Contributors |
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xi | |
Introduction to the Series |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xv | |
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Chapter 1 Modeling Coupled Climate, Ecosystems, and Economic Systems |
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1 | (60) |
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2 | (2) |
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2 Coupled Ecological/Economic Modeling for Robustness |
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4 | (7) |
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2.1 Robust Control Methods in Coupled Ecological/Economic Systems |
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7 | (4) |
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3 Climate Economics with Emphasis on New Modeling: Carbon Budgeting and Robustness |
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11 | (10) |
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3.1 Cumulative Carbon Budgeting to Implement Temperature Limits |
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12 | (9) |
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3.2 Climate Change Policy with Multiple Lifetime for Greenhouse Gases |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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5 Energy Balance Climate Models and Spatial Transport Phenomena |
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23 | (9) |
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5.1 Spatial Pattern Scaling |
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27 | (2) |
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5.2 Discounting for Climate Change |
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29 | (3) |
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6 Spatial Aspects in Economic/Ecological Modeling |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (3) |
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7.1 Bottom Up Implementation Rather than Top Down Implementation |
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33 | (1) |
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7.2 Stochastic Modeling and Computational Approaches |
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34 | (1) |
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7.3 Bifurcations and Tipping Points |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (12) |
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A.1 Robust Control Methods |
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36 | (2) |
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A.2 The Case of Additive Uncertainty |
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38 | (5) |
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A.3 Time Consistency Issues of Solutions to Zero Sum Robust Control Games |
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43 | (2) |
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A.4 Climate Change Policy with Multiple Lifetime for Greenhouse Gases |
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45 | (3) |
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Appendix B Spatially Extended Deterministic Robust Control Problems |
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48 | (13) |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (7) |
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Chapter 2 Ecology and Economics in the Science of Anthropogenic Biosphere Change |
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61 | (24) |
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61 | (2) |
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2 The Dynamics of Coupled Hierarchical Systems |
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63 | (2) |
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3 Carrying Capacity and Assimilative Capacity |
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65 | (2) |
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4 Resilience and Stability |
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67 | (3) |
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5 Biodiversity and the Portfolio of Natural Assets |
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70 | (3) |
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6 The Value of Ecosystem Functions |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (9) |
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77 | (8) |
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Chapter 3 The Nature of Natural Capital and Ecosystem Income |
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85 | (58) |
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86 | (2) |
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2 Theory of Measuring Natural Capital Shadow Prices in Real Ecological-Economic Systems |
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88 | (19) |
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2.1 Conceptualizing Natural Capital |
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88 | (3) |
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2.2 Derivation of Natural Capital Pricing Equations |
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91 | (7) |
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2.3 Intuition About Natural Capital Prices and the Importance of Multiple Stocks and Adjustment Costs |
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98 | (2) |
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2.4 Non-convexity and Non-differentiability |
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100 | (2) |
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2.5 Non-autonomous and Stochastic Dynamics |
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102 | (2) |
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2.6 Using Shadow Prices to Assess Sustainable Investment/Consumption |
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104 | (3) |
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3 Approximators to Measure Natural Capital Shadow Prices |
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107 | (8) |
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3.1 Three Ways to Approximate Shadow Prices |
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109 | (2) |
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3.2 Tradeoffs Among Approximation Approaches |
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111 | (1) |
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3.3 The Approximation Domain |
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112 | (2) |
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3.4 Additional Numerical Considerations |
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114 | (1) |
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4 The Measurement of the Economic Program and Ecosystem Income and Its Connection to Natural Capital Asset Prices |
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115 | (13) |
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4.1 The Economic Program -- x(s) |
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116 | (3) |
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4.2 Dividends from Natural Capital -- W |
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119 | (1) |
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4.3 Ecosystem Income from Market Production |
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120 | (2) |
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4.4 Ecosystem Income from Household Production |
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122 | (3) |
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4.5 Direct Ecosystem Income |
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125 | (2) |
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4.6 Accounting for Ecosystem Income |
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127 | (1) |
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5 Examples and Applications to Date |
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128 | (3) |
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6 Discussion and Future Challenges |
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131 | (12) |
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134 | (9) |
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Chapter 4 Through the Looking Glass: Environmental Health Economics in Low and Middle Income Countries |
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143 | (50) |
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1 The Economics of Environmental Health |
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144 | (7) |
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1.1 Environmental Health in LMICs |
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145 | (3) |
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1.2 Economics and Environmental Health |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (10) |
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153 | (2) |
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2.2 Measuring Demand: Valuation (Willingness to Pay) |
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155 | (3) |
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2.3 Shifting Demand: Adoption |
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158 | (2) |
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2.4 Predicting Impact: Evaluation |
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160 | (1) |
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3 What We Know About Environmental Health in LMICs |
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161 | (14) |
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3.1 Valuing Environmental Risk Reductions |
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163 | (4) |
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3.2 Adopting Environmental Risk Reducing Technologies |
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167 | (4) |
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3.3 Evaluating Environmental Health Impacts |
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171 | (4) |
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175 | (18) |
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175 | (2) |
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4.2 Supply and Political Economy |
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177 | (3) |
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4.3 Environmental Hazards and Climate Change |
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180 | (1) |
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4.4 Beyond Experiments and Average Treatment Effects |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (9) |
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Chapter 5 The Farmer's Climate Change Adaptation Challenge in Least Developed Countries |
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193 | (38) |
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194 | (1) |
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2 Historical and Anticipated Climate Change |
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195 | (5) |
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3 Estimating the impacts of Climate Change on LDC Agriculture |
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200 | (10) |
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3.1 The Impact of Climate Change on a Farmer's Investment Decisions |
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203 | (6) |
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3.2 Aggregation and General Equilibrium Effects |
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209 | (1) |
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4 The Farmer Climate Adaptation Challenge |
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210 | (6) |
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4.1 Income Inequality and Climate Change |
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211 | (1) |
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4.2 LDC Farmer Climate Change Adaptation Opportunities |
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212 | (1) |
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4.3 Rural Data Collection Needs to Accelerate Adaptation Research Progress |
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213 | (1) |
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4.4 Rural to Urban Migration as an Adaptation Strategy |
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214 | (1) |
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4.5 The Dimensionality of the LDC Migrant's Urban Choice Set |
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215 | (1) |
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5 General Equilibrium Effects Induced by Rapid Urbanization |
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216 | (7) |
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5.1 Urban Political Economy Issues Related to Climate Change Adaptation |
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218 | (1) |
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5.2 The Adaptation Benefits of LDC Urbanization |
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219 | (1) |
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5.3 The Productivity of LDC Urban Firms in a Hotter World |
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220 | (1) |
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5.4 Will LDC Urban Growth Significantly Exacerbate the Global GHG Externality Challenge? |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (8) |
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223 | (8) |
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Chapter 6 Selection and Design of Environmental Policy Instruments |
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231 | (54) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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3 The Menu of Instruments |
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236 | (7) |
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3.1 Price-Type Instruments |
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237 | (2) |
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3.2 Rights-Based Policies |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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3.4 Information or Legal-Based Policies |
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241 | (1) |
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3.5 The Process of Policy Making at National or Other Levels |
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242 | (1) |
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4 The Selection of Instruments |
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243 | (10) |
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244 | (1) |
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4.2 Information Asymmetries and Uncertainty |
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245 | (2) |
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4.3 Intertemporal Efficiency |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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4.5 Practical and Political Aspects |
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249 | (2) |
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4.6 Normative Principles, Distributional Aspects, and Environmental Justice |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (16) |
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254 | (4) |
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5.2 Taxing (and Subsidizing) Transport Fuel |
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258 | (2) |
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5.3 Cap and Trade Schemes |
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260 | (2) |
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5.4 Refunding Emission Payments |
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262 | (2) |
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5.5 Regulation Versus Taxation: The Example of a Hazardous Chemical |
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264 | (3) |
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5.6 Policies to Modify Behavioral Norms |
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267 | (2) |
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6 Designing Policies for the Anthropocene |
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269 | (16) |
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6.1 An Expansion of Geographic and Political Scope |
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270 | (3) |
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6.2 Significant Extension in Time-Scale |
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273 | (1) |
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6.3 Significant Extension of the Number of Pollutants and Scientific Complexity |
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274 | (1) |
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6.4 Equity, Ethics, Risk, Uncertainty, and Governance |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (9) |
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Chapter 7 Quasi-experimental Methods in Environmental Economics: Opportunities and Challenges |
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285 | (48) |
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286 | (3) |
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2 The Lindahl-Samuelson Condition |
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289 | (4) |
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2.1 A Model of Optimal Public Good Provision |
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289 | (2) |
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2.2 Estimating the Lindahl-Samuelson Condition: Measurement Challenges |
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291 | (1) |
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2.3 Estimating the Lindahl--Samuelson Condition: Identification Challenges |
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292 | (1) |
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3 The Standard Quasi-Experimental Approach |
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293 | (4) |
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293 | (1) |
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3.2 Potential Outcomes Framework |
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294 | (2) |
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3.3 Three Quasi-Experimental Methods |
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296 | (1) |
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4 The Quasi-Experimental Approach for Public Goods |
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297 | (9) |
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4.1 Distinguishing Public Good Source and Exposure |
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298 | (1) |
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4.2 A Potential Outcomes Framework for Public Goods |
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299 | (1) |
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4.3 Two Quasi-Experimental Estimators in the Literature |
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300 | (4) |
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4.4 An Unbiased Estimator for Local Public Goods |
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304 | (1) |
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4.5 Illustrative Simulations |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (17) |
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306 | (5) |
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5.2 A Selected Review of Average Source Effect Estimates |
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311 | (4) |
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5.3 A Selected Review of Average Exposure Effect Estimates |
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315 | (5) |
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5.4 A Selected Review of Marginal Cost Estimates |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (4) |
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6.1 What To Do with Local Public Goods |
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324 | (1) |
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6.2 What To Do with Global Public Goods |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (6) |
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328 | (5) |
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Chapter 8 Environmental Macroeconomics: The Case of Climate Change |
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333 | (62) |
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334 | (5) |
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2 The Neoclassical Growth Model: Why and How? |
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339 | (26) |
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2.1 Empirical Underpinnings: Long-Run Facts |
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339 | (12) |
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351 | (9) |
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360 | (5) |
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3 The Natural-Science Add-Ons |
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365 | (4) |
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3.1 The Carbon-Cycle Module |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (2) |
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3.3 Constant Carbon--Climate Response |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (2) |
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5 A Complete, Quantitative IAM |
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371 | (13) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (4) |
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5.4 The Social Cost of Carbon |
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377 | (1) |
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5.5 A Mickey-Mouse Model? Quantitative Analytical IAMs |
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378 | (6) |
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384 | (6) |
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6.1 Endogenous Technical Change |
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384 | (3) |
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6.2 Multi-Region Modeling |
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387 | (3) |
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390 | (5) |
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392 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Causal Inference in Environmental Conservation: The Role of Institutions |
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395 | (44) |
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395 | (4) |
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2 Average Treatment Effects of Institutions |
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399 | (7) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (3) |
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3 Institutional Insights for Causal Models |
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406 | (20) |
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406 | (4) |
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3.2 Institutions as Determinants of Assignment |
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410 | (2) |
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3.3 Heterogeneous Institutional Treatments |
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412 | (4) |
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3.4 Institutions as Moderators |
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416 | (6) |
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3.5 Institutions as Mechanisms |
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422 | (4) |
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4 Summary and Future Directions |
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426 | (13) |
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427 | (12) |
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Chapter 10 Uncertainty and Ambiguity in Environmental Economics: Conceptual Issues |
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439 | (30) |
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439 | (9) |
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1.1 Uncertainty and Climate Policy |
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441 | (5) |
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1.2 Uncertainty and Biodiversity |
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446 | (2) |
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2 Alternatives to Expected Utility |
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448 | (13) |
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2.1 Probabilities and Confidence |
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448 | (2) |
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450 | (7) |
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2.3 Is Ambiguity Aversion Rational? |
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457 | (4) |
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3 Application to Environmental Policy Choices |
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461 | (4) |
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3.1 A Simple Analytical Model |
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461 | (2) |
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3.2 Applications in the Literature |
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463 | (2) |
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465 | (4) |
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465 | (4) |
Index |
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469 | |