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Volume 2B Financial Markets and Asset Pricing |
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12 Advances in Consumption-Based Asset Pricing: Empirical Tests |
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799 | (108) |
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800 | (3) |
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2 Consumption-Based Models: Notation and Background |
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803 | (3) |
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3 GMM and Consumption-Based Models |
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806 | (1) |
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3.1 GMM Review (Hansen, 1982) |
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806 | (1) |
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3.2 A Classic Asset Pricing Application: Hansen and Singleton (1982) |
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807 | (3) |
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3.3 GMM Asset Pricing with Non-Optimal Weighting |
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810 | (13) |
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4 Euler Equation Errors and Consumption-Based Models |
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815 | (4) |
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5 Scaled Consumption-Based Models |
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819 | (4) |
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823 | (1) |
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5.2 Distinguishing Two Types of Conditioning |
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824 | (5) |
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829 | (11) |
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6 Asset Pricing with Recursive Preferences |
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838 | (2) |
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6.1 EZW Recursive Preferences |
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840 | (2) |
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6.2 EZW Preferences with Unrestricted Dynamics: Distribution-Free Estimation |
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842 | (9) |
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6.3 EZW Preferences with Restricted Dynamics: Long-Run Risk |
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851 | (16) |
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867 | (16) |
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7 Stochastic Consumption Volatility |
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872 | (9) |
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8 Asset Pricing with Habits |
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881 | (2) |
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8.1 Structural Estimation of Campbell-Cochrane Habit |
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883 | (1) |
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8.2 Flexible Estimation of Habit Preferences with Unrestricted Dynamics |
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884 | (3) |
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887 | (2) |
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889 | (18) |
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9 Asset Pricing with Heterogeneous Consumers and Limited Stock Market Participation |
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890 | (7) |
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897 | (3) |
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900 | (7) |
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13 Bond Pricing and the Macroeconomy |
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907 | (62) |
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908 | (1) |
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909 | (1) |
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2.1 A Bare-Bones Framework |
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909 | (2) |
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2.2 Implications and Alternatives |
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911 | (1) |
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2.3 What are the Factors? |
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912 | (1) |
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913 | (2) |
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3 No-Arbitrage Restrictions |
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915 | (1) |
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3.1 Stochastic Discount Factors |
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915 | (3) |
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918 | (1) |
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3.3 Implications of No-Arbitrage Restrictions |
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919 | (2) |
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4 The Variation of Yields with the Macroeconomy: US Evidence |
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921 | (1) |
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921 | (2) |
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923 | (5) |
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4.3 A Workhorse Empirical Example |
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928 | (3) |
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4.4 Interpreting and Altering Cross-Sectional Accuracy |
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931 | (2) |
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933 | (1) |
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5.1 Practical Approaches to Modeling Risk Premia |
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933 | (1) |
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934 | (3) |
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5.3 Some Properties of Observed Bond Returns |
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937 | (3) |
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940 | (2) |
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942 | (1) |
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5.6 The Empirical Performance of Power and Recursive Utility |
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943 | (5) |
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5.7 Predictable Variation of Excess Bond Returns |
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948 | (4) |
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5.8 Extensions to Power Utility and Recursive Utility |
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952 | (3) |
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5.9 Moving Away from Endogenous Risk Premia |
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955 | (1) |
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956 | (1) |
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6.1 A Reduced-Form New Keynesian Model |
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956 | (2) |
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6.2 Nesting the Model in a General Factor Structure |
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958 | (2) |
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960 | (1) |
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6.4 An Empirical Application |
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961 | (8) |
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965 | (1) |
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965 | (4) |
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14 Investment Performance: A Review and Synthesis |
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969 | (42) |
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970 | (1) |
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2 The Stochastic Discount Factor (SDF) Framework |
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971 | (1) |
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2.1 Market Efficiency and Fund Performance |
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972 | (2) |
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2.2 The Treatment of Costs |
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974 | (1) |
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975 | (1) |
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3.1 Returns-Based Alpha and Appropriate Benchmarks |
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975 | (2) |
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977 | (1) |
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3.3 Conditional Performance Evaluation (CPE) |
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978 | (3) |
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3.4 Unconditional Efficiency and Performance Evaluation |
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981 | (1) |
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982 | (2) |
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3.6 Conditional Market Timing |
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984 | (1) |
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3.7 Holdings-Based Performance Measures |
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984 | (6) |
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4 Implementation Issues and Empirical Examples |
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989 | (1) |
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990 | (1) |
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991 | (1) |
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992 | (3) |
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995 | (4) |
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999 | (3) |
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5 Fund Managers' Incentives and Investor Behavior |
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1000 | (2) |
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5.1 Flows to Mutual Funds |
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1002 | (9) |
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1004 | (1) |
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1004 | (1) |
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1004 | (7) |
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1011 | (52) |
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1012 | (2) |
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1.1 Open-End Mutual Funds |
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1014 | (2) |
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1.2 Closed-End Mutual Funds |
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1016 | (1) |
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1.3 Exchange-Traded Funds |
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1016 | (1) |
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2 Issues with Open-End Funds |
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1017 | (1) |
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2.1 Performance Measurement Techniques |
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1017 | (21) |
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2.2 How Well Have Active Funds Done? |
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1038 | (6) |
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2.3 How Well Do Investors Do in Selecting Funds? |
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1044 | (1) |
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2.4 Other Characteristics of Good-Performing Funds |
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1045 | (2) |
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2.5 What Affects Flows Into Funds? |
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1047 | (2) |
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1048 | (1) |
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3.1 Explaining the Discount |
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1049 | (2) |
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3.2 Why Closed-End Funds Exist |
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1051 | (2) |
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4 Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) |
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1052 | (1) |
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1053 | (1) |
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4.2 The Relationships of Price to NAV |
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1054 | (1) |
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4.3 Performance Relative to Other Instruments |
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1054 | (1) |
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4.4 Their Use of Price Formation |
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1055 | (1) |
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4.5 The Effect of Leverage |
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1056 | (1) |
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1057 | (6) |
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1057 | (1) |
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1057 | (4) |
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1061 | (2) |
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1063 | (64) |
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1 The Hedge Fund Business Model---A Historical Perspective |
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1063 | (6) |
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2 Empirical Evidence of Hedge Fund Performance |
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1069 | (1) |
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2.1 Were the Lofty Expectations of Early Hedge Fund Investors Fulfilled? |
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1069 | (5) |
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2.2 The Arrival of Institutional Investors |
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1074 | (2) |
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2.3 Hedge Fund Performance---The Post Dot-com Bubble Era |
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1076 | (1) |
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2.4 Absolute Return and Alpha---A Rose by Any Other Name? |
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1077 | (8) |
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3 The Risk in Hedge Fund Strategies |
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1085 | (1) |
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3.1 From Passive Index Strategies to Active Hedge Fund Styles |
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1085 | (2) |
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3.2 Peer-Group Style Factors |
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1087 | (1) |
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3.3 Return-Based Style Factors |
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1087 | (2) |
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3.4 Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Models of Hedge Fund Strategy Risk |
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1089 | (1) |
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3.5 Directional Hedge Fund Styles: Trend Followers and Global Macro |
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1090 | (3) |
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3.6 Event-Driven Hedge Fund Styles: Risk Arbitrage and Distressed |
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1093 | (3) |
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3.7 Relative Value and Arbitrage-like Hedge Fund Styles: Fixed Income Arbitrage, Convertible Arbitrage, and Long/Short Equity |
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1096 | (5) |
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3.8 Niche Strategies: Dedicated Short Bias, Emerging Market and Equity Market Neutral |
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1101 | (2) |
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4 Where Do Investors Go From Here? |
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1103 | (1) |
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4.1 Portfolio Construction and Performance Trend |
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1103 | (12) |
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4.2 Risk Management and a Tale of Two Risks |
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1115 | (2) |
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4.3 Alpha-Beta Separation, Replication Products, and Fees |
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1117 | (4) |
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1121 | (6) |
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1124 | (3) |
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17 Financial Risk Measurement for Financial Risk Management |
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1127 | (94) |
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1128 | (1) |
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1129 | (1) |
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1.2 Conditional Risk Measures |
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1130 | (3) |
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1133 | (1) |
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2 Conditional Portfolio-Level Risk Analysis |
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1133 | (1) |
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2.1 Modeling Time-Varying Volatilities Using Daily Data and GARCH |
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1134 | (8) |
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2.2 Intraday Data and Realized Volatility |
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1142 | (14) |
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2.3 Modeling Return Distributions |
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1156 | (12) |
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3 Conditional Asset-Level Risk Analysis |
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1167 | (1) |
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3.1 Modeling Time-Varying Covariances Using Daily Data and GARCH |
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1168 | (8) |
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3.2 Intraday Data and Realized Covariances |
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1176 | (14) |
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3.3 Modeling Multivariate Return Distributions |
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1190 | (9) |
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3.4 Systemic Risk and Measurement |
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1199 | (5) |
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4 Conditioning on Macroeconomic Fundamentals |
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1203 | (1) |
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4.1 The Macroeconomic and Return Volatility |
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1204 | (1) |
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4.2 The Macroeconomy and Fundamental Volatility |
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1205 | (2) |
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4.3 Fundamental Volatility and Return Volatility |
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1207 | (1) |
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1207 | (2) |
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4.5 Factors as Fundamentals |
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1209 | (12) |
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1211 | (1) |
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1212 | (9) |
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18 Bubbles, Financial Crises, and Systemic Risk |
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1221 | (68) |
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1222 | (3) |
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2 A Brief Historical Overview of Bubbles and Crises |
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1225 | (4) |
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1229 | (2) |
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3.1 Rational Bubbles without Frictions |
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1231 | (2) |
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3.2 OLG Frictions and Market Incompleteness |
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1233 | (3) |
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3.3 Informational Frictions |
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1236 | (2) |
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3.4 Delegated Investment and Credit Bubbles |
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1238 | (1) |
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3.5 Heterogeneous-Beliefs Bubbles |
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1239 | (3) |
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3.6 Empirical Evidence on Bubbles |
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1242 | (1) |
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3.7 Experimental Evidence on Bubbles |
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1243 | (4) |
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1245 | (2) |
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4.1 Counterparty/Bank Runs |
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1247 | (6) |
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4.2 Collateral/Margin Runs |
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1253 | (8) |
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4.3 Lenders' or Borrowers' Friction? |
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1261 | (3) |
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4.4 Network Externalities |
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1264 | (4) |
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4.5 Feedback Effects Between Financial Sector Risk and Sovereign Risk |
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1268 | (3) |
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5 Measuring Systemic Risk |
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1271 | (1) |
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5.1 Systemic Risk Measures |
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1271 | (2) |
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5.2 Data Collection and Macro Modeling |
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1273 | (2) |
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5.3 Challenges in Estimating Systemic Risk Measures |
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1275 | (2) |
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5.4 Some Specific Measures of Systemic Risk |
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1277 | (12) |
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1280 | (1) |
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1281 | (8) |
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19 Market Liquidity---Theory and Empirical Evidence |
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1289 | (74) |
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1289 | (6) |
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1295 | (2) |
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2.1 Perfect-Market Benchmark |
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1297 | (3) |
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1300 | (4) |
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1304 | (5) |
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2.4 Asymmetric Information |
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1309 | (5) |
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2.5 Imperfect Competition |
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1314 | (8) |
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1322 | (6) |
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1328 | (6) |
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1333 | (1) |
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3.1 Empirical Measures of Illiquidity |
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1334 | (7) |
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3.2 Properties of Illiquidity Measures |
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1341 | (5) |
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3.3 Illiquidity and Asset Returns |
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1346 | (17) |
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1351 | (1) |
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1352 | (11) |
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1363 | (34) |
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1363 | (1) |
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2 Risk-Neutral Default Probability Estimates |
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1364 | (4) |
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1368 | (2) |
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3 Physical Default Probability Estimates |
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1369 | (1) |
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3.1 Empirical Research on Default Probability Estimates |
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1370 | (3) |
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3.2 Empirical Research on Credit Spreads |
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1373 | (5) |
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1376 | (2) |
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1378 | (1) |
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1379 | (1) |
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5 Collateralized Debt Obligations |
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1380 | (1) |
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1380 | (2) |
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1382 | (1) |
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5.3 Synthetic CDO Valuation |
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1383 | (2) |
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5.4 Default Correlation Models and the Probability of Default |
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1385 | (2) |
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5.5 A Non-Homogeneous Model |
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1387 | (1) |
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5.6 Gaussian and Other Factor Copula Models |
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1387 | (2) |
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1389 | (1) |
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1390 | (7) |
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6 Credit Derivatives and the Crisis |
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1392 | (2) |
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1394 | (1) |
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1395 | (2) |
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21 Household Finance: An Emerging Field |
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1397 | (136) |
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1 The Rise of Household Finance |
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1398 | (1) |
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1399 | (2) |
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1401 | (2) |
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2 Facts About Household Assets and Liabilities |
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1402 | (1) |
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2.1 Components of Lifetime Wealth: Human Capital |
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1403 | (3) |
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2.2 Components of Lifetime Wealth: Tangible Assets |
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1406 | (11) |
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1417 | (2) |
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1419 | (1) |
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2.5 Overall Reliance on Financial Markets |
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1420 | (1) |
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2.6 International Comparisons |
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1421 | (4) |
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3 Household Risk Preferences and Beliefs: What Do We Know? |
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1424 | (1) |
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3.1 Measuring Individual Risk Aversion |
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1425 | (7) |
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3.2 Determinants of Risk Attitudes |
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1432 | (11) |
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3.3 Time-Varying Risk Aversion? |
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1443 | (2) |
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3.4 Heterogeneity in the Financial Wealth Elasticity of the Risky Share |
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1445 | (1) |
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1446 | (3) |
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1449 | (1) |
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3.7 Risk Aversion, Beliefs, and Financial Choices; Putting Merton's Model to the Test |
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1450 | (3) |
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4 Household Portfolio Decisions: From Normative Models to Observed Behavior |
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1452 | (1) |
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4.1 Stock Market Participation |
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1453 | (6) |
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1459 | (16) |
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4.3 Portfolio Rebalancing in Response to Market Movements |
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1475 | (3) |
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4.4 Portfolio Rebalancing Over the Life-Cycle |
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1478 | (18) |
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5 Household Borrowing Decisions |
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1496 | (1) |
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5.1 Liabilities of the Household Sector: Magnitudes and Trends |
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1496 | (1) |
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1496 | (3) |
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5.3 Optimal Mortgage Choice |
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1499 | (6) |
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5.4 Defaulting on Mortgages |
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1505 | (5) |
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5.5 Credit Card Debt, Debate and Puzzles |
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1510 | (23) |
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1512 | (2) |
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Appendix A Data Source and Notes |
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1514 | (3) |
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Appendix B Computation of Human Capital |
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1517 | (2) |
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1519 | (14) |
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22 The Behavior of Individual Investors |
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1533 | (38) |
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1 The Performance of Individual Investors |
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1535 | (1) |
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1.1 The Average Individual |
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1535 | (9) |
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1.2 Cross-Sectional Variation in Performance |
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1544 | (3) |
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2 Why do Individual Investors Underperform? |
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1547 | (1) |
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2.1 Asymmetric Information |
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1547 | (1) |
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1547 | (3) |
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1549 | (1) |
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1550 | (1) |
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3 The Disposition Effect: Selling Winners and Holding Losers |
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1551 | (1) |
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1551 | (6) |
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3.2 Why Do Investors Prefer to Sell Winners? |
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1557 | (14) |
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1559 | (1) |
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5 Attention: Chasing the Action |
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1559 | (1) |
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1560 | (4) |
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7 Are Individual Investors Contrarians? |
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1564 | (1) |
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1565 | (1) |
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1565 | (6) |
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23 Risk Pricing over Alternative Investment Horizons |
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1571 | |
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1572 | (1) |
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2 Stochastic Discount Factor Dynamics |
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1573 | (1) |
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1573 | (1) |
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2.2 A Convenient Factorization |
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1574 | (2) |
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2.3 Other Familiar Changes in Measure |
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1576 | (1) |
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1577 | (1) |
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2.5 Model-Based Factorizations |
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1578 | (4) |
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2.6 Entropy Characterization |
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1582 | (1) |
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1583 | (1) |
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3.1 Incorporating Stochastic Growth in the Cash Flows |
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1583 | (2) |
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3.2 Holding-Period Returns on Cash Flows |
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1585 | (1) |
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1585 | (11) |
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1594 | (2) |
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4.1 Incomplete Contracting |
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1596 | (6) |
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1602 | (4) |
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4.3 Segmented Market and Nominal Shocks |
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1606 | |
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1607 | (1) |
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Appendix A Limited Contracting Economies Revisited |
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1608 | (1) |
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1609 | |
Index to Volume 2B |
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1 | |