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El. knyga: Green Chemistry Metrics: A Guide to Determining and Evaluating Process Greenness

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This contribution to SpringerBriefs in Green Chemistry outlines and discusses the four major green chemistry metrics (atom economy, reaction mass efficiency, E factor and process mass intensity), at a level that is comprehensible by upper-level undergraduates. Such students have previously received fundamental training in organic chemistry basics, and are ideally positioned to learn about green chemistry principles, of which metrics is one foundational pillar. Following this, other green metrics in common use are discussed, along with applications that allow important calculations to be easily undertaken. Finally, an introduction to metrics in the context of life cycle analyses is presented. It should be noted that no other available publication teaches green chemistry metrics in detail with an emphasis on educating undergraduates, whilst simultaneously providing a contemporary industrial flavour to the material.

Recenzijos

This work, part of the SpringerBriefs in Green Chemistry series, is suitable for those who desire an overview and a few practical applications of green chemistry principles and associated metrics. an excellent foundation for a one-to-three-week module of another chemistry course, or a seminar course on green chemistry principles and practice. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners. (R. Handler, Choice, Vol. 52 (9), May, 2015)

1 Green Chemistry and Associated Metrics
1(16)
1.1 Green Chemistry
1(4)
1.1.1 The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
2(2)
1.1.2 Synthetic Efficiency and Overall Process Quality
4(1)
1.2 Some Award-Winning Green Processes
5(7)
1.2.1 The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards
5(1)
1.2.2 BHC Ibuprofen Synthesis: A Perspective on Intrinsic Efficiency
6(2)
1.2.3 Merck's Synthesis of Januvia: Highlights and Global Efficiency
8(2)
1.2.4 Pfizer's Sertraline Process: A Perspective on Overall Process Quality
10(2)
1.3 Green Metrics: Overview and the Path Forward
12(5)
References
13(4)
2 Atom Economy and Reaction Mass Efficiency
17(28)
2.1 Atom Economy
17(13)
2.1.1 Development and Motivation
17(1)
2.1.2 Definition and Key Assumptions
18(2)
2.1.3 Reaction Types: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
20(3)
2.1.4 Catalysis, Industry and Innovation
23(6)
2.1.5 100 % Atom Economy: Above and Beyond
29(1)
2.2 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME)
30(15)
2.2.1 History and Development
30(4)
2.2.2 Applying RME to Catalysis
34(6)
2.2.3 Future Directions
40(1)
References
40(5)
3 The E Factor and Process Mass Intensity
45(24)
3.1 The E Factor
45(13)
3.1.1 History and Development
45(1)
3.1.2 Intrinsic and Global E Factors
46(3)
3.1.3 Perspective on Waste in Academia and Industry
49(2)
3.1.4 The Solution: Catalysis
51(5)
3.1.5 Perspectives on Waste in Alternative Reaction Media
56(2)
3.1.6 Beyond the E Factor: Innovative Synthetic Methods
58(1)
3.2 Process Mass Intensity (PMI)
58(11)
3.2.1 History and Motivation
58(1)
3.2.2 Process Mass Intensity in Relation to Other Metrics
59(1)
3.2.3 Biocatalysis and the Synthesis of Singulair
60(1)
3.2.4 Future Trends and the Changing Industrial Landscape
61(1)
References
62(7)
4 Selected Qualitative Green Metrics
69(12)
4.1 The EcoScale
69(6)
4.1.1 The Penalty System: Virtues and Drawbacks
70(2)
4.1.2 Application in Education and Academia
72(2)
4.1.3 The Modified Ecoscale: An Industrial Metric?
74(1)
4.2 Other Qualitative Metrics
75(6)
4.2.1 Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses
75(1)
4.2.2 The Andraos Algorithm: Advancing Radial Polygons
76(1)
4.2.3 Future Directions: What Does "Global" Really Mean?
77(1)
References
78(3)
5 An Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment
81
5.1 History and the Journey Toward Standardization
81(1)
5.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
82(4)
5.2.1 The Nuts and Bolts
82(3)
5.2.2 The Green Chemistry Connection
85(1)
5.2.3 Virtues and Limitations
85(1)
5.3 Industrial Application: Revisiting the Synthesis of 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid
86(1)
5.4 Future Directions: A Novel Approach to Teaching LCA and Green Metrics
87
References
88
Andrew (Andy) Dicks joined the University of Toronto Chemistry Department in 1997. After undergraduate and graduate study in the United Kingdom, he became an organic chemistry sessional lecturer in 1999, and was hired as part of the university teaching-stream faculty two years later. He has research interests in undergraduate laboratory instruction that involve designing novel and stimulating experiments, particularly those that showcase green chemistry principles. This work has lead to over twenty peer-reviewed publications in the chemical education literature. Following promotion in 2006, he became Associate Chair for Undergraduate Studies for two years and developed an ongoing interest in improving the student experience in his department. He has won several pedagogical awards, including the University of Toronto President's Teaching Award, the Canadian Institute of Chemistry National Award for Chemical Education, and most recently a 2011 American Chemical Society-Committee on Environmental Improvement Award for Incorporating Sustainability into Chemistry Education.

Andrei Hent earned a Chemistry B.Sc. with Honors in 2012 from the  University of Toronto. Between 2012 and 2014, he worked with Dr.  Andrew Dicks to design a laboratory examination for third-year  undergraduate students featuring green metrics. Most recently, he and  Dr. John Andraos have collaborated on two research papers that focus  on communicating new insights about green metrics to an academic  audience. His professional interests include effective communication  of scientific ideas, especially in the context of organic synthesis,  which he intends to pursue in a graduate program.