Introduction to the Series |
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xxiii | |
Preface |
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xxv | |
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Volume 2A Corporate Finance |
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1 | (70) |
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2 | (3) |
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2 Securitization: Some Institutional Details |
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5 | (8) |
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5 | (2) |
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2.2 Securitization Example: Credit Card Securitization via the Chase Issuance Trust |
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7 | (5) |
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2.3 Other Forms of Securitization |
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12 | (1) |
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3 Overview of the Performance of Asset-Backed Securities |
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13 | (12) |
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3.1 The Size and Growth of the ABS Market |
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13 | (2) |
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3.2 The Default and Ratings Performance of ABS |
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15 | (5) |
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3.3 ABS Performance in Terms of Spreads |
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20 | (2) |
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3.4 Performance During the Financial Crisis |
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22 | (3) |
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4 A Simple Model of the Securitization Decision |
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25 | (4) |
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5 The Origins of Securitization |
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29 | (11) |
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5.1 The Supply of Securitized Bonds |
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29 | (3) |
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5.2 Relative Convenience Yield and the Demand for Securitized Bonds |
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32 | (3) |
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5.3 Securitization and Financial Innovation |
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35 | (5) |
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6 Security Design and the Cost of Capital: Theory |
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40 | (4) |
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7 Security Design and the Cost of Capital: Evidence |
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44 | (9) |
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7.1 Does Securitization Lower the Cost of Capital? |
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44 | (1) |
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7.2 Components of the Return Differential |
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45 | (8) |
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8 Securitization, Regulation, and Public Policy |
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53 | (9) |
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8.1 Securitization and Financial Stability |
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53 | (3) |
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8.2 The Federal Reserve and Asset-Backed Securities during the Crisis |
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56 | (3) |
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8.3 Securitization and Monetary Policy |
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59 | (1) |
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8.4 The Future of Securitization |
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60 | (2) |
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9 Final Comments and Open Questions |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (6) |
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2 Dynamic Security Design and Corporate Financing |
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71 | (52) |
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71 | (3) |
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2 Informational Problems in Static Models |
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74 | (13) |
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75 | (7) |
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82 | (5) |
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3 Simple Securities in Dynamic Models |
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87 | (3) |
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4 Optimal Dynamic Security Design under Moral Hazard |
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90 | (21) |
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4.1 Other Models that Involve Dynamic Moral Hazard |
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102 | (9) |
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5 Asymmetric Information in Dynamic Settings |
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111 | (10) |
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5.1 Static Contracts in Dynamic Settings |
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111 | (6) |
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5.2 Optimal Dynamic Contracts with Adverse Selection |
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117 | (4) |
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121 | (2) |
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3 Do Taxes Affect Corporate Decisions? A Review |
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123 | (88) |
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124 | (2) |
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2 Taxes and Capital Structure---The US Tax System |
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126 | (37) |
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2.1 Theory and Empirical Predictions |
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126 | (7) |
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2.2 Empirical Evidence on Whether the Tax Advantage of Debt Increases Firm Value |
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133 | (8) |
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2.3 Empirical Evidence on Whether Corporate Taxes Affect Debt vs. Equity Policy |
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141 | (9) |
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2.4 Empirical Evidence on Whether Personal Taxes Affect Corporate Debt vs. Equity Policy |
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150 | (8) |
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2.5 Beyond Debt vs. Equity |
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158 | (5) |
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3 Taxes and Capital Structure---Multinational Tax Issues |
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163 | (12) |
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3.1 Tax Incentives and Financial Policy in Multinational Firms: Theory and Tax Rules |
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164 | (6) |
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3.2 Empirical Evidence Related to Multinational Tax Incentives to Use Debt |
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170 | (3) |
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3.3 Other Predictions and Evidence about Multinational Tax Incentives |
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173 | (1) |
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3.4 Empirical Evidence Related to Repatriation of Profits Earned Abroad |
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174 | (1) |
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4 Taxes, LBOs, Corporate Restructuring, and Organizational Form |
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175 | (4) |
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4.1 Theory and Predictions |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (3) |
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5 Taxes and Payout Policy |
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179 | (10) |
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5.1 Theory and Empirical Predictions |
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180 | (1) |
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5.2 Empirical Evidence on Whether Firm Value Is Negatively Affected by Dividend Payments |
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181 | (1) |
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5.3 Empirical Evidence on Whether Corporate Payout Policy Changes in Response to Investor-Level Payout Tax Rates |
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182 | (2) |
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5.4 Evidence on Whether Ex-day Stock Returns and Payout Policy Are Affected by Investor Taxes |
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184 | (5) |
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6 Taxes and Compensation Policy |
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189 | (4) |
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6.1 Theory and Empirical Predictions |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (2) |
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7 Taxes, Corporate Risk Management, and Earnings Management |
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193 | (3) |
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7.1 Theory and Empirical Predictions |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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9 Summary and Suggestions for Future Research |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (11) |
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4 Executive Compensation: Where We Are, and How We Got There |
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211 | (146) |
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212 | (5) |
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2 Where We Are: A Primer on Executive Compensation |
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217 | (31) |
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2.1 Measuring Executive Pay |
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217 | (16) |
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2.2 Measuring Executive Incentives |
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233 | (8) |
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2.3 (Dis)Incentives from Bonus Plans |
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241 | (5) |
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2.4 (Dis)Incentives from Capital Markets |
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246 | (2) |
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3 How We Got There: A Brief History of CEO Pay |
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248 | (65) |
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248 | (1) |
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3.2 Executive Compensation Before the Great Depression |
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249 | (2) |
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3.3 Depression-Era Outrage and Disclosure Requirements (1930s) |
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251 | (2) |
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3.4 The Rise (and Fall) of Restricted Stock Options (1950-1969) |
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253 | (6) |
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3.5 Wage-and-Price Controls and Economic Stagnation (1970-1982) |
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259 | (8) |
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3.6 The Emerging Market for Corporate Control (1983-1992) |
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267 | (7) |
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3.7 The Stock Option Explosion (1992-2001) |
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274 | (14) |
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3.8 The Accounting and Backdating Scandals (2001-2007) |
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288 | (13) |
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3.9 Pay Restrictions for TARP Recipients (2008-2009) |
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301 | (7) |
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3.10 The Dodd-Frank Executive Compensation Reform Act (2010-2011) |
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308 | (5) |
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4 International Comparisons: Are US CEOs Still Paid More? |
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313 | (9) |
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4.1 The US Pay Premium: What We Thought We Knew |
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313 | (2) |
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4.2 New International Evidence |
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315 | (4) |
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4.3 Why Do US CEOs Receive More Options? |
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319 | (3) |
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5 Towards a General Theory of Executive Compensation |
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322 | (25) |
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5.1 Agency Problems: Solutions and Sources |
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323 | (6) |
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5.2 "Competing" Hypotheses to Explain the Increase in CEO Pay |
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329 | (17) |
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5.3 Explaining Executive Compensation: It's Complicated |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (10) |
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5 Behavioral Corporate Finance: An Updated Survey |
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357 | (68) |
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358 | (3) |
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2 Market Timing and Catering |
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361 | (30) |
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2.1 Background on Investor Behavior and Market Inefficiency |
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361 | (5) |
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2.2 Theoretical Framework: Rational Managers in Irrational Markets |
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366 | (4) |
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370 | (2) |
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372 | (4) |
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376 | (10) |
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2.6 Other Corporate Decisions |
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386 | (5) |
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391 | (14) |
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3.1 Background on Managerial Behavior |
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391 | (3) |
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3.2 Theoretical Framework |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (4) |
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401 | (4) |
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405 | (6) |
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4.1 Theoretical Framework |
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406 | (3) |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (12) |
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6 Law and Finance After a Decade of Research |
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425 | (68) |
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Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes |
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426 | (2) |
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2 Background on Legal Origins |
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428 | (5) |
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433 | (17) |
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3.1 Organizing the Evidence |
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433 | (1) |
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3.2 Investor Protection and Financial Markets |
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434 | (4) |
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438 | (1) |
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3.4 Consequences of Shareholder Protection |
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439 | (2) |
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441 | (1) |
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3.6 Consequences of Creditor Protection |
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442 | (1) |
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3.7 Substitute Mechanisms |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (2) |
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3.9 Legal Rules Versus Law Enforcement |
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445 | (1) |
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3.10 Legal Origins Beyond Finance |
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446 | (4) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (10) |
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4.1 Explanations Based on Revolutions |
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451 | (3) |
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4.2 Explanations Based on Medieval Developments |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (4) |
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4.4 Interpretation of the Evidence |
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459 | (1) |
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5 Legal Origins and Culture |
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460 | (1) |
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6 Legal Origins and Politics |
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461 | (4) |
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7 Legal Origins and History |
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465 | (12) |
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7.1 Stock Markets and the Start of the 20th Century |
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470 | (3) |
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7.2 Britain at the Start of the 20th Century |
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473 | (3) |
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7.3 Explaining Divergence |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (5) |
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483 | (10) |
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7 Endogeneity in Empirical Corporate Finance |
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493 | (80) |
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494 | (2) |
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2 The Causes and Consequences of Endogeneity |
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496 | (15) |
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497 | (7) |
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2.2 Potential Outcomes and Treatment Effects |
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504 | (7) |
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2.3 Identifying and Discussing the Endogeneity Problem |
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511 | (1) |
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511 | (9) |
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3.1 What are Valid Instruments? |
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511 | (2) |
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513 | (1) |
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3.3 Where do Valid Instruments Come From? Some Examples |
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514 | (1) |
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3.4 So Called Tests of Instrument Validity |
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515 | (1) |
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3.5 The Problem of Weak Instruments |
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516 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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3.7 Limitations of Instrumental Variables |
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518 | (2) |
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4 Difference-in-Differences Estimators |
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520 | (11) |
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4.1 Single Cross-Sectional Differences After Treatment |
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520 | (1) |
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4.2 Single Time-Series Difference Before and After Treatment |
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521 | (2) |
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4.3 Double Difference Estimator: Difference-in-Differences (DD) |
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523 | (6) |
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4.4 Checking Internal Validity |
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529 | (2) |
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531 | (1) |
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5 Regression Discontinuity Design |
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531 | (18) |
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533 | (3) |
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536 | (3) |
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539 | (2) |
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541 | (5) |
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5.5 Checking Internal Validity |
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546 | (3) |
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549 | (8) |
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6.1 Treatment Effects and Identification Assumptions |
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549 | (2) |
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551 | (1) |
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6.3 Matching on Covariates and the Propensity Score |
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551 | (2) |
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6.4 Practical Considerations |
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553 | (4) |
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557 | (3) |
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7.1 Fixed and Random Effects |
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557 | (3) |
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8 Econometric Solutions to Measurement Error |
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560 | (6) |
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8.1 Instrumental Variables |
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560 | (2) |
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8.2 High Order Moment Estimators |
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562 | (2) |
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8.3 Reverse Regression Bounds |
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564 | (2) |
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8.4 Avoiding Proxies and Using Proxies Wisely |
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566 | (1) |
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566 | (1) |
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567 | (6) |
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8 A Survey of Venture Capital Research |
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573 | (76) |
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574 | (3) |
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2 Data Sources and Methodology for Empirical Research |
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577 | (6) |
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2.1 Main Commercial Databases |
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577 | (1) |
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2.2 Hand-Collected Survey Data |
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578 | (1) |
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2.3 Proprietary Industry Data |
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579 | (1) |
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579 | (1) |
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580 | (1) |
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580 | (2) |
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2.7 Empirical Estimation Challenges |
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582 | (1) |
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3 Venture Capital Investments in Entrepreneurial Companies |
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583 | (21) |
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583 | (6) |
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589 | (6) |
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595 | (4) |
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599 | (5) |
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4 The Analysis of Venture Capital Firms |
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604 | (15) |
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4.1 The Organizational Structure of Venture Capital Firms |
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604 | (8) |
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4.2 Venture Capital Firms' Investment Strategies |
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612 | (2) |
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4.3 Relationships Among Venture Capital Firms |
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614 | (3) |
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4.4 The Relationship Between General and Limited Partners |
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617 | (2) |
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5 Returns to Venture Capital Investments |
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619 | (12) |
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5.1 Data and Methodological Challenges |
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620 | (3) |
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623 | (8) |
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6 Venture Capital and the Economy |
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631 | (6) |
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6.1 The Contribution of Venture-Backed Companies to Innovation |
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631 | (2) |
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6.2 The Role of Venture Capital for Entry, Employment And Growth |
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633 | (1) |
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6.3 Public Policy For Venture Capital |
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634 | (3) |
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637 | (1) |
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637 | (12) |
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9 Entrepreneurship and the Family Firm |
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649 | (34) |
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1 Creative Destruction and the Family Firm |
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649 | (7) |
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2 The Succession Decision |
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656 | (8) |
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3 Economic Development and the Family Firm |
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664 | (3) |
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4 The Importance of Oligarchs |
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667 | (4) |
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5 Schumpeter and Chandler, Reconciled? |
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671 | (4) |
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675 | (8) |
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10 Financing in Developing Countries |
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683 | (76) |
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683 | (3) |
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2 Stylized Facts About Firms in Developing Countries |
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686 | (6) |
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3 Firms in Developing Countries---Theories and Empirical Research Issues |
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692 | (12) |
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3.1 Models of Firms in Developing Countries |
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692 | (5) |
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3.2 Empirical Research Issues |
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697 | (7) |
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4 Institutions and Access to Finance in Developing Countries |
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704 | (12) |
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704 | (3) |
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4.2 Legal Traditions and Property Rights |
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707 | (5) |
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4.3 Information Quality and Availability |
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712 | (2) |
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4.4 Government Intervention, Corruption, and Political Ties |
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714 | (2) |
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5 Firm Financing in Developing Countries |
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716 | (19) |
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5.1 Financing Constraints |
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716 | (2) |
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5.2 Firm Financing Patterns (Capital Structure Choice) |
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718 | (3) |
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5.3 Cash Holdings and Liquidity Management |
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721 | (1) |
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722 | (5) |
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727 | (8) |
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6 Bank-based Versus Market-based Systems |
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735 | (5) |
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6.1 Prevalence of Bank-based and Market-based Systems Across the World |
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735 | (1) |
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6.2 Banks Versus Market-based Systems---Theory and Empirical Evidence |
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736 | (4) |
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7 Formal and Informal Systems |
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740 | (3) |
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743 | (1) |
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744 | (15) |
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11 Financial Intermediation, Markets, and Alternative Financial Sectors |
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759 | (40) |
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759 | (4) |
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2 State of the Financial System and Firms' Financing Channels |
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763 | (15) |
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2.1 The Banking and Intermediation Sector |
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765 | (3) |
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2.2 Financial Markets: Stock Markets and Bond Markets |
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768 | (2) |
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2.3 International Sectors |
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770 | (5) |
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775 | (3) |
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3 Firms' Financing Channels: The Role of Alternative Finance |
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778 | (11) |
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3.1 Overview of Alternative Financing Channels |
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778 | (4) |
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3.2 Different Types of Alternative Financing Channels |
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782 | (6) |
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788 | (1) |
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4 Comparing Traditional and Alternative Financial Sectors |
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789 | (6) |
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4.1 Comparing Different Forms of Financing |
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792 | (1) |
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4.2 Conditions Conducive to Developing Legal and Alternative Institutions |
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793 | (1) |
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4.3 Future Research on Alternative Finance |
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794 | (1) |
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795 | (1) |
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796 | |
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1 | (798) |
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Volume 2B Financial Markets and Asset Pricing |
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12 Advances in Consumption-Based Asset Pricing: Empirical Tests |
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799 | (108) |
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800 | (3) |
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2 Consumption-Based Models: Notation and Background |
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803 | (3) |
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3 GMM and Consumption-Based Models |
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806 | (9) |
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3.1 GMM Review (Hansen, 1982) |
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806 | (1) |
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3.2 A Classic Asset Pricing Application: Hansen and Singleton (1982) |
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807 | (3) |
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3.3 GMM Asset Pricing with Non-Optimal Weighting |
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810 | (5) |
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4 Euler Equation Errors and Consumption-Based Models |
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815 | (4) |
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5 Scaled Consumption-Based Models |
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819 | (19) |
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823 | (1) |
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5.2 Distinguishing Two Types of Conditioning |
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824 | (5) |
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829 | (9) |
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6 Asset Pricing with Recursive Preferences |
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838 | (34) |
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6.1 EZW Recursive Preferences |
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840 | (2) |
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6.2 EZW Preferences with Unrestricted Dynamics: Distribution-Free Estimation |
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842 | (9) |
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6.3 EZW Preferences with Restricted Dynamics: Long-Run Risk |
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851 | (16) |
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867 | (5) |
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7 Stochastic Consumption Volatility |
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872 | (9) |
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8 Asset Pricing with Habits |
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881 | (9) |
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8.1 Structural Estimation of Campbell-Cochrane Habit |
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883 | (1) |
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8.2 Flexible Estimation of Habit Preferences with Unrestricted Dynamics |
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884 | (3) |
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887 | (2) |
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889 | (1) |
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9 Asset Pricing with Heterogeneous Consumers and Limited Stock Market Participation |
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890 | (7) |
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897 | (3) |
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900 | (7) |
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13 Bond Pricing and the Macroeconomy |
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907 | (62) |
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908 | (1) |
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909 | (6) |
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2.1 A Bare-Bones Framework |
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909 | (2) |
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2.2 Implications and Alternatives |
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911 | (1) |
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2.3 What are the Factors? |
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912 | (1) |
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913 | (2) |
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3 No-Arbitrage Restrictions |
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915 | (6) |
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3.1 Stochastic Discount Factors |
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915 | (3) |
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918 | (1) |
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3.3 Implications of No-Arbitrage Restrictions |
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919 | (2) |
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4 The Variation of Yields with the Macroeconomy: US Evidence |
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921 | (12) |
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921 | (2) |
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923 | (5) |
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4.3 A Workhorse Empirical Example |
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928 | (3) |
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4.4 Interpreting and Altering Cross-Sectional Accuracy |
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931 | (2) |
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933 | (23) |
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5.1 Practical Approaches to Modeling Risk Premia |
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933 | (1) |
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934 | (3) |
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5.3 Some Properties of Observed Bond Returns |
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937 | (3) |
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940 | (2) |
|
|
942 | (1) |
|
5.6 The Empirical Performance of Power and Recursive Utility |
|
|
943 | (5) |
|
5.7 Predictable Variation of Excess Bond Returns |
|
|
948 | (4) |
|
5.8 Extensions to Power Utility and Recursive Utility |
|
|
952 | (3) |
|
5.9 Moving Away from Endogenous Risk Premia |
|
|
955 | (1) |
|
|
956 | (9) |
|
6.1 A Reduced-Form New Keynesian Model |
|
|
956 | (2) |
|
6.2 Nesting the Model in a General Factor Structure |
|
|
958 | (2) |
|
|
960 | (1) |
|
6.4 An Empirical Application |
|
|
961 | (4) |
|
|
965 | (1) |
|
|
965 | (4) |
|
14 Investment Performance: A Review and Synthesis |
|
|
969 | (42) |
|
|
|
970 | (1) |
|
2 The Stochastic Discount Factor (SDF) Framework |
|
|
971 | (4) |
|
2.1 Market Efficiency and Fund Performance |
|
|
972 | (2) |
|
2.2 The Treatment of Costs |
|
|
974 | (1) |
|
|
975 | (14) |
|
3.1 Returns-Based Alpha and Appropriate Benchmarks |
|
|
975 | (2) |
|
|
977 | (1) |
|
3.3 Conditional Performance Evaluation (CPE) |
|
|
978 | (3) |
|
3.4 Unconditional Efficiency and Performance Evaluation |
|
|
981 | (1) |
|
|
982 | (2) |
|
3.6 Conditional Market Tirning |
|
|
984 | (1) |
|
3.7 Holdings-Based Performance Measures |
|
|
984 | (5) |
|
4 Implementation Issues and Empirical Examples |
|
|
989 | (11) |
|
|
990 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
|
992 | (3) |
|
|
995 | (4) |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
5 Fund Managers' Incentives and Investor Behavior |
|
|
1000 | (4) |
|
5.1 Flows to Mutual Funds |
|
|
1002 | (2) |
|
|
1004 | (1) |
|
|
1004 | (1) |
|
|
1004 | (7) |
|
|
1011 | (52) |
|
|
|
|
1012 | (5) |
|
1.1 Open-End Mutual Funds |
|
|
1014 | (2) |
|
1.2 Closed-End Mutual Funds |
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
1.3 Exchange-Traded Funds |
|
|
1016 | (1) |
|
2 Issues with Open-End Funds |
|
|
1017 | (31) |
|
2.1 Performance Measurement Techniques |
|
|
1017 | (21) |
|
2.2 How Well Have Active Funds Done? |
|
|
1038 | (6) |
|
2.3 How Well Do Investors Do in Selecting Funds? |
|
|
1044 | (1) |
|
2.4 Other Characteristics of Good-Performing Funds |
|
|
1045 | (2) |
|
2.5 What Affects Flows Into Funds? |
|
|
1047 | (1) |
|
|
1048 | (4) |
|
3.1 Explaining the Discount |
|
|
1049 | (2) |
|
3.2 Why Closed-End Funds Exist |
|
|
1051 | (1) |
|
4 Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) |
|
|
1052 | (5) |
|
|
1053 | (1) |
|
4.2 The Relationships of Price to NAV |
|
|
1054 | (1) |
|
4.3 Performance Relative to Other Instruments |
|
|
1054 | (1) |
|
4.4 Their Use of Price Formation |
|
|
1055 | (1) |
|
4.5 The Effect of Leverage |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
|
1057 | (4) |
|
|
1061 | (2) |
|
|
1063 | (64) |
|
|
|
1 The Hedge Fund Business Model---A Historical Perspective |
|
|
1063 | (6) |
|
2 Empirical Evidence of Hedge Fund Performance |
|
|
1069 | (16) |
|
2.1 Were the Lofty Expectations of Early Hedge Fund Investors Fulfilled? |
|
|
1069 | (5) |
|
2.2 The Arrival of Institutional Investors |
|
|
1074 | (2) |
|
2.3 Hedge Fund Performance---The Post Dot-com Bubble Era |
|
|
1076 | (1) |
|
2.4 Absolute Return and Alpha---A Rose by Any Other Name? |
|
|
1077 | (8) |
|
3 The Risk in Hedge Fund Strategies |
|
|
1085 | (18) |
|
3.1 From Passive Index Strategies to Active Hedge Fund Styles |
|
|
1085 | (2) |
|
3.2 Peer-Group Style Factors |
|
|
1087 | (1) |
|
3.3 Return-Based Style Factors |
|
|
1087 | (2) |
|
3.4 Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Models of Hedge Fund Strategy Risk |
|
|
1089 | (1) |
|
3.5 Directional Hedge Fund Styles: Trend Followers and Global Macro |
|
|
1090 | (3) |
|
3.6 Event-Driven Hedge Fund Styles: Risk Arbitrage and Distressed |
|
|
1093 | (3) |
|
3.7 Relative Value and Arbitrage-like Hedge Fund Styles: Fixed Income Arbitrage, Convertible Arbitrage, and Long/Short Equity |
|
|
1096 | (5) |
|
3.8 Niche Strategies: Dedicated Short Bias, Emerging Market and Equity Market Neutral |
|
|
1101 | (2) |
|
4 Where Do Investors Go From Here? |
|
|
1103 | (21) |
|
4.1 Portfolio Construction and Performance Trend |
|
|
1103 | (12) |
|
4.2 Risk Management find a Tale of Two Risks |
|
|
1115 | (2) |
|
4.3 Alpha-Beta Separation, Replication Products, and Fees |
|
|
1117 | (4) |
|
|
1121 | (3) |
|
|
1124 | (3) |
|
17 Financial Risk Measurement for Financial Risk Management |
|
|
1127 | (94) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1128 | (5) |
|
|
1129 | (1) |
|
1.2 Conditional Risk Measures |
|
|
1130 | (3) |
|
|
1133 | (1) |
|
2 Conditional Portfolio-Level Risk Analysis |
|
|
1133 | (34) |
|
2.1 Modeling Time-Varying Volatilities Using Daily Data and GARCH |
|
|
1134 | (8) |
|
2.2 Intraday Data and Realized Volatility |
|
|
1142 | (14) |
|
2.3 Modeling Return Distributions |
|
|
1156 | (11) |
|
3 Conditional Asset-Level Risk Analysis |
|
|
1167 | (36) |
|
3.1 Modeling Time-Varying Covariances Using Daily Data and GARCH |
|
|
1168 | (8) |
|
3.2 Intraday Data and Realized Covariances |
|
|
1176 | (14) |
|
3.3 Modeling Multivariate Return Distributions |
|
|
1190 | (9) |
|
3.4 Systemic Risk and Measurement |
|
|
1199 | (4) |
|
4 Conditioning on Macroeconomic Fundamentals |
|
|
1203 | (8) |
|
4.1 The Macroeconomy and Return Volatility |
|
|
1204 | (1) |
|
4.2 The Macroeconomy and Fundamental Volatility |
|
|
1205 | (2) |
|
4.3 Fundamental Volatility and Return Volatility |
|
|
1207 | (1) |
|
|
1207 | (2) |
|
4.5 Factors as Fundamentals |
|
|
1209 | (2) |
|
|
1211 | (1) |
|
|
1212 | (9) |
|
18 Bubbles, Financial Crises, and Systemic Risk |
|
|
1221 | (68) |
|
|
|
|
1222 | (3) |
|
2 A Brief Historical Overview of Bubbles and Crises |
|
|
1225 | (4) |
|
|
1229 | (16) |
|
3.1 Rational Bubbles without Frictions |
|
|
1231 | (2) |
|
3.2 OLG Frictions and Market Incompleteness |
|
|
1233 | (3) |
|
3.3 Informational Frictions |
|
|
1236 | (2) |
|
3.4 Delegated Investment and Credit Bubbles |
|
|
1238 | (1) |
|
3.5 Heterogeneous-Beliefs Bubbles |
|
|
1239 | (3) |
|
3.6 Empirical Evidence on Bubbles |
|
|
1242 | (1) |
|
3.7 Experimental Evidence on Bubbles |
|
|
1243 | (2) |
|
|
1245 | (26) |
|
4.1 Counterparty/Bank Runs |
|
|
1247 | (6) |
|
4.2 Collateral/Margin Runs |
|
|
1253 | (8) |
|
4.3 Lenders' or Borrowers' Friction? |
|
|
1261 | (3) |
|
4.4 Network Externalities |
|
|
1264 | (4) |
|
4.5 Feedback Effects Between Financial Sector Risk and Sovereign Risk |
|
|
1268 | (3) |
|
5 Measuring Systemic Risk |
|
|
1271 | (9) |
|
5.1 Systemic Risk Measures |
|
|
1271 | (2) |
|
5.2 Data Collection and Macro Modeling |
|
|
1273 | (2) |
|
5.3 Challenges in Estimating Systemic Risk Measures |
|
|
1275 | (2) |
|
5.4 Some Specific Measures of Systemic Risk |
|
|
1277 | (3) |
|
|
1280 | (1) |
|
|
1281 | (8) |
|
19 Market Liquidity---Theory and Empirical Evidence |
|
|
1289 | (74) |
|
|
|
|
1289 | (6) |
|
|
1295 | (38) |
|
2.1 Perfect-Market Benchmark |
|
|
1297 | (3) |
|
|
1300 | (4) |
|
|
1304 | (5) |
|
2.4 Asymmetric Information |
|
|
1309 | (5) |
|
2.5 Imperfect Competition |
|
|
1314 | (8) |
|
|
1322 | (6) |
|
|
1328 | (5) |
|
|
1333 | (18) |
|
3.1 Empirical Measures of Illiquidity |
|
|
1334 | (7) |
|
3.2 Properties of Illiquidity Measures |
|
|
1341 | (5) |
|
3.3 Illiquidity and Asset Returns |
|
|
1346 | (5) |
|
|
1351 | (1) |
|
|
1352 | (11) |
|
|
1363 | (34) |
|
|
|
|
1363 | (1) |
|
2 Risk-Neutral Default Probability Estimates |
|
|
1364 | (5) |
|
|
1368 | (1) |
|
3 Physical Default Probability Estimates |
|
|
1369 | (7) |
|
3.1 Empirical Research on Default Probability Estimates |
|
|
1370 | (3) |
|
3.2 Empirical Research on Credit Spreads |
|
|
1373 | (3) |
|
|
1376 | (4) |
|
|
1378 | (1) |
|
|
1379 | (1) |
|
5 Collateralized Debt Obligations |
|
|
1380 | (12) |
|
|
1380 | (2) |
|
|
1382 | (1) |
|
5.3 Synthetic CDO Valuation |
|
|
1383 | (2) |
|
5.4 Default Correlation Models and the Probability of Default |
|
|
1385 | (2) |
|
5.5 A Non-Homogeneous Model |
|
|
1387 | (1) |
|
5.6 Gaussian and Other Factor Copula Models |
|
|
1387 | (2) |
|
|
1389 | (1) |
|
|
1390 | (2) |
|
6 Credit Derivatives and the Crisis |
|
|
1392 | (2) |
|
|
1394 | (1) |
|
|
1395 | (2) |
|
21 Household Finance: An Emerging Field |
|
|
1397 | (136) |
|
|
|
1 The Rise of Household Finance |
|
|
1398 | (4) |
|
|
1399 | (2) |
|
|
1401 | (1) |
|
2 Facts About Household Assets and Liabilities |
|
|
1402 | (22) |
|
2.1 Components of Lifetime Wealth: Human Capital |
|
|
1403 | (3) |
|
2.2 Components of Lifetime Wealth: Tangible Assets |
|
|
1406 | (11) |
|
|
1417 | (2) |
|
|
1419 | (1) |
|
2.5 Overall Reliance on Financial Markets |
|
|
1420 | (1) |
|
2.6 International Comparisons |
|
|
1421 | (3) |
|
3 Household Risk Preferences and Beliefs: What Do We Know? |
|
|
1424 | (28) |
|
3.1 Measuring Individual Risk Aversion |
|
|
1425 | (7) |
|
3.2 Determinants of Risk Attitudes |
|
|
1432 | (11) |
|
3.3 Time-Varying Risk Aversion? |
|
|
1443 | (2) |
|
3.4 Heterogeneity in the Financial Wealth Elasticity of the Risky Share |
|
|
1445 | (1) |
|
|
1446 | (3) |
|
|
1449 | (1) |
|
3.7 Risk Aversion, Beliefs, and Financial Choices; Putting Merton's Model to the Test |
|
|
1450 | (2) |
|
4 Household Portfolio Decisions: From Normative Models to Observed Behavior |
|
|
1452 | (44) |
|
4.1 Stock Market Participation |
|
|
1453 | (6) |
|
|
1459 | (16) |
|
4.3 Portfolio Rebalancing in Response to Market Movements |
|
|
1475 | (3) |
|
4.4 Portfolio Rebalancing Over the Life-Cycle |
|
|
1478 | (18) |
|
5 Household Borrowing Decisions |
|
|
1496 | (16) |
|
5.1 Liabilities of the Household Sector: Magnitudes and Trends |
|
|
1496 | (1) |
|
|
1496 | (3) |
|
5.3 Optimal Mortgage Choice |
|
|
1499 | (6) |
|
5.4 Defaulting on Mortgages |
|
|
1505 | (5) |
|
5.5 Credit Card Debt, Debate and Puzzles |
|
|
1510 | (2) |
|
|
1512 | (2) |
|
Appendix A Data Source and Notes |
|
|
1514 | (3) |
|
Appendix B Computation of Human Capital |
|
|
1517 | (2) |
|
|
1519 | (14) |
|
22 The Behavior of Individual Investors |
|
|
1533 | (38) |
|
|
|
1 The Performance of Individual Investors |
|
|
1535 | (12) |
|
1.1 The Average Individual |
|
|
1535 | (9) |
|
1.2 Cross-Sectional Variation in Performance |
|
|
1544 | (3) |
|
2 Why do Individual Investors Underperform? |
|
|
1547 | (4) |
|
2.1 Asymmetric Information |
|
|
1547 | (1) |
|
|
1547 | (2) |
|
|
1549 | (1) |
|
|
1550 | (1) |
|
3 The Disposition Effect: Selling Winners and Holding Losers |
|
|
1551 | (8) |
|
|
1551 | (6) |
|
3.2 Why Do Investors Prefer to Sell Winners? |
|
|
1557 | (2) |
|
|
1559 | (1) |
|
5 Attention: Chasing the Action |
|
|
1559 | (1) |
|
|
1560 | (4) |
|
7 Are Individual Investors Contrarians? |
|
|
1564 | (1) |
|
|
1565 | (1) |
|
|
1565 | (6) |
|
23 Risk Pricing over Alternative Investment Horizons |
|
|
1571 | |
|
|
|
1572 | (1) |
|
2 Stochastic Discount Factor Dynamics |
|
|
1573 | (10) |
|
|
1573 | (1) |
|
2.2 A Convenient Factorization |
|
|
1574 | (2) |
|
2.3 Other Familiar Changes in Measure |
|
|
1576 | (1) |
|
|
1577 | (1) |
|
2.5 Model-Based Factorizations |
|
|
1578 | (4) |
|
2.6 Entropy Characterization |
|
|
1582 | (1) |
|
|
1583 | (11) |
|
3.1 Incorporating Stochastic Growth in the Cash Flows |
|
|
1583 | (2) |
|
3.2 Holding-Period Returns on Cash Flows |
|
|
1585 | (1) |
|
|
1585 | (9) |
|
|
1594 | (13) |
|
4.1 Incomplete Contracting |
|
|
1596 | (6) |
|
|
1602 | (4) |
|
4.3 Segmented Market and Nominal Shocks |
|
|
1606 | (1) |
|
|
1607 | (1) |
|
Appendix A Limited Contracting Economies Revisited |
|
|
1608 | (1) |
|
|
1609 | |
Index to Volume 2B |
|
1 | |