theoretical Description of the Heat Sources and Sinks |
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86 | (3) |
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10 New Development Trends for Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries |
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89 | (6) |
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10.1 Thin Plate Pure Lead Technology |
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89 | (1) |
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10.2 Enhanced Lead-Carbon Batteries |
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90 | (1) |
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10.3 Bipolar Lead-Acid Batteries |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (4) |
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4 Ni/Cd and Ni-MH - The Transition to "Charge Carrier"-Based Batteries |
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95 | (36) |
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1 Introduction to Ni/Cd and Ni-MH Batteries |
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95 | (2) |
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2 Basic Structure of Ni-MH Battery |
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97 | (1) |
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3 Electrochemistry of Ni-MH Battery |
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98 | (2) |
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4 Positive Electrode Materials of Ni-MH Batteries |
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100 | (4) |
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102 | (1) |
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4.2 Electrochemical Characteristics |
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103 | (1) |
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5 Negative Electrode Materials of Ni-MH Batteries |
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104 | (12) |
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5.1 Electrochemical Reaction Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Storage Electrode Alloys |
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105 | (1) |
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5.2 Electrochemical Reaction Kinetics of Hydrogen Storage Alloys |
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106 | (2) |
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5.3 Requirements for Hydrogen Storage Electrode Alloys |
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108 | (2) |
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5.4 Classification of Hydrogen Storage Electrode Alloys |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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5.4.2 AB2-Type Laves Alloys |
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113 | (1) |
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5.4.3 A2B7-Typeand AB3-Type Superlattice Alloys |
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114 | (2) |
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6 State-of-the-Art of Ni-MH Battery |
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116 | (109) |
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6.1 High Power Ni-MH Battery |
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117 | (1) |
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6.2 High-Capacity Ni-MH Battery |
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118 | (5) |
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6.3 High-/Low-Temperature Ni-MH Battery |
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123 | (1) |
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6.4 Low Self-Discharge Ni-MH Battery |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (5) |
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5 Brief Survey on the Historical Development of LIBs |
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131 | (18) |
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131 | (1) |
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2 Aqueous Electrolyte System |
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131 | (1) |
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3 Nonaqueous Electrolyte System |
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132 | (3) |
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4 Insertion/Extraction of Lithium Ion |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (12) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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5.6 Cathode Collector and Conductive Material |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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5.9 Mixing and Coating Technology |
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142 | (1) |
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5.10 Assembly of Lithium-Ion Cells |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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147 | (2) |
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147 | (2) |
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6 Present LIB Chemistries |
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149 | (36) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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3.1 Commercialized Carbons in LIBs |
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159 | (3) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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3.4 Hard Carbons (Nongraphitizable Carbons) |
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164 | (1) |
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3.5 High-Potential Negative Electrode |
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164 | (1) |
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3.6 Silicon-Based Materials |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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4.1 Introduction - General Concept of Electrolyte Designing in Practical LIBs |
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167 | (1) |
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4.2 Classification of LIB Electrolytes |
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168 | (2) |
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4.3 Organic Solvent Electrolytes |
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170 | (3) |
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4.4 Polymeric Solid and Gel Electrolytes |
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173 | (1) |
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4.5 Inorganic Solid Electrolytes |
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174 | (2) |
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4.6 Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (6) |
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7 Anticipated Progress in the Near- to Mid-Term Future of LIBs |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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1.5 Performance Improvements |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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2.3 Intercalation-Based Anode |
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193 | (1) |
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2.3.1 Graphite-Based Materials |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Other Metal Elements: Tin, Lead, Antimony, and Bismuth |
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197 | (1) |
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2.5 Conversion-Based Anode |
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298 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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3.2 Organic Liquid Electrolyte |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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3.3 Gel Polymer Electrolyte |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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4.2 Detailed Requirements of Separator |
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204 | (1) |
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4.3 Polyolefin Separators |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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4.5 Inorganic Composite Separators |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (11) |
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207 | (10) |
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8 Safety Considerations with Lithium-Ion Batteries |
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217 | (26) |
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217 | (1) |
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2 Material Influence on Risks |
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218 | (6) |
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218 | (4) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (4) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (6) |
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4.1 Triggers External to the Cell |
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228 | (2) |
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4.2 Internal Cell Triggers |
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230 | (1) |
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4.3 Propagation of Cell Failures |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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5 Handling of Risk Events |
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234 | (4) |
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5.1 General Considerations |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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5.3 Fire-Extinguishing Agents |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (5) |
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239 | (4) |
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9 Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries |
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243 | (34) |
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243 | (3) |
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2 Recycling Technologies/Processes |
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246 | (13) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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2.3 Pyrometallurgical Treatment |
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248 | (1) |
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2.4 Hydrometallurgical Treatment |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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2.6 Current Recycling Activities in Europe |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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2.6.4 ERLOS: Separate Washing of Anode and Cathode Foils |
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254 | (2) |
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2.6.5 Laboratory- and Pilot-Scale Processes |
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256 | (1) |
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2.6.5.1 Supercritical CO2 for Electrolyte Extraction |
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256 | (1) |
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2.6.5.2 Froth Flotation for Separating Active Material |
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256 | (1) |
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2.6.6 Electrohydraulic Fragmentation |
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257 | (2) |
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3 Assessment of Battery Recycling Processes |
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259 | (6) |
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3.1 Techno-Economic Performance of the Different Recycling Processes |
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259 | (4) |
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3.2 Environmental Performance of the Different Recycling Processes |
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263 | (2) |
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4 Challenges and Potentials |
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265 | (5) |
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4.1 Technological Challenges |
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265 | (1) |
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4.1.1 Safety and Design for Recycling |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Variety of Materials and Mixed Battery Waste Streams |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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4.2.1 Value of Recycling Products |
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267 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Temporal Mismatch of Recycling Products |
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268 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Increasing Raw Material Prices |
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269 | (1) |
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4.3 Environmental Considerations |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Legislation and Enforcement |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (7) |
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272 | (5) |
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10 Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries |
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277 | (34) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (9) |
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2.1 Synthesis of Vanadium Electrolytes |
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279 | (1) |
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2.2 Concentration and Chemical Stability of Vanadium Electrolytes |
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280 | (3) |
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2.3 Ionic Conductivity and Viscosity of Electrolyte |
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283 | (1) |
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2.4 Mixed-Acid Vanadium Electrolytes |
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283 | (2) |
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2.5 Additives for Vanadium Electrolytes |
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285 | (2) |
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2.6 State-of-Charge (SOC) |
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287 | (1) |
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3 Membranes and Transport of Species |
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288 | (8) |
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3.1 Function of the Membranes |
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288 | (1) |
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3.2 Characterization Methods of Membranes |
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289 | (1) |
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3.2.1 Swelling Behavior and Acid Absorption |
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289 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Permeability and Crossover |
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290 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Conductivity and Resistance |
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291 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Chemical Stability of Membranes |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (5) |
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296 | (1) |
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4.2 Carbon Paper Electrodes and "Zero-Gap" Concept of Cell Configuration |
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297 | (3) |
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4.3 Degradation Study of Carbon Electrodes |
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|
300 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (10) |
|
|
301 | (10) |
|
|
311 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
1 Overview of Zn-Br Batteries |
|
|
311 | (4) |
|
|
315 | (15) |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
2.2.1 Formation of ZnBr2n-n Complexes |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
2.2.2 Complexation Reactions of Polybromide Anions |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Bromine Sequestration Agents |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
2.2.4 Electrolyte Additive for the Negative Electrolyte |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
2.3.1 Electrochemistry of Br0/Br2 Redox Reaction in Positive Electrode |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
2.3.2 Charge Transfer Reaction |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 Electrode Developments |
|
|
325 | (3) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
2.4.1 Electrochemistry of Zn0/Zn2+Redox Reaction |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
2.4.2 Kinetics of Zn Electrodeposition |
|
|
328 | (2) |
|
2 A3 Structures of Zn Deposit |
|
|
330 | (4) |
|
2.4.4 Electrode Development |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
|
334 | (4) |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
3.2 Module and System Design |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
4.2 Heat and pH Management |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (9) |
|
|
340 | (9) |
|
12 The Sodium/Nickel Chloride Battery |
|
|
349 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
1 General Characteristics |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
2 Description of the Electrochemical Systems |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
2.1 Main Electrochemical Reactions |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
3 Cell Design and Performance Characteristics |
|
|
353 | (7) |
|
3.1 Solid Electrolyte Description |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
3.2 Performance Characteristics |
|
|
355 | (3) |
|
3.3 Discharge at Different Rates |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
3.5 Peak Pulse Power Test |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
4 Battery Design and Performance Characteristics |
|
|
360 | (4) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (3) |
|
5 Series Production Technology |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
6 Market Overview and Application |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
7 Transport of Cells and Batteries |
|
|
366 | (5) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
13 High-Temperature Battery Technologies: Na-S |
|
|
371 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
2 High-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Systems |
|
|
373 | (13) |
|
2.1 Basics of Sodium-Sulfur Batteries |
|
|
373 | (3) |
|
2.2 Advantages of Sodium-Sulfur Batteries |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
2.3 Challenges to Overcome |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
2.4 Solid Electrolytes: Alternatives |
|
|
378 | (8) |
|
3 Intermediate-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Systems |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
4 Low-Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Systems |
|
|
387 | (6) |
|
5 Sodium-Sulfur Technology Implementation in Industry |
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
|
396 | (11) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (11) |
|
14 Solid-State Batteries with Polymer Electrolytes |
|
|
407 | (50) |
|
|
|
|
407 | (3) |
|
2 Lithium-Ion Batteries and "Soft" Gel Electrolytes |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
3 Lithium Metal Batteries and SPEs |
|
|
412 | (12) |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
3.2 The Lithium Metal Anode |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
3.3.2 Modification of PEO by Physical Interactions |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
3.3.3 Chemical Modification of PEO |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
|
424 | (12) |
|
4.1 Polycarbonate Solid Polymer Electrolytes |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
4.2 Hybrid Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
4.2.1 "Polymer-In-Ceramics" and Layered Electrolytes |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
4.4 Liquid Crystal Electrolytes |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
4.5 Oligomeric Anions, Polyanions, and Single-Ion Conductors |
|
|
432 | (4) |
|
|
436 | (21) |
|
|
436 | (21) |
|
|
About the Editors |
|
vii | |
|
|
xxvii | |
|
Section III Potential Candidates for the Future Energy Storage |
|
|
457 | (400) |
|
15 Solid-State Batteries with Inorganic Electrolytes |
|
|
459 | (62) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
459 | (11) |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
1.2 Energy Density and Safety Issue of Li Batteries |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
1.3 Differences between Solid and Liquid Electrolyte Batteries |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (3) |
|
1.5 Li Metal and Li Ion Secondary Batteries |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
1.6 Solid Electrolytes: Their Stability, Issues, and Approaches |
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
1.7 Hybrid Solid-State Batteries |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
2 AU-Solid-State Li Primary Batteries |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
3 All-Solid-State Secondary Battery |
|
|
472 | (36) |
|
|
472 | (3) |
|
3.1.1 Micro-Batteries Based on Oxide |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
3.1.2 Thin-Film Batteries Based on LiPON Family |
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
3.2.1 Hidden Grain-Boundary Resistance |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Thio-Phosphate (LPS) Family |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
3.2.5 Transition Metal Oxide for Cathode in Sulfide-Based ASSB |
|
|
486 | (4) |
|
3.2.6 Sulfur Cathode for Sulfide-Based ASSB |
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
3.2.8 Pelletized Test Cells |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
3.2.9 Process of Large-Size Cells |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
3.2.10 Demonstration Cells |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
3.3.1 Borohydride and Others |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
3.3.3 Search for New SEs Using Material Informatics |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
|
508 | (13) |
|
4.1 Future Applications of ASSBs and Their Markets |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
4.2 Challenge of ASSBs to xEV Battery Application |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
4.2.1 Safety Issues on Sulfide-Based Cells |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
4.2.2 Gap Between the Image and Present Status in Sulfide-Based Batteries |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
4.2.3 Approaches to Fill the Gap in Sulfide-Based Batteries |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
4.3 Prospect of Solid-State Batteries |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
511 | (10) |
|
|
521 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
521 | (7) |
|
1.1 Principles of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries |
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
1.2 Historical Development |
|
|
525 | (3) |
|
2 Intrinsic Materials Issues |
|
|
528 | (8) |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
2.6 Electrode Instability |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
2.7 Summary of the Intrinsic Materials Issues |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
3 Extrinsic Technical Issues |
|
|
536 | (10) |
|
3.1 Effective Capacity and Energy Density |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
538 | (3) |
|
3.3 Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratios |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
3.5 Cell-Testing Conditions |
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
3.6 Summary of the Extrinsic Technical Challenges |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
546 | (11) |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
547 | (10) |
|
17 Lithium-Oxygen Batteries |
|
|
557 | (42) |
|
|
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
2 Attainable Performance Metrics of Metal-O2 Cells |
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
3 Reaction Mechanism of the Li-O2 Cathode |
|
|
561 | (7) |
|
3.1 Li2O2 Formation on Discharge |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
3.4 Alternative Storage Media |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
4 Parasitic Chemistry in Metal-O2 Cathodes |
|
|
568 | (10) |
|
4.1 Metrics Indicating Reversible Cell Operation |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
4.2 Reactivity of Molecular and Reduced Oxygen |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
4.3 Singlet Oxygen in Metal-O2 Cells |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
4.3.1 Evidence for Singlet Oxygen as the Main Culprit for Parasitic Chemistry |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
4.3.2 Pathways Toward Singlet Oxygen |
|
|
573 | (3) |
|
4.3.3 Quenching Singlet Oxygen |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
|
578 | (3) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
6 Moving the Li-O2 Cathode Chemistry into Solution |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
7 Electrolytes and Their Stability |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
|
588 | (11) |
|
18 Nonlithium Aprotic Metal/Oxygen Batteries Using Na, K, Mg, or Ca as Metal Anode |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
2 Basic Principles and Performance Metrics |
|
|
600 | (5) |
|
3 Redox Reactions in the Various Metal/Oxygen Batteries |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
3.1.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics |
|
|
605 | (3) |
|
3.1.2 History of Development, State-of-the-Art, and Current Trends |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
3.1.2.1 Impact of the Carbon Material on the Cathode Reactions |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
3.1.2.2 Impact of the Solvent on Cathode Reactions and Product Stability |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
3.1.2.3 Impact of Water on the Cathode Reactions |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
3.1.2.4 Electrolyte Degradation |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
3.1.2.5 Current Trends on Cathode Materials and Electrolyte Additives |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
3.1.2.6 Increasing the Oxygen Availability |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
3.1.3 Unsolved Challenges |
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
3.2 K/O2 Batteries - Analogy from Na to K |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
3.2.1 Major Discharge Product and Main Advantages |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 State-of-the-Art and Challenges |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
3.2.3 Use of Liquid Alloy Anodes |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
3.3 Ca/O2 and Mg/O2 - The Challenging Transport of Multivalent Ions |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
3.3.2 Research Progress, State-of-the-Art, and Challenges |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
3.3.2.1 Progress on Cathode Reactions for Ca |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
3.3.2.2 Progress on Anode Reactions for Ca |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
3.3.2.3 Progress on Cathode Reactions for Mg |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
3.3.2.4 Progress on Anode Reactions for Mg |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
3.3.2.5 Final Evaluation and Current Trends |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (10) |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
621 | (6) |
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
|
629 | (64) |
|
|
|
|
629 | (3) |
|
2 Active Materials, Electrolyte, and Binders for a Negative Electrode |
|
|
632 | (19) |
|
2.1 Research Progress of Negative Electrode Materials |
|
|
632 | (4) |
|
2.2 Electrolyte Salts, Solvents, Additives, and Binders |
|
|
636 | (9) |
|
2.3 Hard Carbon Materials |
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
2.4 Titanium Phosphates and Oxides |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
2.5 Alloy-Based Materials |
|
|
648 | (3) |
|
3 Positive Electrode Materials |
|
|
651 | (20) |
|
3.1 Research Progress of Positive Electrode |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
3.2 Layered 3d Transition Metal Oxides |
|
|
653 | (3) |
|
3.3 O3-Type NaMeO2 (Me = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
3.3.1 O3-NaScO2, O3-NaTiO2, and O3-NaVO2 |
|
|
656 | (2) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
660 | (4) |
|
3.4 P2-Type Na2/3MeO2 (Me = V, Mn, and Co) |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
3.5 Potential Jump and Na/Vacancy Ordering in Layered Oxides |
|
|
666 | (2) |
|
3.6 Polyanionic Materials |
|
|
668 | (3) |
|
4 Summary and Perspective |
|
|
671 | (22) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
674 | (19) |
|
20 Multivalent Charge Carriers |
|
|
693 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
693 | (5) |
|
2 Magnesium-Based Batteries |
|
|
698 | (8) |
|
2.1 Anodes and Electrolytes |
|
|
699 | (2) |
|
|
701 | (5) |
|
3 Calcium-Based Batteries |
|
|
706 | (4) |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
708 | (2) |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
4 Aluminum-Based Batteries |
|
|
710 | (65) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
5 Technological Prospects |
|
|
715 | (3) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
719 | (10) |
|
21 Aqueous Zinc Batteries |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
730 | (3) |
|
3 Zinc as an Electrode Material |
|
|
733 | (4) |
|
3.1 Benefits and Challenges |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
4 Alkaline Zn-Mn02 Batteries |
|
|
737 | (3) |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
4.2 Manganese Dioxide Cathodes |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
4.4 Rechargeable Zinc Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Batteries |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (8) |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
5.2.3 Prussian Blue Analogs |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
5.2.4 Alternative Cathode Materials |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
5.3 Metal Anodes for Zinc-Ion Batteries |
|
|
745 | (2) |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (17) |
|
|
748 | (3) |
|
|
751 | (2) |
|
6.3 Zinc Metal Electrodes |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
6.4.1 Gas-Diffusion Electrode |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
|
756 | (5) |
|
|
761 | (4) |
|
|
765 | (18) |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
767 | (16) |
|
22 Full-Organic Batteries |
|
|
783 | (74) |
|
|
|
1 Why Full-Organic Batteries? |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
2 Advantages and Challenges Around Organic Materials |
|
|
784 | (5) |
|
2.1 Advantages of the Organic Materials |
|
|
784 | (4) |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
3 The Different Configurations of Full-Organic Batteries |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
4 The Main Electroactive Functions and Their Mechanisms |
|
|
790 | (17) |
|
|
790 | (4) |
|
4.2 Organic Stable Radicals |
|
|
794 | (3) |
|
4.3 The Sulfur-Based Materials |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
4.3.1 Organodisulfides (Molecule or Polymer) with S--S Bond in the Main Chain |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
4.3.2 Organodisulfides (Molecule or Polymer) with S--S Bond in Side Chains |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
|
799 | (4) |
|
4.5 Miscellaneous Approaches |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
4.5.2 Conjugated Nitrogen |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
5 Strategies Against Solubilization of the Active Organic Materials |
|
|
807 | (27) |
|
5.1 Electroactive Polymers and Electroactive Pendant Groups on Polymers |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
5.1.1 Organic Radical Polymers |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
5.1.2 The Sulfur-Based Polymers |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
5.1.2.1 Polymeric Organodisulfides with S--S Bonds in the Main Chain |
|
|
808 | (4) |
|
5.1.2.2 Polymeric Organodisulfides with S--S Bonds in Side Chains |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
5.1.3 The Carbonyl-Based Polymers |
|
|
812 | (14) |
|
5.2 Polyanionic Salt Formation |
|
|
826 | (4) |
|
5.3 Solid-State Electrolyte Approach |
|
|
830 | (4) |
|
6 Strategies for Improving Electronic Conductivity |
|
|
834 | (3) |
|
|
834 | (1) |
|
6.2 Functionalization of Conducting Polymers |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
6.2.1 Conducting Polymers Functionalized by TEMPO Group |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Conducting Polymers Functionalized by Disulfide Bonds |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
6.2.3 Conducting Polymers Functionalized by Quinone Derivatives |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
6.2.4 Conducting Polymers Functionalized by Ferrocene Groups |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
|
837 | (8) |
|
7.1 n-Type Organic Materials in Full-Organic Cells |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
7.2 n- and p-Type Organics in Full-Organic Dual-Ion Cells |
|
|
838 | (3) |
|
7.3 p-Type Organic Materials in Full-Organic Cells |
|
|
841 | (4) |
|
|
845 | (12) |
|
|
846 | (11) |
Index |
|
857 | |