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Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications [Kietas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Hardback, 560 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 10x10x10 mm, weight: 454 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 04-Feb-2022
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119818737
  • ISBN-13: 9781119818731
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial ApplicationsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 560 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 10x10x10 mm, weight: 454 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 04-Feb-2022
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1119818737
  • ISBN-13: 9781119818731
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781119818731.html
Raktažodžiai:
HANDBOOK of BIOMASS VALORIZATION for INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

The handbook provides a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on biomass valorization, from advanced fabrication methodologies through useful derived materials, to current and potential application sectors.

Industrial sectors, such as food, textiles, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, generate massive amounts of waste each year, the disposal of which has become a major issue worldwide. As a result, implementing a circular economy that employs sustainable practices in waste management is critical for any industry. Moreover, fossil fuels, which are the primary sources of fuel in the transportation sector, are also being rapidly depleted at an alarming rate. Therefore, to combat these global issues without increasing our carbon footprint, we must look for renewable resources to produce chemicals and biomaterials. In that context, agricultural waste materials are gaining popularity as cost-effective and abundantly available alternatives to fossil resources for the production of a variety of value-added products, including renewable fuels, fuel components, and fuel additives.

Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications investigates current and emerging feedstocks, as well as provides in-depth technical information on advanced catalytic processes and technologies that enable the development of all possible alternative energy sources. The 22 chapters of this book comprehensively cover the valorization of agricultural wastes and their various uses in value-added applications like energy, biofuels, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment.

Audience

The book is intended for a very broad audience working in the fields of materials sciences, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environment, chemistry, etc. This book will be an invaluable reference source for the libraries in universities and industrial institutions, government and independent institutes, individual research groups, and scientists working in the field of valorization of biomass.

Preface xix
Part 1 Energy, Biofuels and Bio-Aromatics
1(218)
1 Photocatalytic Biomass Valorization into Valuable Chemicals
3(20)
Brajesh Kumar
Lovjeet Singh
Pawan Rekha
Pradeep Kumar
1.1 Introduction
3(3)
1.2 Renewable Energy Sources: The Great Hope of the Future
6(3)
1.2.1 Biomass Types and Their Composition
6(1)
1.2.2 Biomass Valorization Techniques
7(1)
1.2.3 Economic Aspects of Biomass Utilization
8(1)
1.3 Photocatalysis & Photocatalyst
9(12)
1.3.1 Mechanism for Photocatalytic Conversion of Biomass
10(1)
1.3.2 TiO2 as a Significant Photocatalyst
11(1)
1.3.3 Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Efficiency
11(3)
1.3.4 Characterization Tests
14(2)
1.3.5 Design Challenges of Photocatalytic Reactors
16(1)
1.3.6 Solar Fuel Synthesis Through Photocatalysis
17(1)
1.3.7 Photocatalytic Reforming
18(3)
1.4 Conclusions
21(2)
References
22(1)
2 Biobased Aromatics--Challenges and Opportunities for Development of Lignin as Future Building Blocks
23(18)
Samraj S.
Senthilkumar K.
Bharathiraja B.
2.1 Introduction
23(3)
2.2 Sources of Bio-Aromatics From Natural Material
26(3)
2.3 Production of Bio-Aromatics (Bio-Aromatics as Lignin)
29(3)
2.3.1 Pre-Treatment
29(1)
2.3.1.1 Physical Pre-Treatment
30(1)
2.3.1.2 Chemical Pre-Treatment
30(1)
2.3.1.3 Physicochemical Pre-Treatment
31(1)
2.3.1.4 Biological Treatment
31(1)
2.3.2 Lignin as Bio-Aromatics
32(1)
2.4 Lignin as Future Building Block
32(1)
2.5 Commercialization of Biobased Aromatics
33(2)
2.5.1 Phenolic Resins
34(1)
2.5.2 Epoxies
34(1)
2.5.3 Adhesives
34(1)
2.5.4 Polyolefins
35(1)
2.5.5 Miscellaneous
35(1)
2.6 Conclusion and Prospects
35(6)
References
36(5)
3 Biofuels and Fine Chemicals From Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Sustainable and Circular Economy
41(14)
Sushma
Shivangi Chamoli
Sreedevi Upadhyayula
Firdaus Parveen
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 Different Methods for Biomass Transformation to Fuels and Value-Added Chemicals
42(3)
3.2.1 Pyrolysis
42(1)
3.2.2 Gasification
43(1)
3.2.3 Aqueous Phase Reforming Aqueous Phase Reforming
44(1)
3.3 Types of Biomass
45(3)
3.3.1 Wood and Woody Biomass
46(1)
3.3.2 Herbaceous Biomass
46(1)
3.3.3 Aquatic Biomass
46(1)
3.3.4 Animal and Human Waste Biomass
47(1)
3.3.5 Biomass Mixtures and Municipal Biomass
47(1)
3.4 Sustainability of Biofuels
48(1)
3.5 Environmental Impacts
49(6)
References
50(5)
4 Carbon-Based Catalysts for Biorefinery Processes: Carbon-Based Catalysts for Valorization of Glycerol Waste From Biodiesel Industry
55(28)
Pawan Rekha
Lovjeet Singh
Brajesh Kumar
Indu Chauhan
Satyendra Prasad Chaurasia
4.1 Introduction
55(2)
4.2 Production of Biodiesel and Crude Glycerol
57(2)
4.3 Refining Process for Crude Glycerol
59(1)
4.3.1 Neutralization/Acidification
59(1)
4.3.2 Methanol Removal
60(1)
4.3.3 Vacuum Distillation
60(1)
4.3.4 Ion Exchange
60(1)
4.3.5 Adsorption
60(1)
4.4 Technologies for Glycerol Valorization
60(23)
4.4.1 Biological Conversion
61(1)
4.4.2 Thermochemical Conversion
61(1)
4.4.2.1 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol
62(4)
4.4.2.2 Esterification and Acetylation of Glycerol
66(5)
4.4.2.3 Reforming of Glycerol
71(4)
4.4.2.4 Oxidation of Glycerol
75(1)
4.4.2.5 Etherification
76(1)
4.4.2.6 Dehydration of Glycerol
77(1)
4.4.2.7 Cyclization
78(1)
Conclusion
78(1)
References
79(4)
5 Catalysts for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Into Platform Chemicals and Bio-Aromatics
83(24)
Anjireddy Bhavanam
Poonam Gera
Nitin Naresh Pandhare
Subhrajeet Dash
5.1 Introduction
83(1)
5.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass (LCB)
84(1)
5.2.1 Cellulose
84(1)
5.2.2 Hemicellulose
84(1)
5.2.3 Lignin
84(1)
5.3 Pre-Treatment Processes
85(1)
5.3.1 Kraft Process
85(1)
5.3.2 Organosolv Process
86(1)
5.4 Processes for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass
86(1)
5.4.1 Fermentation
86(1)
5.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion
86(1)
5.4.3 Pyrolysis
86(1)
5.4.4 Hydrolysis
86(1)
5.4.5 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
87(1)
5.4.6 Oxidation
87(1)
5.4.7 Hydrogenolysis
87(1)
5.5 Catalysts for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Into Platform Chemicals
87(9)
5.5.1 Catalysts for Ethanol Production
87(1)
5.5.1.1 Rh-Based Catalyst
88(1)
5.5.1.2 Methanol Synthesis Catalyst
88(1)
5.5.1.3 Mo-Based Catalyst
88(1)
5.5.1.4 Fischer-Trospsch Type Catalyst
88(1)
5.5.2 Catalysts for Glycerol Production
89(1)
5.5.3 Catalysts for HMF Production
89(1)
5.5.4 Catalysts for Levulinic Acid Production
90(1)
5.5.5 Catalysts for Furan-2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid Production
91(1)
5.5.6 Catalysts for 3-Hydroxy Propionic Acid Production
91(1)
5.5.7 Catalysts for Lactic Acid Production
91(1)
5.5.8 Catalysts for Sorbitol Production
92(1)
5.5.9 Catalysts for Xylitol Production
93(1)
5.5.10 Catalysts for Succinic Acid Production
94(1)
5.5.11 Catalysts for Glucaric Acid Production
94(1)
5.5.12 Catalysts for Itaconic Acid Production
95(1)
5.5.13 Catalysts for Aspartic Acid Production
95(1)
5.5.14 Catalysts for Glutamic Acid Production
96(1)
5.6 Catalysts for Conversion of LCB Into Bio-Aromatics
96(2)
5.7 Conclusion
98(9)
References
98(9)
6 Pyrolysis of Triglycerides for Fuels and Chemical Production
107(22)
Luana Marcele Chiarello
Tuanne Gomes Porto
Gabriel Henrique Wienhage
Vanderleia Botton
Vinicyus Rodolfo Wiggers
6.1 Introduction
107(1)
6.2 Triglyceric Biomass
108(2)
6.3 Products and Properties of Triglycerides Pyrolysis
110(4)
6.4 Pyrolysis Reaction
114(2)
6.5 Reactor Technologies
116(4)
6.6 Upgrading Techniques
120(2)
6.7 Conclusion
122(7)
Acknowledgements
122(1)
References
122(7)
7 Drying of Agro-Industrial Residues for Biomass Applications
129(50)
Hugo Perazzini
Maisa Tonon Bitti Perazzini
7.1 Introduction
129(1)
7.2 Moisture Content: A Key Factor for Biomass
130(2)
7.3 Drying as Part of the Overall Process
132(5)
7.3.1 Drying Technologies
132(3)
7.3.2 Process Integration
135(2)
7.4 Biomass Characterization
137(3)
7.4.1 General Aspects of Biomass Characterization
137(1)
7.4.2 Biomass Characterization for Mathematical Modeling
137(2)
7.4.3 General Rules of Mixtures
139(1)
7.5 Equilibrium Sorption Isotherms
140(9)
7.5.1 Biomass Hygroscopicity and Water Activity
140(5)
7.5.2 Heat of Vaporization and Isosteric Heat of Sorption
145(3)
7.5.3 Interrelations Between Biomass Moisture Content, Heat of Vaporization and Drying Energy Consumption
148(1)
7.6 Drying Kinetics
149(8)
7.6.1 Physics of Drying
149(5)
7.6.2 Isothermal Drying Conditions
154(2)
7.6.3 Drying Kinetics at Laboratory Scale
156(1)
7.7 Mathematical Modeling of Drying Process
157(8)
7.7.1 General Model Formulation
157(5)
7.7.2 Distributed Parameters System
162(1)
7.7.3 Lumped Parameters System
163(2)
7.8 Energy Aspects in Biomass Drying
165(3)
7.9 Process Costs
168(2)
7.10 Final Remarks
170(9)
References
174(5)
8 Extraction Characterization and Production of Biofuels From Algal Biomass
179(16)
Neerajand Shashikant Yadav
8.1 Challenges Facing the Production of Algal Fuel for Profit Purposes
179(1)
8.2 Classes of Biofuel Sources
180(1)
8.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels
180(1)
8.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuel
180(1)
8.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuels
181(1)
8.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels
181(1)
8.3 Algal Biofuels
181(1)
8.4 Transformation of Biomass Containing the Bulk of Algae (Algal Biomass) to Biofuels
182(2)
8.4.1 The Biochemical Conversion
182(2)
8.4.2 The Thermochemical Conversion
184(1)
8.4.3 The Chemical Conversion
184(1)
8.5 The Pre-Treatment Process of Algae Biomass
184(1)
8.6 Derivable Biofuels From Microalgae
185(4)
8.6.1 Biochar
185(1)
8.6.2 Methane
186(1)
8.6.3 Bioethanol
186(1)
8.6.4 Hydrogen
186(1)
8.6.5 Biodiesel
187(1)
8.6.6 Nanoparticles
187(2)
8.7 Conclusion
189(6)
References
190(5)
9 Valorization of Biomass Derived Aldehydes Into Oxygenated Compounds
195(24)
Kotnal Kumar
Sreedevi Upadhyayula
9.1 Introduction
195(2)
9.2 Background of Biomass Conversion Into Value-Added Chemicals
197(1)
9.3 Biomass Derived Industrially Important Chemicals
198(1)
9.4 Synthesis of the HMF and Furfural From Biomass
199(2)
9.4.1 HMF Synthesis From Biomass
199(1)
9.4.2 Furfural Synthesis From Biomass
200(1)
9.5 Valorization of the Biomass Derived Aldehydes Into Valuable Chemicals
201(6)
9.5.1 Valorization of HMF and Furfural
201(2)
9.5.2 Processes for Valorization of HMF and Furfural
203(1)
9.5.3 Valorization of HMF and Furfural by Reduction Processes
204(2)
9.5.4 Valorization of HMF and Furfural Using Oxidation Reactions
206(1)
9.6 Conclusions and Perspective
207(12)
Acknowledgements
208(1)
References
208(11)
Part 2 Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sectors
219(304)
10 Advancements in Chemical and Biotechnical Approaches Towards Valorization of Wastes From Food Processing Industries
221(22)
S. Lakshmi Sandhya Rani
R. Vinoth Kumar
10.1 Introduction
221(2)
10.1.1 The Generation of Food Processing Waste
223(1)
10.2 Fruit and Vegetable Industries Processing Waste (FVPW)
223(7)
10.2.1 Modern Extraction Techniques for FVPW
224(1)
10.2.1.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
224(2)
10.2.1.2 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
226(1)
10.2.1.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
227(1)
10.2.1.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
228(1)
10.2.1.5 Enzyme Assisted Extraction
229(1)
10.3 Dairy Industry Processing Waste
230(7)
10.3.1 Sources and Properties of Dairy Industry Processing Waste
231(1)
10.3.2 Valorization of Whey
231(1)
10.3.2.1 Biotechnological Methods
232(1)
10.3.3 Whey Proteins Recovery
232(1)
10.3.3.1 Membrane Technology
233(4)
10.4 Waste Generated by Meat Processing Industries
237(1)
10.5 Waste Generated by Beverage Industries
238(1)
10.6 Conclusion
238(5)
References
239(4)
11 Photocatalytic Biomass Transformation into Valuable Products
243(24)
Jasmita Chauhan
S.B. Rathod
Gaurav Sanghvi
Vidya Patil-Patankar
11.1 Introduction
243(4)
11.1.1 Composition and Structure
245(1)
11.1.2 Extraction and Architect
245(1)
11.1.3 Uses
246(1)
11.2 Modified Lignin
247(1)
11.2.1 Native Intact Lignin
247(1)
11.3 Biomass Transformation Methods
247(4)
11.3.1 Economics
248(1)
11.3.2 Photocatalysis
249(1)
11.3.3 Mechanism
249(1)
11.3.4 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
250(1)
11.3.5 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
251(1)
11.4 Photocatalysis and Biomass
251(3)
11.4.1 Photodegradation of Lignin
252(1)
11.4.2 Catalysis of Cellulose
253(1)
11.4.3 Photochemical Conversion of Glucose
253(1)
11.5 Recent Advances
254(3)
11.5.1 Combinatorial Approach for Scale Up
255(1)
11.5.2 Supporter Applications
255(1)
11.5.3 Photocatalyst-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis
256(1)
11.5.4 Photochemical and Biochemical Combination for Degradation of Lignin
256(1)
11.5.5 Combination of Photochemical and Electrochemical Approach
257(1)
11.6 Innovative Approaches
257(1)
11.6.1 Zeolite-Based Catalysts
258(1)
11.7 Challenges and the Future
258(2)
11.8 Conclusion
260(7)
References
260(7)
12 Organic Materials Valorization: Agro-Waste in Environmental Remediation, Phytochemicals, Biocatalyst and Biofuel Production
267(20)
S. Samraj
K. Senthilkumar
D. Balaji
12.1 Introduction
267(3)
12.2 Sources of Food and Agro-Waste
270(3)
12.2.1 Food Waste
270(1)
12.2.2 Agro-Waste
271(1)
12.2.3 Composition of Agro-Waste
271(2)
12.3 Multifunctional Group of Agro-Waste
273(1)
12.3.1 Key Pathogenic Organisms for Bioconversion of Agro-Waste
273(1)
12.3.2 Technological Dimensions of Agro-Waste Microbial Bioconversion
274(1)
12.4 Biomass Vaporization Phytochemicals
274(3)
12.4.1 Direct Application of Plant Parts
275(1)
12.4.2 Phytochemicals Production from Waste Biomass
276(1)
12.4.3 Bioactivity Process
276(1)
12.4.4 Therapeutic Products Derived Using Biomass
277(1)
12.5 Agro-Waste for Biocatalyst
277(2)
12.6 Agro-Waste for Biofuel Production
279(2)
12.6.1 Significant Steps in Biochemical Routes for Processing Biofuels
280(1)
12.6.1.1 Pre-Treatment
280(1)
12.6.1.2 Physical Treatment
281(1)
12.6.1.3 Chemical Pre-Treatment
281(1)
12.7 Conclusion
281(6)
References
282(5)
13 Valorization of Secondary Metabolites in Plants
287(28)
Vidya Patil-Patankar
Pallavi Yadav-Bhagwat
Pradnya Kedari
13.1 Introduction
287(5)
13.1.1 Plant Secondary Metabolites
288(1)
13.1.2 Importance of Secondary Metabolites in Plants
289(1)
13.1.3 Importance of Secondary Metabolites in the Pharmaceutical Industry
290(2)
13.2 Evolution and Distribution of Plant Secondary Metabolites
292(1)
13.3 Distribution of Secondary Metabolites in Relation to Chemotaxonomy
293(2)
13.4 Need of Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Plants
295(1)
13.5 Methods for Continuous and Enhanced Production of Secondary Metabolites
295(4)
13.5.1 Plant Tissue Culture
295(1)
13.5.2 In Vitro Cultures
296(1)
13.5.3 Elicitation for Enhanced Production of Secondary Metabolites
296(2)
13.5.4 Agrobacterium Mediated Hairy Root Cultures
298(1)
13.5.5 Nanoparticles for Secondary Metabolites
298(1)
13.6 Challenges in Using In Vitro Techniques
299(1)
13.7 Origin of New Genes for Secondary Metabolism
299(3)
13.8 Combinatorial Approach for Production of Diverse Secondary Metabolite Production
302(1)
13.9 Mutation Breeding
303(12)
References
304(11)
14 Functional and Digestibility Properties of Native, Single, and Dual Modified Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Starches for Food Applications
315(28)
Shah Asma Iftikhar
Himjyoti Dutta
14.1 Introduction
315(28)
14.1.1 Rice Starch
316(2)
14.1.1.1 Morphology of Rice Starch
318(1)
14.1.1.2 Gelatinization
319(1)
14.1.1.3 Retrogradation
320(1)
14.1.1.4 Pasting
321(1)
14.1.1.5 Swelling and Solubilization
322(1)
14.1.1.6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Digestibility
323(1)
14.1.2 Starch Modification
324(2)
14.1.2.1 Physical Modification
326(1)
14.1.2.2 Chemical Modification
327(2)
14.1.2.3 Dual Modifications
329(4)
14.1.3 Application of Starch in Food Systems
333(1)
Conclusion
334(1)
References
335(8)
15 Valorization of Agricultural Wastes: A Step Toward Adoption of Smart Green Materials with Additional Benefit of Circular Economy
343(26)
Kiran Jeet
Vinay Kumar
Anushree
Raman Devi
15.1 Introduction
343(2)
15.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterial Derived From Agricultural Waste
345(5)
15.2.1 Production of Nanomaterials From Rice Straw
346(2)
15.2.2 Production of Nanomaterials From Sugarcane Bagasse
348(1)
15.2.3 Production of Nanomaterials From Wheat Straw
349(1)
15.3 Applications
350(9)
15.3.1 Applications of Silica-Based Nanomaterials
350(1)
15.3.1.1 Agricultural Application
350(1)
15.3.1.2 Environmental Application
351(1)
15.3.1.3 Energy Storage
351(1)
15.3.1.4 Composites for Packing
351(1)
15.3.1.5 Tailored Nanobiomaterials
352(1)
15.3.2 Applications of Lignin Nanoparticles
352(1)
15.3.2.1 Environmental Application
352(1)
15.3.2.2 Energy Storage
352(1)
15.3.2.3 Novel Catalyst
353(1)
15.3.2.4 Composite for Packing
353(1)
15.3.2.5 Tailored Nanobiomaterials
353(1)
15.3.3 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterial
354(1)
15.3.3.1 Environmental Applications
354(1)
15.3.3.2 Energy Storage
354(1)
15.3.3.3 Novel Catalyst
355(1)
15.3.4 Applications of Nanocellulose
355(1)
15.3.4.1 Environmental Applications
355(1)
15.3.4.2 Energy Storage
356(1)
15.3.4.3 Development of Novel Catalysts
356(1)
15.3.4.4 Papermaking
356(1)
15.3.4.5 Composites for Packaging
357(1)
15.3.4.6 Tailored Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical Applications
357(1)
15.3.5 Applications of Nanobiochar
358(1)
15.3.5.1 Environmental Applications
358(1)
15.3.5.2 Energy Storage
358(1)
15.3.5.3 Catalytic Applications
359(1)
15.4 Conclusion
359(10)
References
360(9)
16 Valorization of Agricultural Wastes: An Approach to Impart Environmental Friendliness
369(26)
S. Wazed Ali
Satyaranjan Bairagi
Debarati Bhattacharyya
16.1 Introduction
369(3)
16.2 Agricultural Wastes
372(2)
16.2.1 Crop Residues
372(1)
16.2.2 Agricultural Wastes From Industry
373(1)
16.2.3 Fruit and Vegetable Wastes
373(1)
16.2.4 Livestock Wastes
373(1)
16.3 Valorization of Agricultural Waste for Production of Fertilizers
374(4)
16.3.1 Organic Fertilizers
375(1)
16.3.2 Agricultural Waste-Based Organic Fertilizers
376(1)
16.3.3 Viability of Organic Fertilizers
377(1)
16.4 Valorization of Agricultural Waste for Production of Biofuels
378(6)
16.4.1 Biofuel Production Methods
378(1)
16.4.1.1 Pre-Treatment of Agricultural Wastes
379(1)
16.4.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion
380(1)
16.4.1.3 Fermentation
380(1)
16.4.1.4 Transesterification
381(1)
16.4.2 Production of Biomethane
381(2)
16.4.3 Production of Bioethanol
383(1)
16.5 Valorization of Agricultural Waste for Wastewater Treatment
384(5)
16.5.1 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Agricultural Wastes
385(2)
16.5.2 Removal of Dyes Using Agricultural Wastes
387(2)
16.6 Conclusion
389(6)
References
390(5)
17 Valorization of Biomass Into Value-Added Products and Its Application Through Hydrothermal Liquefaction
395(22)
Chitra Devi Venkatachalam
Sathish Raam Ravichandran
Mothil Sengottian
17.1 Introduction
395(2)
17.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass
397(3)
17.2.1 Feed Stock for HTL
398(1)
17.2.2 Mechanism in HTL
399(1)
17.3 Factors Influencing HTL Products
400(3)
17.3.1 Effect of Temperature
400(2)
17.3.2 Effect of Biomass to H2O Loading
402(1)
17.3.3 Effect of Reaction Time
402(1)
17.3.4 Effect of Catalyst
402(1)
17.3.5 Effect of Solvent
403(1)
17.3.6 Effect of pH
403(1)
17.4 Separation of Bioproducts Derived From HTL of Biomass
403(1)
17.5 Characterization and Application of HTL Products
404(7)
17.5.1 Characterization of HTL Derived Biochar
405(1)
17.5.1.1 Surface Analysis of Biochar Using SEM Analysis
405(1)
17.5.1.2 Functional Group Analysis of Biochar Using XRD Pattern
405(1)
17.5.1.3 Functional Group Analysis of Biochar Using FT-IR
405(1)
17.5.1.4 Adsorption Isothermal Analysis of Biochar Using BET Isotherm
406(1)
17.5.1.5 Purity and Contaminants Analysis of Biochar Using TGA
406(1)
17.5.1.6 Application of Biochar in Various Fields of Study
406(1)
17.5.2 Characterization of HTL Derived Biocrude
407(1)
17.5.2.1 Functional Group Analysis of Biocrude Using FT-IR
407(1)
17.5.2.2 Product Identification From Biocrude Using GC-MS Analysis
408(1)
17.5.2.3 Thermal Stability of Biocrude Using TGA Analysis
408(1)
17.5.2.4 Application of Biocrude in Various Fields of Study
408(1)
17.5.3 Characterization of HTL Derived Biogas
409(1)
17.5.3.1 Major Components of Biogas for HTL
409(1)
17.5.3.2 Energy Content/Calorific Value of Biogas
410(1)
17.5.3.3 Product Identification From Biogas Using GC-MS Analysis
410(1)
17.5.3.4 Application of Biogas in Various Fields of Study
410(1)
17.6 Conclusion
411(6)
References
411(6)
18 Industrial Applications of Cellulose Extracted from Agricultural and Food Industry Wastes
417(28)
Sumira Rashid
Himjyoti Dutta
18.1 Introduction
417(4)
18.1.1 Structure of Cellulose
418(1)
18.1.2 Semi-Crystalline Nature of Cellulose
419(2)
18.2 Cellulose Biomass
421(1)
18.3 Derivatization
421(2)
18.3.1 Derivatized Forms
422(1)
18.3.1.1 Macroderivatives
422(1)
18.3.1.2 Microderivatives
422(1)
18.3.1.3 Nanoderivatives
423(1)
18.4 Method of Preparation
423(8)
18.4.1 Cellulose Isolation
424(1)
18.4.2 Derivatized Forms of Cellulose
424(1)
18.4.2.1 Methyl Cellulose (MC)
424(1)
18.4.2.2 Ethyl Cellulose (EC)
425(1)
18.4.2.3 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC)
426(1)
18.4.2.4 Cellulose Acetate (CA)
426(1)
18.4.2.5 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
427(1)
18.4.2.6 Microcrystalline Cellulose
428(1)
18.4.2.7 Nanofibrillated Cellulose (NFCs) and Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC)
429(2)
18.5 Applications
431(5)
18.5.1 Methyl Cellulose
431(1)
18.5.2 Ethyl Cellulose
431(1)
18.5.3 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
432(1)
18.5.4 Carboxymethyl Cellulose
432(1)
18.5.5 Microcrystalline Cellulose
433(1)
18.5.6 Nanofibrillated and Nanocrystalline Cellulose
434(2)
18.6 Conclusion
436(9)
References
436(9)
19 Valorization of Lignin Toward the Production of Novel Functional Materials
445(20)
Anjireddy Bhavanam
Raghavendra Gujjala
G. Srinivasu
Shakuntala Ojha
19.1 Introduction
445(2)
19.1.1 Lignin Structure and Importance
445(2)
19.2 Various Pre-Treatment Methods for Separation of Lignin From Biomass
447(3)
19.2.1 Kraft Pulping Process
447(1)
19.2.2 Sulfite Pulping Process
448(1)
19.2.3 Soda/Alkali Lignin Process
448(1)
19.2.4 Organosolv Lignin Process
448(1)
19.2.5 Ionic Liquid Pre-Treatments
448(1)
19.2.6 Mechanical Comminution
449(1)
19.2.7 Alkaline Pre-Treatment
449(1)
19.2.8 Acidic Pre-Treatment
450(1)
19.3 Characterization Techniques for Lignin
450(5)
19.3.1 UV Spectroscopy
450(1)
19.3.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy
451(1)
19.3.3 NMR Spectroscopy
451(1)
19.3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
451(1)
19.3.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
452(3)
19.4 Lignin-Based Nanomaterials
455(2)
19.5 Lignin Reinforced with Polymer-Based Composites
457(3)
19.5.1 Lignin Reinforced with Thermosets
457(1)
19.5.2 Lignin Reinforced with Thermo-Plastics
458(2)
19.6 Lignin-Based Adhesives
460(5)
References
461(4)
20 Characterization and Valorization of Sludge From Textile Wastewater Plant for Positive Environmental Applications
465(26)
Shumaila Kiran
Abdul Ghaffar
Sarosh Iqbal
Sadia Javed
Nosheen Aslant
Muhammad Asim Rafique
Zohra Zreen
Gulnaz Afzal
Nusrat Parveen
Saba Naz
20.1 Introduction
466(1)
20.2 Characterization of Sludge
466(1)
20.3 Treatment of Sludge
467(10)
20.3.1 Thermochemical Process
468(1)
20.3.1.1 Combustion
468(2)
20.3.1.2 Pyrolysis
470(2)
20.3.1.3 Gasification
472(2)
20.3.2 Biological Fermentation
474(1)
20.3.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
475(1)
20.3.2.2 Aerobic Digestion
476(1)
20.4 Valorization of Sludge
477(7)
20.4.1 Conversion of Sludge Into Biogas
477(2)
20.4.2 Conversion of Sludge Into Biosorbents
479(1)
20.4.3 Conversion of Sludge Into Oils
480(1)
20.4.4 Conversion of Sludge Into Electricity
481(1)
20.4.5 Conversion of Sludge Into Biofuels
482(2)
20.5 Conclusion
484(7)
References
484(7)
21 Impact of Biofertilizers in Sustainable Growth of Agriculture Sector
491(16)
Prajwalita Pathak
Kankan Kishore Pathak
Aran Kumar Pathak
21.1 Introduction
491(2)
21.2 Types of Biofertilizers
493(4)
21.2.1 Nitrogen Fixing Biofertilizers (NFB)
493(1)
21.2.2 Phosphorus Biofertilizers
494(1)
21.2.3 Potassium Solubilizing Biofertilizer
495(1)
21.2.4 Plant Growth Promoting Biofertilizers (PGPB)
495(1)
21.2.5 Zinc Solubilizing Biofertilizers (ZSB)
495(1)
21.2.6 Silicate Solubilizing Biofertilizers (SSB)
495(1)
21.2.7 Sulfur Oxidizing Biofertilizers (SOB)
496(1)
21.3 Methods of Application of Biofertilizers
497(2)
21.4 Types of Bioformulations
499(1)
21.5 Points of Interest of Utilizing Biofertilizers
500(1)
21.6 Impact of Biofertilizers on Soil Microorganisms
501(1)
21.7 International Market of Biofertilizers
501(1)
21.8 Upgradation of Biofertilizer Utilization for Sustainable Agricultural Production
502(1)
21.9 Limitations in Biofertilizer Technology
503(1)
21.10 Conclusions
503(4)
References
504(3)
22 Valorization of Agricultural Wastes as Low-Cost Adsorbents Towards Efficient Removal of Aqueous Cr(VI)
507(16)
Rashmi Acharya
Kulantani Parida
22.1 Introduction
507(2)
22.2 Influence of Adsorption Parameters on Cr(VI) Uptake
509(4)
22.2.1 Influence of pH
509(2)
22.2.2 Influence of Temperature
511(1)
22.2.3 Influence of Contact Time
511(1)
22.2.4 Influence of Adsorbent Dose
512(1)
22.2.5 Influence of Initial Cr(VI) Concentration
512(1)
22.3 Kinetics of Adsorption
513(1)
22.4 Adsorption Isotherm Models
514(4)
22.4.1 Langmuir Isotherm Model
515(1)
22.4.2 Freundlich Isotherm Model
515(1)
22.4.3 Dubinin-Radushkevich Isotherm Model
516(1)
22.4.4 Temkin Isotherm Model
517(1)
22.4.5 Redlich-Peterson Isotherm Model
517(1)
22.4.6 Sips Isotherm Model
518(1)
22.5 Adsorption Thermodynamics
518(1)
22.6 Evaluation of Adsorption Capacities and Mechanism of Adsorption
519(3)
22.7 Conclusion
522(1)
Acknowledgement 523(1)
References 523(8)
Index 531
Shahid Ul Islam, PhD is a lecturer and researcher at the Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST), J&K India. Before joining IUST in 2021, he worked at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi as a research scientist. His research is focused on polymers and composites, functional finishes, natural products, green technologies, and valorization of biomass into useful products. He is the editor of several books published with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

Aabid Hussain Shalla, PhD is an associate professor and as I/C Head Department of Chemistry at Islamic University of Science and Technology, J&K India. His research interests include synthesis of hybrid ion exchange materials/ion-selective electrodes/synthesis of smart responsive hydrogels to envisage their application in the removal and identification of toxic heavy metal ions, dyes, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewaters. He has more than 30 publications, a few books, and book chapters to his name.

Salman Ahmad Khan, PhD joined the Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2009 and recently joined the School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MANUU) as a professor. His research areas include organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and nanotechnology. He has published more than 100 research articles in various international journals.