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Hague Law Interpreted: The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of Armed Conflict [Minkštas viršelis]

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Stuart Casey-Maslen (University of Pretoria, South Africa), Steven Haines (University of Greenwich)

Formatas: Paperback / softback, 400 pages, aukštis x plotis: 244x169 mm, weight: 640 g
Išleidimo metai: 28-Jan-2021
Leidėjas: Hart Publishing
ISBN-10: 1509943986
ISBN-13: 9781509943982

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International law - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 1 prekės)

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Formatas: Paperback / softback, 400 pages, aukštis x plotis: 244x169 mm, weight: 640 g
Išleidimo metai: 28-Jan-2021
Leidėjas: Hart Publishing
ISBN-10: 1509943986
ISBN-13: 9781509943982

Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

International law - (Šiuo metu turimos knygos: 1 prekės)

Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781509943982.html

Raktažodžiai:

War International law

Given the centrality of Hague Law to the lawful prosecution of warfare, the relative paucity of dedicated works is surprising. The general formulation of Hague Law rules is largely uncontroversial, but this clarity stands in stark contrast to their interpretation and practical application. How precisely, for instance, the fundamental rules of distinction and proportionality in attack are to dictate and constrain the planning and practice of warfare continues to be highly uncertain. This important new publication fills the gap in the literature. Offering a comprehensive assessment of Hague Law, it explores questions of definitions and accountability and navigates the substantive rules and their application to different types of warfare.

Daugiau informacijos

This important new publication offers a comprehensive survey of the Hague Law by exploring general questions of definitions and accountability, to the substantive rules and their application to different types of warfare.

The Authors

Table of Cases

Table of Legislation

xxi

Introduction

(5)

1 An Overview Of The Normative Framework Of Jus In Bello

(18)

I Introduction

(4)

II The Fundamental Rules on the Conduct of Hostilities

(7)

A The Rule of Distinction in Attack

(4)

B The Rule of Proportionality in Attack

(2)

III Principles and Rules Governing Use of Weapons

(7)

A Means and Methods of Warfare

(1)

i Means of Warfare

(1)

ii Methods of Warfare

(1)

B The Choice of Means or Methods of Warfare is not Unlimited

(1)

C The Use of Inherently Indiscriminate Weapons is Unlawful

(1)

D The Use of Weapons Causing Superfluous Injury is Unlawful

(2)

2 Defining An Armed Conflict

(49)

I Introduction

(1)

II International Armed Conflict

(26)

A The Five Types of International Armed Conflict

(1)

B War

(2)

C Other Types of International Armed Conflict

(1)

i The Meaning of an Armed Conflict Between States

(2)

ii The Level of Violence Necessary to Trigger an Armed Conflict Between States

(6)

iii Consent and the Need for Casus Belli?

(6)

iv The Importance of the Views of the Parties

(1)

D Foreign Military Occupation

(2)

E A Proxy International Armed Conflict

(3)

F Wars of National Liberation

(1)

G The Geographical Scope of International Armed Conflict

(1)

H The Temporal Scope of International Armed Conflict

(1)

III Non-International Armed Conflict

(20)

A The Importance of Common Article 3

(1)

B The Constituent Elements of Non-International Armed Conflict

(1)

i The Path to a Definition

(6)

ii A Higher Threshold?

(3)

iii Intense Armed Violence

(1)

iv `Organised' Armed Groups

(4)

v Acts Excluded from Amounting to a Non-International Armed Conflict

(1)

C The Geographical Scope of Non-International Armed Conflict

(3)

D The Temporal Scope of Non-International Armed Conflict

(1)

IV Armed Conflicts Co-existing over the Same Territory

(2)

3 Identifying Situations Of Hostilities

(22)

I Introduction

(1)

II Defining Hostilities

(3)

A `Hostilities' and `Attacks'

(1)

B `Hostilities' and `Means and Methods of Warfare'

(1)

C The Meaning of `Hostilities'

(1)

III Material Scope of Hostilities

(6)

A Geneva Law or Hague Law?

(4)

B Hague Law or Law of Law Enforcement?

(1)

i Use of Force at Checkpoints

(1)

ii Riots During Armed Conflict

(1)

iii Armed Bank Robbery

(1)

IV Geographical Scope of Hostilities

(5)

V Temporal Scope of Hostilities

(1)

VI Nexus to Hostilities

(1)

VII Law of Law Enforcement Rules

(6)

A Necessity and Proportionality

(1)

i The Principle of Necessity

(2)

ii The Principle of Proportionality

(1)

B The Duty of Precaution

(1)

C Use of Firearms

(1)

i In Case of Imminent Threat of Death or Serious Injury

(1)

ii To Prevent a Serious Crime Involving Grave Threat to Life

(1)

iii Intentional Killing

(1)

4 The Rule Of Distinction In Attack: Objects

(39)

I Introduction

(1)

II The Primary Rule

(11)

A Key Definitions

(1)

i Civilian Object

(3)

ii Military Objective

(7)

iii Loss of Protection

106

(1)

III The Application of the Rule

107

(12)

A Direct Attacks against Civilian Objects

107

(1)

B Indiscriminate Attacks Affecting Civilian Objects

108

(4)

C Indiscriminate Weapons and Civilian Objects

112

(1)

i An Excessively Inaccurate Weapon

113

(4)

D The Requisite Level of Accuracy

117

(1)

E Targeting Mistakes

117

(2)

IV Objects Enjoying Special Protection from Attack

119

(8)

A Hospitals

119

(3)

B Cultural `Property'

122

(3)

C Installations Containing Dangerous Forces

125

(2)

V Attacks against Civilian Objects under International Criminal Law

127

(7)

A Under 1977 Additional Protocol I

127

(1)

B Under Customary International Law

128

(1)

C Under the ICC Statute

129

(2)

D In the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals

131

(1)

E In National Law

132

(2)

5 The Rule Of Distinction In Attack: Persons

134

(36)

I Introduction

134

(1)

II The Primary Rule

134

(12)

A Key Definitions

135

(1)

i Civilians and the Civilian Population

135

(1)

ii Combatant

136

(1)

iii Non-combatant

137

(1)

iv Direct Participation in Hostilities

137

(9)

III The Application of the Rule

146

(17)

A Direct Attacks against Civilians or the Civilian Population

146

(1)

i The Galit Case

147

(2)

ii The Strugar Case

149

(1)

B Indiscriminate Attacks Affecting Civilians

150

(1)

i Benzer v Turkey

150

(1)

ii The Dragomir Milosevic Case

151

(1)

iii The Commission of Inquiry on Syria

151

(1)

C Indiscriminate Weapons and Civilians

152

(1)

i Inaccurate Weapons

152

(3)

ii A Weapon with Uncontrolled Effects

155

(1)

D Attacks against Civilians as Crimes against Humanity

155

(1)

i The Katanga Case

156

(1)

ii The Dragomir Milosevic Case

157

(1)

iii The Commission of Inquiry on Syria

157

(1)

E The Requisite Level of Accuracy

157

(1)

i The Gotovina Case

158

(1)

ii The Martic Case

158

(1)

iii The Dragomir Milosevic case

159

(1)

iv The Galic Case

159

(1)

v The Commission of Inquiry on the 2014 Gaza Conflict

160

(1)

F ICRC's `Chapter IX' Protection from Use of Lethal Force?

161

(2)

G Loss of Protection from Attack

163

(1)

IV Individuals Enjoying Special Protection from Attack

163

(2)

A Medical Personnel

164

(1)

B Religious Personnel

165

(1)

V Attacks against Civilians under International Criminal Law

165

(5)

A Under 1977 Additional Protocol I

165

(1)

B Under Customary International Law

166

(1)

C Under the ICC Statute

166

(1)

D In the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals

166

(1)

i The Mandate to Prosecute Attacks against Civilians

166

(1)

ii Attacking Civilians as Murder

167

(1)

E In National Law

168

(2)

6 The Rule Of Proportionality In Attack

170

(27)

I Introduction

170

(1)

II The Primary Rule

171

(11)

A The Six Elements in Judging Proportionality

171

(1)

i The Existence of an Attack

171

(1)

ii The Attack Must be Directed at a Lawful Military Objective

172

(1)

iii A Low Standard of Foreseeability

172

(1)

iv The Expected Harm Must be Civilian in Nature

173

(5)

v The Military Advantage

178

(2)

vi What is `Excessive'?

180

(2)

B The Customary Rule

182

(1)

III The Application of the Rule

182

(7)

A Potentially Disproportionate Attacks

183

(5)

B `Disproportionate' Weapons

188

(1)

IV Disproportionate Attacks under International Criminal Law

189

(8)

A Under 1977 Additional Protocol I

190

(1)

i Disproportionate Attacks Affecting Civilians

190

(1)

ii Disproportionate Attacks against Dangerous Installations

191

(1)

B Under Customary International Law

192

(1)

C Under the ICC Statute

193

(1)

D In the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals

194

(1)

E Under National Law

195

(2)

7 The Rule Of Precautions In Attack

197

(11)

I Introduction

197

(1)

II The Primary Rules

197

(2)

III Feasible Precautions

199

(5)

A Efforts to Verify Attack is Targeting Military Objectives

199

(1)

B Avoiding Excessive Incidental Civilian Harm

200

(1)

i Timing of an Attack

200

(2)

ii Warnings

202

(1)

iii Selection of Means and Methods of Warfare

203

(1)

IV Refraining from Deciding to Launch an Indiscriminate Attack

204

(1)

V The Duties of the Defender

205

(1)

VI Consequences of a Violation

206

(2)

8 The Superfluous Injury Rule

208

(16)

I Introduction

208

(1)

II The Primary Rule

209

(2)

III The Application of the Rule

211

(10)

A The US Department of Defense Approach

212

(2)

B The ICRC's SIrUS Project

214

(1)

C Application of the Rule to Specific Means and Methods of Warfare

215

(1)

i Expanding Ammunition

216

(2)

ii Shotguns

218

(1)

iii Mines

218

(1)

iv Blinding Laser Weapons

219

(1)

v Flamethrowers

219

(1)

vi Nuclear Weapons

220

(1)

IV Violation of the Rule under International Criminal Law

221

(3)

A Under the Hague Conventions

221

(1)

B Under 1977 Additional Protocol I

222

(1)

C Under Customary International Law

222

(1)

D Under the 1998 Statute of the International Criminal Court

222

(1)

E In the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals

223

(1)

9 Warfare On Land

224

(23)

I Introduction

224

(2)

A The Particularities of Land Warfare

224

(1)

B The Content of the
Chapter

225

(1)

II Means of Warfare

226

(15)

A Assault Rifles

226

(1)

i Jurisprudence

227

(3)

ii Ammunition

230

(1)

B Artillery

231

(3)

C Tanks

234

(1)

i The Nusseirat Power Plant Incident

235

(3)

D Mines

238

(2)

E Improvised Explosive Devices

240

(1)

F Cluster Munitions

240

(1)

III Prohibited Methods of Warfare

241

(6)

A Denial of Quarter

242

(1)

B Perfidy

242

(1)

C Human Shields

243

(1)

D Sieges and Starvation as a Method of Warfare

244

(3)

10 Aerial Warfare

247

(27)

I Introduction

247

(3)

II Means of Warfare

250

(20)

A Combat Aircraft

250

(2)

i Remotely Piloted Combat Aircraft

252

(5)

ii Hague Law Rules Applicable to Combat Aircraft

257

(1)

B Attack Helicopters

258

(2)

C Gravity Ordnance and Precision-guided Munitions

260

(1)

D Air-to-ground Missiles

261

(1)

E Air-dropped Mines

262

(1)

F Cluster Munitions

262

(1)

G Incendiary Weapons

263

(2)

H `Barrel' Bombs

265

(1)

I Chemical Weapons

266

(1)

J Nuclear Weapons

267

(2)

K Directed Energy Weapons

269

(1)

III Methods of Warfare

270

(4)

A High-level Bombing

270

(1)

B Carpet Bombing

270

(1)

C Attacks on the Environment

271

(3)

11 Naval Warfare

274

(39)

I Introduction

274

(3)

A Treaties

274

(1)

B State Practice

274

(1)

C Jurisprudence

275

(1)

D Specialist Opinion

276

(1)

E The Content of the
Chapter

277

(1)

II Naval Doctrine for War at Sea

277

(7)

A Sea-control/Sea-denial Operations

278

(1)

B Power Projection Operations

278

(1)

C Economic Warfare Operations

279

(1)

D Coastal Jurisdiction Integrity Operations

279

(1)

E The Relative Importance of the Categories of Operations

280

(4)

III The Extant Law of Naval Warfare

284

(2)

IV Means of Naval Warfare

286

(8)

A Platforms and Weapon Systems

286

(1)

B Submarines

287

(1)

C Unmanned Maritime Systems

288

(1)

D Naval Weapons

289

(1)

i Sea Mines

290

(2)

ii Torpedoes

292

(1)

iii Tactical Nuclear Weapons

293

(1)

V Regions of Operations

294

(4)

A High Seas

294

(1)

B Internal, Territorial, and Archipelagic Waters

295

(2)

C The EEZ and Continental Shelf

297

(1)

D International Straits

297

(1)

VI Methods of Naval Warfare

298

(14)

A Sea Control and Sea Denial

298

(2)

B Power Projection

300

(1)

C Economic Warfare

301

(1)

i Enemy Merchant Vessels

302

(1)

ii Neutral Merchant Vessels

303

(3)

D Coastal Jurisdiction Integrity

306

(1)

E Hybrid Warfare

307

(1)

F Deception, Ruses of War, and Perfidy

308

(1)

G Zones

309

(1)

H Non-international Armed Conflict

310

(2)

VII Concluding Remarks

312

(1)

12 Armed Conflict In Space

313

(8)

I Introduction

313

(1)

II Treaty Law Applicable to Armed Conflict in Space

314

(2)

A The 1967 Outer Space Treaty

314

(1)

B The 1979 Moon Treaty

315

(1)

III Customary Law Applicable to Armed Conflict in Space

316

(2)

IV A Need for New Law?

318

(3)

13 Cyberwarfare

321

(7)

I Introduction

321

(2)

II The Applicable Law

323

(4)

A To which Cyber Acts does Hague Law Apply?

323

(2)

B Where are Cyber Acts Governed by Hague Law?

325

(1)

C Cyberattacks and the Rules of Distinction and Proportionality in Attack

326

(1)

III Concluding Remarks

327

(1)

14 Terrorism And The Law Of Armed Conflict

328

(7)

I Introduction

328

(1)

II The Primary Rule

328

(2)

III The War Crime of Terror

330

(2)

A The Galic Case

331

(1)

B The Taylor Case

332

(1)

IV The Definition of Terrorism under International Law

332

(3)

15 Promoting Respect For Hague Law

335

(26)

I Introduction

335

(1)

II The Role of the Commander

335

(2)

III Reprisals

337

(7)

A The Meaning of Reprisals

337

(1)

i A Response to a Prior Violation of the Law of Armed Conflict

338

(1)

ii A Response Only to Serious Violations of the Law of Armed Conflict

338

(1)

iii The Reprisal Must be Necessary

339

(1)

iv The Reprisal Must Seek to Restore Compliance with the Law of Armed Conflict

339

(1)

v Acts of Reprisal Must be a Proportionate Response

339

(1)

vi Reprisals Must Not be Committed against Prohibited Targets

340

(2)

B Reprisals in the Conduct of Hostilities in International Armed Conflict

342

(1)

C Reprisals in the Conduct of Hostilities in Non-International Armed Conflict

343

(1)

IV The Responsibility of States

344

(7)

A The Duty to Investigate and Prosecute War Crimes

344

(1)

B State Responsibility for Other Serious Violations of Hague Law

345

(5)

C Arms Transfers and Serious Violations of Hague Law

350

(1)

V Individual Criminal Responsibility

351

(9)

A War Crimes

351

(1)

i Perpetrators

351

(1)

ii Commanders

352

(1)

iii Complicity in War Crimes

353

(3)

B Crimes against Humanity

356

(2)

C Genocide

358

(2)

VI Concluding Remarks

360

(1)

Index

361

Stuart Casey-Maslen is Honorary Professor at the University of Pretoria. Steven Haines is Professor of Public International Law at the University of Greenwich.

Hague Law Interpreted: The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of Armed Conflict [Minkštas viršelis]

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