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Grid-Side Converters Control and Design: Interfacing Between the AC Grid and Renewable Power Sources 1st ed. 2018 [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 266 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 5679 g, 1 Illustrations, color; 157 Illustrations, black and white; XXX, 266 p. 158 illus., 1 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Power Electronics and Power Systems
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Apr-2018
  • Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319732773
  • ISBN-13: 9783319732770
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Grid-Side Converters Control and Design: Interfacing Between the AC Grid and Renewable Power Sources 1st ed. 2018Didesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 266 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 5679 g, 1 Illustrations, color; 157 Illustrations, black and white; XXX, 266 p. 158 illus., 1 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Power Electronics and Power Systems
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Apr-2018
  • Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319732773
  • ISBN-13: 9783319732770
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9783319732770.html
This textbook is intended for engineering students taking courses in power electronics, renewable energy sources, smart grids or static power converters. It is also appropriate for students preparing a capstone project where they need to understand, model, supply, control and specify the grid side power converters. The main goal of the book is developing in students the skills that are required to design, control and use static power converters that serve as an interface between the ac grid and renewable power sources. The same skills can be used to design, control and use the static power converters used within the micro-grids and nano-grids, as the converters that provide the interface between such grids and the external grid. The author’s approach starts with basic functionality and the role of grid connected power converters in their typical applications, and their static and dynamic characteristics. Particular effort is dedicated to developing simple, concise, intuitive and easy-to-use mathematical models that summarize the essence of the grid side converter dynamics. Mathematics is reduced to a necessary minimum, solved examples are used extensively to introduce new concepts, and exercises are used to test mastery of new skills.

1 Introduction
1(14)
1.1 DC and AC Grids
2(2)
1.1.1 Conventional AC Grids
2(1)
1.1.2 DC Transmission Lines
2(1)
1.1.3 DC Distribution
3(1)
1.1.4 DC Versus AC
4(1)
1.2 Topologies and Functionality
4(3)
1.2.1 Medium- and High-Voltage Converters
4(2)
1.2.2 The Voltage Control in Grid-Side Converters
6(1)
1.2.3 Current Control in Grid-Side Converters
6(1)
1.3 The Impact of Grid-Side Converters
7(3)
1.3.1 DC Bias and Line Harmonics
7(1)
1.3.2 Behavioral Model of Load-Side Converters
8(1)
1.3.3 Behavioral Model of Source-Side Converters
9(1)
1.4 Control Techniques for Grid-Side Converters
10(5)
1.4.1 Robust and Error-Free Feedback Acquisition
10(1)
1.4.2 High Bandwidth Digital Current Controllers
11(1)
1.4.3 Suppression of Low-Order Harmonics
12(1)
1.4.4 Synchronization and Power-Frequency Change
12(1)
References
13(2)
2 PWM Voltage Actuator
15(46)
2.1 Two-Level Inverters with Symmetrical PWM
16(12)
2.1.1 Pulse Width Modulation
16(2)
2.1.2 Pulsed Voltages and the Current Ripple
18(1)
2.1.3 Star Connection and Line Voltages
19(3)
2.1.4 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical PWM Carrier
22(1)
2.1.5 Double Update Rate
23(1)
2.1.6 The Output Voltage Waveform and Spectrum
24(4)
2.2 Space Vector Modulation with DI and DD Sequences
28(14)
2.2.1 The Switching States and the Voltage Vectors
28(3)
2.2.2 The Switching Sequence and Dwell Times
31(3)
2.2.3 DD Switching Sequence
34(1)
2.2.4 DI Switching Sequence
34(2)
2.2.5 The Maximum Output Voltage with DI Sequence
36(3)
2.2.6 Symmetrical PWM with Common Mode Signals
39(3)
2.3 Lockout Time Error and Compensation
42(5)
2.3.1 Implementation of the Lockout Time
42(2)
2.3.2 The Voltage Error Caused by the Lockout Time
44(1)
2.3.3 Compensation of the Lockout Time Voltage Errors
45(2)
2.4 Design of the Output L Filters and LCL Filters
47(6)
2.4.1 The rms Value of the Current Ripple
47(1)
2.4.2 The L-Type Output Filter
48(1)
2.4.3 The LCL-Type Output Filter
49(4)
2.5 Multilevel Inverters and Their PWM Techniques
53(7)
2.5.1 Three-Level Inverters
54(1)
2.5.2 The Phase Voltages and Line Voltages
55(2)
2.5.3 Space Vector Modulation in Multilevel Inverters
57(3)
2.6 Summary
60(1)
3 Acquisition of the Feedback Signals
61(42)
3.1 Current Sensors and Galvanic Insulation
61(10)
3.1.1 Shunt-Based Current Sensing
62(1)
3.1.2 Current Transformers
63(3)
3.1.3 Rogowski Coils
66(3)
3.1.4 Hall Effect and Fluxgate Current Sensors
69(2)
3.2 Analogue Filtering and Sampling
71(22)
3.2.1 Gain and Offset Adjustment
71(4)
3.2.2 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion
75(1)
3.2.3 Sampling Process
76(4)
3.2.4 The Alias-Free Sampling
80(7)
3.2.5 Low-Pass RC Filter as an Anti-alias Filter
87(2)
3.2.6 Second-Order Low-Pass Anti-alias Filter
89(1)
3.2.7 Center-Pulse Sampling
90(3)
3.3 Oversampling-Based Feedback Acquisition
93(10)
3.3.1 One-PWM-Period Averaging
93(1)
3.3.2 Oversampling and Averaging
94(1)
3.3.3 Practical Implementation
95(1)
3.3.4 Pulse Transfer Function of the Feedback Subsystem
96(2)
3.3.5 Current Measurement in LCL Filters
98(5)
4 Introduction to Current Control
103(26)
4.1 The Model of the Load
105(5)
4.1.1 The Three-Phase Load
105(1)
4.1.2 The Model of the Load in α-β Coordinate Frame
106(2)
4.1.3 The Model of the Load in d-q Frame
108(2)
4.2 The PI Current Controllers
110(4)
4.2.1 The PI Controller in α-β Frame
111(1)
4.2.2 The PI Controller in d-q Frame
112(2)
4.3 Decoupling Current Controller in d-q Frame
114(2)
4.3.1 Basic Principles of Internal Model Control
115(1)
4.3.2 Decoupling Controller
115(1)
4.4 Resonant Current Controllers
116(5)
4.4.1 Transformation of the d-q Frame Controller in α-β Frame
117(1)
4.4.2 The Resonant Controller in α-β Frame
118(1)
4.4.3 Dynamic Properties of the Resonant Controller
119(2)
4.5 Disturbance Rejection
121(8)
4.5.1 Disturbance Rejection with d-q Frame PI Controller
121(2)
4.5.2 Active Resistance Feedback
123(6)
5 Discrete-Time Synchronous Frame Controller
129(28)
5.1 Discrete-Time Controller with Center-Pulse Sampling
130(9)
5.1.1 The Pulse Transfer Function of the Load
130(2)
5.1.2 Design of the Controller Structure
132(2)
5.1.3 Parameter Setting
134(2)
5.1.4 Disturbance Rejection
136(3)
5.2 Current Controller with Oversampling-Based Feedback
139(5)
5.2.1 The Pulse Transfer Function of the Feedback Path
139(1)
5.2.2 Design of the Controller Structure
140(1)
5.2.3 Parameter Setting
141(2)
5.2.4 Disturbance Rejection
143(1)
5.3 Current Controllers with Series Compensator
144(4)
5.3.1 Synchronous Sampling with Series Compensator
144(2)
5.3.2 One-PWM-Period Averaging with Series Compensator
146(2)
5.4 Experimental Runs with IMC-Based Controllers
148(9)
5.4.1 Parameters of the Experimental Setup
149(1)
5.4.2 Experimental Results
149(8)
6 Scheduling of the Control Tasks
157(26)
6.1 Scheduling Schemes
157(4)
6.1.1 Conventional Scheduling
158(2)
6.1.2 Advanced Scheduling
160(1)
6.2 Pulse Transfer Function with Advanced Scheduling
161(6)
6.2.1 Pulse Transfer Function of the Load
161(2)
6.2.2 Design of the Controller Structure
163(1)
6.2.3 Closed-Loop and Disturbance Transfer Functions
163(2)
6.2.4 Parameter Setting and the Closed-Loop Performance
165(2)
6.3 Advanced Scheduling with Series Compensator
167(3)
6.3.1 Closed-Loop and Disturbance Transfer Functions
167(2)
6.3.2 Parameter Setting and the Closed-Loop Performance
169(1)
6.4 Experimental Results
170(13)
6.4.1 The Impact of the Computation Delay
171(1)
6.4.2 Input Step Response
172(1)
6.4.3 Robustness Against the Parameter Changes
173(10)
7 Disturbance Rejection
183(28)
7.1 Active Resistance Feedback
183(5)
7.1.1 Equivalent Load with Synchronous Sampling
184(1)
7.1.2 Equivalent Load with One-PWM-Period Averaging
185(1)
7.1.3 Equivalent Load with the Advanced Scheduling
186(1)
7.1.4 The Range of Stable Ra Gains
187(1)
7.2 Design of Decoupling Controllers
188(4)
7.2.1 Conventional Scheduling with Synchronous Sampling
188(2)
7.2.2 Conventional Scheduling with Feedback Averaging
190(1)
7.2.3 Advanced Scheduling with Feedback Averaging
191(1)
7.3 Disturbance Suppression in Synchronous Frame
192(4)
7.3.1 The Applicable Range of Ra Gains
193(1)
7.3.2 Simulation of the Dynamic Response
194(1)
7.3.3 Dynamic Response
194(2)
7.4 Disturbance Suppression in Stationary Frame
196(6)
7.4.1 The Frequency Characteristic of Ys with Ra = 0
199(1)
7.4.2 The Frequency Characteristic of Ys with Ra > 0
199(3)
7.5 Experimental Results
202(4)
7.5.1 Parameters of the Experimental Setup
203(1)
7.5.2 Input Step Response
203(1)
7.5.3 Disturbance Rejection
204(2)
7.6 Concluding Remarks
206(5)
8 Synchronization and Control
211(46)
8.1 Phase-Locked Loop
212(6)
8.1.1 The Phase Detector with a Multiplier
213(1)
8.1.2 Phase Detector with XOR Function
214(1)
8.1.3 The Phase Detector Based on the d-Axis Voltage
214(2)
8.1.4 The Closed-Loop Operation of the PLL
216(2)
8.2 Dynamic Response of Grid-Side Converters
218(14)
8.2.1 Dynamic Response of Conventional Generators
218(5)
8.2.2 The Impact of the Damper Winding
223(1)
8.2.3 Dynamic Response of the PLL-Driven Converter
224(4)
8.2.4 Emulation of Synchronous Machines
228(2)
8.2.5 Negative Impedance
230(2)
8.3 DC-Bus Control and Droop Control
232(5)
8.3.1 DC-Bus Control
233(1)
8.3.2 Droop Control
234(3)
8.4 DC-Bias Detection and Suppression
237(20)
8.4.1 Sensitivity of Distribution Transformers to DC-Bias
238(3)
8.4.2 Peak-Detection Methods
241(3)
8.4.3 Optimum Form of the Core
244(4)
8.4.4 Detection Based on Even Harmonics
248(2)
8.4.5 Closed-Loop DC-Bias Suppression
250(7)
References 257(2)
Bibliography 259(2)
Index 261
Slobodan Vukosavic teaches graduate and postgraduate courses in electric machines, digital control of electrical drives and electric vehicles, and serves as Head of the Power Engineering Department at the University of Belgrade. His scientific interests are in areas of electromechanical conversion, mechatronics, modelling and identification, DSP-based control of power converters & drives and industry automation. He published over 50 international journal papers and completed 37 large scale R/D projects in Europe and the U.S. His work is referenced in the SCI (over 50), as well as in reference books such as the Willey Encyclopaedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. He founded the Laboratory for Digital Control of PC and Drives,, subsuming the R/D efforts of several postgraduates and R/D engineers, related to IR, Philips, Semicron, GE, MOOG, Emerson Electric, TI, Schneider, Sever and other centres in Serbia and abroad.

Prof. Vukosavic conceptualized and designed motion control systems applied at the leading car manufacturers (Fiat, Renault, Peugeot etc.). He was the leading designer of digital multiaxis platforms for industrial robots for several U.S. and European manufacturers (EL-GE, Polimotor, Vickers, Eaton, MOOG) and coordinated design of the first automotive robot based on the integral drive concept and the Real-Time Ethernet host link. His current interests include devices and controls reducing the emission and pollution of power plants, the energy efficiency and advanced drive concepts.