| Unit I Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology |
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Chapter 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment" |
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3 | (8) |
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Cells Are the Living Units of the Body |
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3 | (1) |
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Extracellular Fluid-The "Internal Environment" |
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3 | (1) |
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Homeostasis-Maintenance of a Nearly Constant Internal Environment |
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4 | (2) |
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Control Systems of the Body |
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6 | (4) |
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Summary-Automaticity of the Body |
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10 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 The Cell and Its Functions |
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11 | (16) |
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11 | (1) |
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Physical Structure of the Cell |
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12 | (6) |
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Comparison of the Animal Cell With Precellular Forms of Life |
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18 | (1) |
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Functional Systems of the Cell |
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19 | (5) |
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24 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction |
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27 | (20) |
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Genes in the Cell Nucleus Control Protein Synthesis |
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27 | (3) |
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The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus Is Transferred to RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm-The Process of Transcription |
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30 | (5) |
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Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell |
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35 | (1) |
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Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells |
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35 | (2) |
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The DNA-Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (1) |
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Apoptosis-Programmed Cell Death |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (6) |
| Unit II Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle |
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Chapter 4 Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes |
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47 | (14) |
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The Cell Membrane Consists of a Lipid Bilayer With Cell Membrane Transport Proteins |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (7) |
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"Active Transport" of Substances Through Membranes |
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54 | (7) |
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Chapter 5 Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials |
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61 | (14) |
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Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials |
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61 | (1) |
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Measuring the Membrane Potential |
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62 | (1) |
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Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (4) |
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Propagation of the Action Potential |
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69 | (1) |
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Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials Are Completed-Importance of Energy Metabolism |
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69 | (1) |
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Plateau in Some Action Potentials |
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70 | (1) |
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Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues-Repetitive Discharge |
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70 | (1) |
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Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks |
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71 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle |
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75 | (14) |
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Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle |
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75 | (2) |
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General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction |
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77 | (1) |
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Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction |
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78 | (4) |
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Energetics of Muscle Contraction |
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82 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction |
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83 | (6) |
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Chapter 7 Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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89 | (8) |
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Transmission of Impulses From Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction |
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89 | (4) |
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93 | (1) |
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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93 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle |
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97 | (12) |
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Contraction of Smooth Muscle |
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97 | (2) |
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Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions |
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99 | (3) |
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Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction |
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102 | (7) |
| Unit III The Heart |
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Chapter 9 Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves |
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109 | (14) |
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Physiology of Cardiac Muscle |
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109 | (4) |
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113 | (6) |
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Regulation of Heart Pumping |
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119 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart |
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123 | (8) |
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Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart |
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123 | (3) |
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Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart |
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126 | (5) |
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Chapter 11 The Normal Electrocardiogram |
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131 | (8) |
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Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram |
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131 | (2) |
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Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle |
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133 | (1) |
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Electrocardiographic Leads |
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134 | (3) |
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Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms |
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137 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis |
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139 | (16) |
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Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms |
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139 | (2) |
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Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram |
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141 | (3) |
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Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS and Its Significance |
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144 | (3) |
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Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex |
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147 | (1) |
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Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (4) |
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Abnormalities in the T Wave |
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152 | (3) |
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Chapter 13 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation |
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155 | (14) |
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155 | (1) |
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Abnormal Rhythms That Result From Block of Heart Signals Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (3) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (4) |
| Unit IV The Circulation |
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Chapter 14 Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance |
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169 | (10) |
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Physical Characteristics of the Circulation |
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169 | (1) |
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Basic Principles of Circulatory Function |
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170 | (1) |
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Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance |
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171 | (8) |
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Chapter 15 Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems |
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179 | (10) |
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179 | (1) |
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Arterial Pressure Pulsations |
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180 | (4) |
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Veins and Their Functions |
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184 | (5) |
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Chapter 16 The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow |
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189 | (14) |
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Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System |
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189 | (1) |
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Flow of Blood in the Capillaries-Vasomotion |
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190 | (1) |
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Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid |
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191 | (1) |
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Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid |
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192 | (1) |
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Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries Is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures and the Capillary Filtration Coefficient |
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193 | (5) |
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198 | (5) |
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Chapter 17 Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow |
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203 | (12) |
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Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs |
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203 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control |
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203 | (9) |
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Humoral Control of the Circulation |
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212 | (3) |
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Chapter 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure |
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215 | (12) |
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Nervous Regulation of the Circulation |
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215 | (9) |
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Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure |
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224 | (3) |
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Chapter 19 Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation |
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227 | (18) |
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Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control |
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227 | (7) |
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The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control |
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234 | (7) |
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Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation |
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241 | (4) |
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Chapter 20 Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation |
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245 | (14) |
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Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity |
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245 | (1) |
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Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return-The Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart |
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245 | (3) |
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Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs |
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248 | (8) |
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Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output |
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256 | (3) |
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Chapter 21 Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease |
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259 | (12) |
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Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise |
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259 | (3) |
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262 | (9) |
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Chapter 22 Cardiac Failure |
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271 | (12) |
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Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure |
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271 | (4) |
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Unilateral Left Heart Failure |
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275 | (1) |
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Low-Output Cardiac Failure-Cardiogenic Shock |
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275 | (1) |
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Edema in Patients With Cardiac Failure |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (6) |
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Chapter 23 Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects |
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283 | (10) |
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283 | (3) |
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Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease |
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286 | (2) |
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Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects |
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288 | (2) |
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Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery |
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290 | (1) |
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Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease |
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290 | (3) |
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Chapter 24 Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment |
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293 | (12) |
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Physiological Causes of Shock |
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293 | (1) |
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Shock Caused by Hypovolemia-Hemorrhagic Shock |
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294 | (5) |
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Neurogenic Shock-Increased Vascular Capacity |
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299 | (1) |
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Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Physiology of Treatment in Shock |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
| Unit V The Body Fluids and Kidneys |
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Chapter 25 The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema |
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305 | (18) |
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Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids |
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307 | (1) |
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Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments-The Indicator-Dilution Principle |
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308 | (1) |
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Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments |
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309 | (1) |
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Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid |
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310 | (2) |
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Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States |
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312 | (2) |
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Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes |
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314 | (1) |
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Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia |
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314 | (2) |
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Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues |
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316 | (4) |
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Fluids in the "Potential Spaces" of the Body |
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320 | (3) |
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Chapter 26 The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys |
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323 | (12) |
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Multiple Functions of the Kidneys |
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323 | (1) |
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Physiological Anatomy of the Kidneys |
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324 | (3) |
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327 | (4) |
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Urine Formation Results From Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion |
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331 | (4) |
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Chapter 27 Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control |
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335 | (12) |
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Glomerular Filtration-The First Step in Urine Formation |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (1) |
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Physiological Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow |
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341 | (1) |
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Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow |
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342 | (5) |
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Chapter 28 Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion |
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347 | (24) |
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Tubular Reabsorption Is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective |
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347 | (1) |
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Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms |
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347 | (6) |
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Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron |
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353 | (6) |
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Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption |
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359 | (6) |
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Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function |
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365 | (6) |
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Chapter 29 Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
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371 | (18) |
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Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine |
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371 | (2) |
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Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine |
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373 | (1) |
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Special Characteristics of the Loop of Henle That Cause Solutes to be Trapped in the Renal Medulla |
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374 | (7) |
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Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
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381 | (1) |
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Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System |
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381 | (3) |
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Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration |
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384 | (5) |
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Chapter 30 Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume |
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389 | (20) |
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Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion |
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389 | (7) |
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Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration |
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396 | (2) |
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Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration |
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398 | (1) |
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Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid |
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398 | (1) |
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Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance |
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399 | (2) |
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Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System |
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401 | (1) |
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Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback Control |
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402 | (3) |
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Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake |
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405 | (1) |
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Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume |
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405 | (1) |
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Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but With Normal Blood Volume |
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406 | (3) |
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Chapter 31 Acid-Base Regulation |
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409 | (18) |
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H+ Concentration Is Precisely Regulated |
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409 | (1) |
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Acids and Bases-Their Definitions and Meanings |
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409 | (1) |
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Defending Against Changes in 1-1+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys |
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410 | (1) |
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Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids |
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410 | (1) |
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Bicarbonate Buffer System |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (1) |
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Proteins Are Important Intracellular Buffers |
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413 | (1) |
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Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance |
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414 | (1) |
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Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance |
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415 | (1) |
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Secretion of 1-1+ and Reabsorption of HCO3-by the Renal Tubules |
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416 | (2) |
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Combination of Excess H+ With Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule Generates "New" HCO3- |
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418 | (2) |
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Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion |
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420 | (1) |
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Renal Correction of Acidosis-Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO3-to the Extracellular Fluid |
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421 | (1) |
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Renal Correction of Alkalosis-Decreased Tubular Secretion of 1-1+ and Increased Excretion of HCO3- |
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422 | (1) |
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Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders |
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422 | (5) |
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Chapter 32 Diuretics, Kidney Diseases |
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427 | (18) |
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Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (3) |
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Chronic Kidney Disease Is Often Associated With Irreversible Loss of Functional Nephrons |
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432 | (8) |
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Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis With an Artificial Kidney |
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440 | (5) |
| Unit VI Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation |
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Chapter 33 Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia |
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445 | (10) |
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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) |
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445 | (7) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (2) |
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Chapter 34 Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation |
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455 | (10) |
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) |
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455 | (2) |
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Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections |
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457 | (1) |
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Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System) |
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458 | (2) |
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Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages |
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460 | (2) |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (2) |
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Chapter 35 Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy |
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465 | (12) |
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Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity |
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465 | (10) |
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Allergy and Hypersensitivity |
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475 | (2) |
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Chapter 36 Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation |
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477 | (6) |
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Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (2) |
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Transplantation of Tissues and Organs |
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481 | (2) |
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Chapter 37 Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation |
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483 | (14) |
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483 | (2) |
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Mechanism of Blood Coagulation |
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485 | (5) |
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Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans |
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490 | (1) |
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Thromboembolic Conditions |
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491 | (1) |
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Anticoagulants for Clinical Use |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (4) |
| Unit VII Respiration |
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Chapter 38 Pulmonary Ventilation |
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497 | (12) |
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Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation |
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497 | (4) |
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Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities |
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501 | (2) |
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503 | (1) |
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Functions of the Respiratory Passageways |
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504 | (5) |
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Chapter 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid |
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509 | (8) |
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Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System |
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509 | (1) |
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Pressures in the Pulmonary System |
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509 | (1) |
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Blood Volume of the Lungs |
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510 | (1) |
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Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution |
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510 | (1) |
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Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow |
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511 | (2) |
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Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics |
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513 | (2) |
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Fluid in the Pleural Cavity |
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515 | (2) |
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Chapter 40 Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane |
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517 | (10) |
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Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures |
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517 | (2) |
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Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air Are Different |
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519 | (2) |
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Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane |
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521 | (6) |
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Chapter 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids |
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527 | (12) |
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Transport of Oxygen From the Lungs to the Body Tissues |
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527 | (7) |
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Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood |
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534 | (2) |
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Respiratory Exchange Ratio |
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536 | (3) |
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Chapter 42 Regulation of Respiration |
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539 | (10) |
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539 | (2) |
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Chemical Control of Respiration |
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541 | (1) |
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Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity-Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control |
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542 | (3) |
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Regulation of Respiration During Exercise |
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545 | (1) |
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Other Factors That Affect Respiration |
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546 | (3) |
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Chapter 43 Respiratory Insufficiency-Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy |
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549 | (12) |
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Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities |
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549 | (2) |
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Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities |
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551 | (3) |
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Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy |
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554 | (2) |
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Hypercapnia-Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids |
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556 | (1) |
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556 | (5) |
| Unit VIII Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology |
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Chapter 44 Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology |
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561 | (8) |
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Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body |
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561 | (4) |
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Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology |
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565 | (2) |
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"Artificial Climate" in the Sealed Spacecraft |
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567 | (1) |
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567 | (2) |
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Chapter 45 Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions |
|
|
569 | (8) |
|
Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body |
|
|
569 | (4) |
|
Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) Diving |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Special Physiological Problems in Submarines |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy |
|
|
574 | (3) |
| Unit IX The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology |
|
|
Chapter 46 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters |
|
|
577 | (18) |
|
General Design of the Nervous System |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Comparison of the Nervous System to a Computer |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Central Nervous System Synapses |
|
|
580 | (12) |
|
Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission |
|
|
592 | (3) |
|
Chapter 47 Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information |
|
|
595 | (12) |
|
Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Transduction of Sensory Stimuli Into Nerve Impulses |
|
|
596 | (4) |
|
Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts-Spatial and Temporal Summation |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools |
|
|
601 | (4) |
|
Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
Chapter 48 Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses |
|
|
607 | (14) |
|
Classification of Somatic Senses |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals Into the Central Nervous System |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Transmission in the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System |
|
|
609 | (7) |
|
Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway |
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function |
|
|
618 | (3) |
|
Chapter 49 Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations |
|
|
621 | (14) |
|
Types of Pain and Their Qualities-Fast Pain and Slow Pain |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals Into the Central Nervous System |
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
Pain Suppression (Analgesia) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (5) |
| Unit X The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses |
|
|
Chapter 50 The Eye: I. Optics of Vision |
|
|
635 | (12) |
|
Physical Principles of Optics |
|
|
635 | (3) |
|
|
|
638 | (6) |
|
Fluid System of the Eye-Intraocular Fluid |
|
|
644 | (3) |
|
Chapter 51 The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina |
|
|
647 | (14) |
|
Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina |
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
|
|
649 | (5) |
|
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Neural Function of the Retina |
|
|
655 | (6) |
|
Chapter 52 The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision |
|
|
661 | (12) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex |
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of the Visual Image |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
Eye Movements and Their Control |
|
|
666 | (3) |
|
Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture |
|
|
669 | (4) |
|
Chapter 53 The Sense of Hearing |
|
|
673 | (12) |
|
Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
|
674 | (5) |
|
Central Auditory Mechanisms |
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
|
|
682 | (3) |
|
Chapter 54 The Chemical Senses-Taste and Smell |
|
|
685 | (10) |
|
|
|
685 | (3) |
|
|
|
688 | (7) |
| Unit XI The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology |
|
|
Chapter 55 Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes |
|
|
695 | (12) |
|
Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions |
|
|
695 | (2) |
|
Muscle Sensory Receptors-Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs-and Their Roles in Muscle Control |
|
|
697 | (5) |
|
Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Spinal Cord Reflexes That Cause Muscle Spasm |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Autonomic Reflexes in the Spinal Cord |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Spinal Cord Transection and Spinal Shock |
|
|
705 | (2) |
|
Chapter 56 Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function |
|
|
707 | (14) |
|
Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract |
|
|
707 | (6) |
|
Control of Motor Functions by the Brain Stem |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium |
|
|
714 | (5) |
|
Functions of Brain Stem Nuclei in Controlling Subconscious, Stereotyped Movements |
|
|
719 | (2) |
|
Chapter 57 Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control |
|
|
721 | (16) |
|
The Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions |
|
|
721 | (9) |
|
The Basal Ganglia and Their Motor Functions |
|
|
730 | (5) |
|
Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System |
|
|
735 | (2) |
|
Chapter 58 Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory |
|
|
737 | (14) |
|
Physiological Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Functions of Specific Cortical Areas |
|
|
738 | (5) |
|
Function of the Brain in Communication-Language Input and Language Output |
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
Function of the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure to Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information Between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory |
|
|
745 | (6) |
|
Chapter 59 Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain-The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus |
|
|
751 | (12) |
|
Activating-Driving Systems of the Brain |
|
|
751 | (3) |
|
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
The Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System |
|
|
755 | (4) |
|
Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System |
|
|
759 | (4) |
|
Chapter 60 States of Brain Activity-Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia |
|
|
763 | (10) |
|
|
|
763 | (3) |
|
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
Psychotic Behavior-Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter Systems |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
Alzheimer's Disease-Amyloid Plaques and Depressed Memory |
|
|
771 | (2) |
|
Chapter 61 The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla |
|
|
773 | (14) |
|
General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
773 | (2) |
|
Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function |
|
|
775 | (7) |
|
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
784 | (3) |
|
Chapter 62 Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism |
|
|
787 | (10) |
|
|
|
787 | (3) |
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid System |
|
|
790 | (4) |
|
|
|
794 | (3) |
| Unit XII Gastrointestinal Physiology |
|
|
Chapter 63 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function-Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation |
|
|
797 | (10) |
|
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility |
|
|
797 | (2) |
|
Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function-Enteric Nervous System |
|
|
799 | (3) |
|
Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal Blood Flow-Splanchnic Circulation |
|
|
804 | (3) |
|
Chapter 64 Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract |
|
|
807 | (10) |
|
|
|
807 | (2) |
|
Motor Functions of the Stomach |
|
|
809 | (3) |
|
Movements of the Small Intestine |
|
|
812 | (2) |
|
|
|
814 | (2) |
|
Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
Chapter 65 Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract |
|
|
817 | (16) |
|
General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion |
|
|
817 | (2) |
|
|
|
819 | (2) |
|
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
|
|
821 | (4) |
|
|
|
825 | (2) |
|
Bile Secretion by the Liver |
|
|
827 | (3) |
|
Secretions of the Small Intestine |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Secretion of Mucus by the Large Intestine |
|
|
831 | (2) |
|
Chapter 66 Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
833 | (10) |
|
Digestion of the Various Foods by Hydrolysis |
|
|
833 | (4) |
|
Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
Absorption in the Small Intestine |
|
|
837 | (4) |
|
Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces |
|
|
841 | (2) |
|
Chapter 67 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders |
|
|
843 | (10) |
|
Disorders of Swallowing and the Esophagus |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
|
|
843 | (2) |
|
Disorders of the Small Intestine |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Large Intestine |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract |
|
|
847 | (6) |
| Unit XIII Metabolism and Temperature Regulation |
|
|
Chapter 68 Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate |
|
|
853 | (10) |
|
Release of Energy From Foods and "Free Energy" |
|
|
853 | (1) |
|
Adenosine Triphosphate Is the "Energy Currency" of the Body |
|
|
853 | (1) |
|
Central Role of Glucose in Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Transport of Glucose Through the Cell Membrane |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Glycogen Is Stored in the Liver and Muscle |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
Release of Energy From Glucose by the Glycolytic Pathway |
|
|
856 | (2) |
|
Formation of Large Quantities of ATP by Oxidation of Hydrogen-the Process of Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
Summary of ATP Formation During the Breakdown of Glucose |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
Anaerobic Release of Energy-Anaerobic Glycolysis |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Release of Energy From Glucose by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
Formation of Carbohydrates From Proteins and Fats-Gluconeogenesis |
|
|
861 | (2) |
|
Chapter 69 Lipid Metabolism |
|
|
863 | (12) |
|
Basic Chemical Structure of Triglycerides (Neutral Fat) |
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids |
|
|
863 | (2) |
|
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Use of Triglycerides for Energy: Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate |
|
|
866 | (3) |
|
Regulation of Energy Release From Triglycerides |
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
Phospholipids and Cholesterol |
|
|
870 | (2) |
|
|
|
872 | (3) |
|
Chapter 70 Protein Metabolism |
|
|
875 | (6) |
|
Basic Properties of Proteins |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
Transport and Storage of Amino Acids |
|
|
875 | (2) |
|
Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins |
|
|
877 | (3) |
|
Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
Chapter 71 The Liver as an Organ |
|
|
881 | (6) |
|
Physiological Anatomy of the Liver |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
Hepatic Vascular and Lymph Systems |
|
|
881 | (2) |
|
Metabolic Functions of the Liver |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
Measurement of Bilirubin in the Bile as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool |
|
|
884 | (3) |
|
Chapter 72 Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals |
|
|
887 | (16) |
|
Energy Intake and Output Are Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
|
887 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage |
|
|
889 | (5) |
|
|
|
894 | (2) |
|
Inanition, Anorexia, and Cachexia |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
|
|
897 | (3) |
|
|
|
900 | (3) |
|
Chapter 73 Energetics and Metabolic Rate |
|
|
903 | (8) |
|
Adenosine Triphosphate Functions as an "Energy Currency" in Metabolism |
|
|
903 | (2) |
|
Control of Energy Release in the Cell |
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
906 | (1) |
|
Energy Metabolism-Factors That Influence Energy Output |
|
|
907 | (4) |
|
Chapter 74 Body Temperature Regulation and Fever |
|
|
911 | (14) |
|
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
Body Temperature Is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss |
|
|
911 | (4) |
|
Regulation of Body Temperature-Role of the Hypothalamus |
|
|
915 | (4) |
|
Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation |
|
|
919 | (6) |
| Unit XIV Endocrinology and Reproduction |
|
|
Chapter 75 Introduction to Endocrinology |
|
|
925 | (14) |
|
Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones |
|
|
925 | (4) |
|
Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance From the Blood |
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Action of Hormones |
|
|
930 | (6) |
|
Measurement of Hormone Concentrations in the Blood |
|
|
936 | (3) |
|
Chapter 76 Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus |
|
|
939 | (12) |
|
Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion |
|
|
940 | (2) |
|
Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone |
|
|
942 | (6) |
|
Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus |
|
|
948 | (3) |
|
Chapter 77 Thyroid Metabolic Hormones |
|
|
951 | (14) |
|
Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones |
|
|
951 | (3) |
|
Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones |
|
|
954 | (4) |
|
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion |
|
|
958 | (2) |
|
|
|
960 | (5) |
|
Chapter 78 Adrenocortical Hormones |
|
|
965 | (18) |
|
Corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens |
|
|
965 | (1) |
|
Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones |
|
|
965 | (3) |
|
Functions of the Mineralocorticoids-Aldosterone |
|
|
968 | (4) |
|
Functions of Glucocorticoids |
|
|
972 | (6) |
|
|
|
978 | (1) |
|
Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion |
|
|
979 | (4) |
|
Chapter 79 Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
983 | (18) |
|
Physiological Anatomy of the Pancreas |
|
|
983 | (1) |
|
Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects |
|
|
983 | (9) |
|
Glucagon and Its Functions |
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
Somatostatin Inhibits Glucagon and Insulin Secretion |
|
|
993 | (1) |
|
Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation |
|
|
993 | (1) |
|
|
|
994 | (7) |
|
Chapter 80 Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth |
|
|
1001 | (20) |
|
Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma |
|
|
1001 | (2) |
|
Bone and Its Relation to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate |
|
|
1003 | (4) |
|
|
|
1007 | (2) |
|
|
|
1009 | (3) |
|
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration |
|
|
1013 | (1) |
|
Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D, and Bone Disease |
|
|
1014 | (2) |
|
|
|
1016 | (5) |
|
Chapter 81 Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland) |
|
|
1021 | (16) |
|
Physiological Anatomy of the Male Sexual Organs |
|
|
1021 | (1) |
|
|
|
1021 | (5) |
|
|
|
1026 | (2) |
|
Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones |
|
|
1028 | (5) |
|
Abnormalities of Male Sexual Function |
|
|
1033 | (1) |
|
Erectile Dysfunction in the Male |
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
The Function of the Pineal Gland in Controlling Seasonal Fertility in Some Animals |
|
|
1034 | (3) |
|
Chapter 82 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones |
|
|
1037 | (18) |
|
Physiological Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs |
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovaries |
|
|
1037 | (2) |
|
|
|
1039 | (1) |
|
Monthly Ovarian Cycle; Function of the Gonadotropic Hormones |
|
|
1039 | (3) |
|
Functions of the Ovarian Hormones-Estradiol and Progesterone |
|
|
1042 | (5) |
|
Regulation of the Female Monthly Rhythm-Interplay Between the Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones |
|
|
1047 | (4) |
|
Abnormalities of Secretion by the Ovaries |
|
|
1051 | (1) |
|
|
|
1051 | (1) |
|
|
|
1052 | (1) |
|
Hormonal Suppression of Fertility "The Pill" |
|
|
1053 | (1) |
|
Abnormal Conditions That Cause Female Sterility |
|
|
1053 | (2) |
|
Chapter 83 Pregnancy and Lactation |
|
|
1055 | (16) |
|
Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum |
|
|
1055 | (2) |
|
Early Nutrition of the Embryo |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
Anatomy and Function of the Placenta |
|
|
1057 | (2) |
|
Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy |
|
|
1059 | (3) |
|
Response of the Mother's Body to Pregnancy |
|
|
1062 | (2) |
|
|
|
1064 | (2) |
|
|
|
1066 | (5) |
|
Chapter 84 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology |
|
|
1071 | (14) |
|
Growth and Functional Development of the Fetus |
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
Development of the Organ Systems |
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
|
|
1072 | (1) |
|
Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life |
|
|
1073 | (3) |
|
Special Functional Problems in the Neonate |
|
|
1076 | (3) |
|
Special Problems of Prematurity |
|
|
1079 | (1) |
|
Growth and Development of the Child |
|
|
1080 | (5) |
| Unit XV Sports Physiology |
|
|
Chapter 85 Sports Physiology |
|
|
1085 | (12) |
|
|
|
1085 | (1) |
|
|
|
1085 | (5) |
|
|
|
1090 | (2) |
|
Cardiovascular System in Exercise |
|
|
1092 | (2) |
|
|
|
1094 | (1) |
|
Body Fluids and Salt in Exercise |
|
|
1094 | (1) |
|
|
|
1095 | (1) |
|
Body Fitness Prolongs Life |
|
|
1095 | (2) |
| Index |
|
1097 | |
