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El. knyga: Guide to International Disarmament Law

(The Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Switzerland), (University of Pretoria, South Africa)
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Disarmament is integral to the safeguarding and promotion of security, development, and human rights. Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent each year on disarmament operations, yet no comprehensive guide exists to explain clearly the international rules governing disarmament. This book seeks to fill that gap. It describes the international legal rules that govern disarmament and the operational, political, and technical considerations that govern their implementation. This book aims to support compliance, implementation, and further development of international disarmament law.

Traditionally, disarmament focused on weapons of mass destruction. This remains a critically important area of work. In recent decades, the scope of disarmament has broadened to encompass also conventional weapons, including through the adoption of rules and regulations to govern arms transfers and measures to eliminate specific munitions from stockpiles and to destroy explosive remnants of war. There have also been four "generations" of programmes to address small arms and light weapons at national or sub-national level through disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) programmes during and following the end of armed conflict.

While an internationally accepted definition of disarmament does not yet exist, it is widely agreed that disarmament encompasses or interrelates with prohibitions and restrictions on the development, production, stockpiling, testing, and transfer of weapons and on their destruction. In addition to clarifying these elements, chapters of this guide will also consider the relationship between disarmament and the law of armed conflict, and with the United Nations Security Council, human security, public health, and non-state actors.
List of text boxes
xii
Cases and materials xiv
Preface xvii
The aim and layout of the guide xx
Acknowledgements xxiii
Introduction 1(12)
The rationale of disarmament
1(3)
Disarmament until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles
4(3)
Disarmament and the League of Nations
7(2)
Disarmament since the establishment of the United Nations
9(4)
1 The core concepts of international disarmament law
13(21)
The definition and scope of disarmament
13(3)
Disarmament and international law
16(10)
The primary and subsidiary sources of international law
16(1)
Treaty as a primary source of international law
16(2)
Key disarmament treaties
18(1)
Soft law instruments
19(1)
Customary international law
20(2)
General principles of disarmament law
22(1)
The notions of 'jurisdiction' and 'control'
22(2)
Geographical jurisdiction
24(1)
Material jurisdiction
25(1)
Key definitions
26(2)
Weapons and arms
26(1)
Weapons, military equipment, and dual-use items
27(1)
Weapons of mass destruction
27(1)
Conventional weapons
28(1)
Treaty definitions
28(6)
Weapons of mass destruction
28(1)
Biological weapons
28(1)
Chemical weapons
29(1)
Nuclear weapons
29(1)
Conventional weapons
30(1)
Anti-personnel mines
30(1)
Cluster munitions
31(1)
Small arms and light weapons
32(2)
2 The core elements of disarmament treaties
34(11)
Stockpile destruction
34(1)
Destruction of used weapons
35(1)
Transfer
36(1)
Production
37(1)
Development
37(1)
Testing
38(1)
Use
38(1)
Victim assistance
39(1)
Information exchange and transparency
39(1)
Verification
39(1)
Assisting prohibited activities
39(1)
Treaty withdrawal
40(5)
3 Disarmament, arms control, and security
45(26)
Introduction
45(1)
Arms races
45(1)
Balance of power and deterrence
46(1)
Humanitarian disarmament and human security
47(1)
Conditions for disarmament
48(1)
Disarmament and the UN system
49(6)
United Nations Charter
49(1)
UN Security Council
50(1)
UN General Assembly
51(1)
Conference on Disarmament
52(1)
Disarmament and non-state actors
53(2)
Disarmament and arms control
55(5)
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
57(1)
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
58(1)
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
58(2)
Vienna Document and Treaty on Open Skies
60(1)
Disarmament and non-proliferation
60(6)
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
61(1)
Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Zangger Committee
62(1)
Australia Group
63(1)
Missile Technology Control Regime and the Hague Code of Conduct
63(2)
Arms Trade Treaty
65(1)
Wassenaar Arrangement
65(1)
Disarmament and the law of armed conflict
66(5)
Classification of armed conflicts
67(2)
Principles of the law of armed conflict
69(1)
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
70(1)
4 Use and threat of use
71(18)
Introduction
71(2)
The definition of use
73(1)
Global disarmament treaties' prohibitions on use
73(6)
Chemical weapons
74(1)
Anti-personnel mines
75(2)
Cluster munitions
77(1)
Nuclear weapons
78(1)
General regulation of use of weapons under the law of armed conflict
79(4)
Indiscriminate weapons
79(3)
The rule of proportionality in attack
82(1)
The superfluous injury rule
82(1)
Specific prohibitions of the use of weapons during armed conflict
83(1)
Weapons and international criminal law
83(2)
Weapons and the law on inter-state use of force (jus ad bellum)
85(4)
The general prohibition of inter-state use of force
85(1)
The prohibition of threat of force
86(1)
Threat of use of weapons of mass destruction
87(1)
Threat of use of nuclear weapons and security assurances
87(2)
5 Development and testing
89(9)
Introduction
89(1)
Definitions
90(2)
`To develop'
90(1)
Research
91(1)
Testing
91(1)
The prohibition of development
92(3)
Permitted development
94(1)
The prohibition of testing
95(3)
6 Transfer
98(22)
Introduction
98(1)
Definitions of transfer
98(5)
The meaning of transfer in disarmament treaties governing WMD
99(2)
The meaning of transfer in treaties governing conventional weapons
101(2)
The meaning of export
103(1)
Treaty prohibitions and exceptions
103(5)
The prohibition of transfer in WMD treaties
103(2)
The prohibition of transfer in conventional weapons treaties
105(3)
Firearms Protocol
108(1)
The Arms Trade Treaty regime
109(2)
UN Security Council regimes
111(1)
Resolution 1540 on the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
111(1)
Arms embargoes
112(1)
Regional legal regimes
112(2)
SADC Protocol on the Control of Firearms and Ammunition
112(1)
ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons
112(1)
European Union Common Position 2008/944/CFSP
113(1)
Kinshasa Convention
114(1)
Politically binding regimes
114(6)
UN Disarmament Commission Guidelines
114(1)
Wassenaar Arrangement documents
115(1)
Missile Technology Control Guidelines
116(1)
Australia Group Guidelines
117(1)
Nuclear Suppliers Group Guidelines
118(2)
7 Stockpile destruction
120(30)
Introduction
120(1)
Treaty obligations, including deadlines
121(16)
Weapons of mass destruction
121(1)
Biological weapons
121(1)
Chemical weapons
122(7)
Nuclear weapons
129(2)
Conventional weapons
131(1)
Landmines
131(2)
Cluster munitions
133(4)
Destruction techniques
137(13)
Biological weapons and toxins
138(2)
Toxic chemicals
140(2)
Fissile material and radioactive waste
142(3)
Conventional munitions
145(1)
Open detonation
145(1)
Open burning
146(1)
Disassembly
147(1)
Cryofracture
148(1)
Hydro-abrasive cutting
148(1)
Microwave melt-out
149(1)
8 Addressing the effects of weapons
150(20)
Introduction
150(1)
Victim assistance
150(3)
A summary of assistance provisions in disarmament treaties
150(2)
The definition of victims
152(1)
The nature of assistance to victims
153(5)
Nuclear weapons
153(1)
Chemical weapons
154(2)
Victims of mines and cluster munitions
156(2)
Clearance of munitions
158(5)
Clearance of anti-personnel mines
158(4)
Clearance of cluster munition remnants
162(1)
Environmental remediation
163(4)
Irradiated soil
163(3)
Soil contaminated with Agent Orange
166(1)
International cooperation and assistance
167(3)
9 Reporting, verification, and compliance
170(39)
Introduction
170(1)
Global disarmament treaties' reporting obligations
171(5)
Biological Weapons Convention
171(1)
Chemical Weapons Convention
172(1)
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
173(1)
Convention on Cluster Munitions
174(1)
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
175(1)
Other instruments' reporting and information exchange
176(4)
Arms Trade Treaty
176(1)
UN Register of Conventional Weapons
176(1)
UN Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light-Weapons
177(1)
Wassenaar Arrangement
177(1)
Nuclear Suppliers Group
178(1)
Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation
178(1)
Vienna Document
179(1)
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
179(1)
Implementation support mechanisms
180(13)
Secretariats and implementation support units
181(1)
OPCW
181(1)
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
182(1)
Convention on Cluster Munitions
183(1)
Biological Weapons Convention
184(1)
Arms Trade Treaty
184(1)
Meetings of states parties and review conferences
185(1)
Biological Weapons Convention
185(1)
Chemical Weapons Convention
186(2)
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
188(1)
Convention on Cluster Munitions
189(1)
Arms Trade Treaty
190(1)
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
191(2)
Verification
193(12)
Investigating alleged use
194(1)
Biological and chemical weapons
195(2)
Anti-personnel mines
197(3)
Verifying stockpile destruction and non-production
200(1)
Verifying compliance with prohibitions on nuclear weapons
201(1)
Comprehensive safeguards agreements
201(2)
IAEA Additional Protocol
203(1)
Monitoring nuclear test explosions: The CTBTO monitoring system
203(1)
Verifying compliance with limitations of conventional weapons
204(1)
Compliance measures
205(4)
Biological Weapons Convention
205(1)
Chemical Weapons Convention
205(2)
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
207(1)
Convention on Cluster Munitions
207(1)
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
208(1)
10 Disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR)
209(12)
Introduction
209(2)
Four generations of DDR
211(10)
First-generation DDR
212(1)
The development of international standards for DDR
213(2)
Second-generation DDR
215(1)
Third-generation DDR
216(2)
Fourth-generation DDRR
218(3)
Outlook 221(3)
Bibliography 224(12)
Annexes 236(7)
Glossary of abbreviations and acronyms 243(2)
Index 245
Stuart Casey-Maslen is Honorary Professor of International Law at the Centre for Human Rights in the University of Pretoria in South Africa. He holds a doctorate in the Law of Armed Conflict and masters degrees in International Human Rights Law and Forensic Ballistics. He was previously Head of Research of the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and has also worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), and several non-governmental organisations, including Norwegian Peoples Aid (NPA).

Tobias Vestner is Head of the Security and Law Programme at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) in Switzerland. Prior to joining GCSP, he was Research Affiliate and Global Futures Fellow at Georgetown University and Policy Advisor at the Export Control Policy Division of the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs. He also worked at the Law of Armed Conflict Section of the Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport and serves as reserve Legal Advisor at the Swiss Armed Forces Staff. He holds a Master of Science in Foreign Service and a Master of Laws in International and European Law.
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