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El. knyga: Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

(Research Corporation, Tucson, AZ), (Applied Research Associates Inc., Albuquerque, NM)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Mar-2013
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118567364
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Mar-2013
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118567364

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"Starting from fundamentals and moving through a thorough discussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a unique reference source that will be of value for many years to come for this important new analysis method. The authors, with a total of over 60 years of experience in the LIBS method, use a combination of tutorial discussions ranging from basic principles up to more advanced descriptions along with extensive figures and photographs to clearly explain topics addressed in the text. In this second edition, chapters on the use of statistical analysis and advances in detection of weapons of mass destruction have been added. Tables of data related to analysis with LIBS have been updated.The Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Second Edition: provides a thorough but understandable discussion of the basic principles of the method based on atomic emission spectroscopy, including recently available data leading to better characterization of the LIBS plasma; presents a discussion of the many advantages of the method along with limitations, to provide the reader a balanced overview of capabilities of the method; describes LIBS instrumentation ranging from basic set-ups to more advanced configurations; presents a comprehensive discussion of the different types of components (laser, spectrometers, detectors) that can be used for LIBS apparatuses along with suggestions for their use, as well as an up-to-date treatment of the newest advances and capabilities of LIBS instruments; presents the analytical capabilities of the method in terms of detection limits, accuracy, and precision of measurements for a variety of different sample types; discusses methods of sampling differentmedia such as gases, liquids, and solids; presents an overview of some real-world applications of the method, with new emphasis on sampling of biologically and physically dangerous materials; provides an up-to-date list of references to LIBS literaturealong with the latest detection limits and a unique list of element detection limits using a uniform analysis method; provides annotated examples of LIBS spectra which can serve as references for the general reader and will be especially useful for those starting out in the field. "--

"The only manual that goes from the simplest to the most complex and state-of-the-art embodiments of LIBS experimental set up"--



Starting from fundamentals and moving through a thorough discussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a unique reference source that will be of value for many years to come for this important new analysis method. The authors, with a total of over 60 years of experience in the LIBS method, use a combination of tutorial discussions ranging from basic principles up to more advanced descriptions along with extensive figures and photographs to clearly explain topics addressed in the text. In this second edition, chapters on the use of statistical analysis and advances in detection of weapons of mass destruction have been added. Tables of data related to analysis with LIBS have been updated.

The Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Second Edition:

  • provides a thorough but understandable discussion of the basic principles of the method based on atomic emission spectroscopy, including recently available data leading to better characterization of the LIBS plasma;
  • presents a discussion of the many advantages of the method along with limitations, to provide the reader a balanced overview of capabilities of the method;
  • describes LIBS instrumentation ranging from basic set-ups to more advanced configurations;
  • presents a comprehensive discussion of the different types of components (laser, spectrometers, detectors) that can be used for LIBS apparatuses along with suggestions for their use, as well as an up-to-date treatment of the newest advances and capabilities of LIBS instruments;
  • presents the analytical capabilities of the method in terms of detection limits, accuracy, and precision of measurements for a variety of different sample types;
  • discusses methods of sampling different media such as gases, liquids, and solids;
  • presents an overview of some real-world applications of the method, with new emphasis on sampling of biologically and physically dangerous materials;
  • provides an up-to-date list of references to LIBS literature along with the latest detection limits and a unique list of element detection limits using a uniform analysis method;
  • provides annotated examples of LIBS spectra which can serve as references for the general reader and will be especially useful for those starting out in the field.
Preface xi
Acronyms, Constants, and Symbols xv
1 Introduction
1(28)
1.1 Atomic Optical Emission Spectrochemistry (OES)
1(1)
1.1.1 Conventional OES
1(1)
1.1.2 Laser OES
1(1)
1.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
2(5)
1.3 LIBS History 1960-1980
7(2)
1.4 LIBS History 1981-1990
9(2)
1.5 LIBS History 1991-2000
11(3)
1.6 LIBS History 2001-2012
14(15)
References
18(11)
2 Basics of the LIBS Plasma
29(40)
2.1 LIBS Plasma Fundamentals
29(17)
2.1.1 Spectral Lines and Line Profiles
32(2)
2.1.2 Determining Electron Densities from Spectral Line Widths
34(3)
2.1.3 Plasma Opacity
37(1)
2.1.4 Temperature and Thermodynamic Equilibrium
38(8)
2.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown
46(7)
2.2.1 Breakdown in Gases
46(2)
2.2.2 Post-Breakdown Phenomena in Gases
48(1)
2.2.3 Breakdown in and on Solids, Aerosols, and Liquids
48(2)
2.2.4 Post-Breakdown Phenomena on Solid Surfaces
50(3)
2.3 Laser Ablation from Surfaces and Aerosols
53(5)
2.4 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Double- or Multiple-Pulse LIBS
58(5)
2.5 Summary
63(1)
2.6 Problems
63(6)
References
64(5)
3 LIBS Apparatus Fundamentals
69(54)
3.1 Basic LIBS Apparatus
69(1)
3.2 Lasers
70(10)
3.2.1 Laser Fundamentals
70(2)
3.2.2 Types of Lasers
72(4)
3.2.3 Properties of Laser Light Important for LIBS
76(2)
3.2.4 Generation of Additional Wavelengths
78(1)
3.2.5 Double-Pulse Operation
78(2)
3.3 Optical Systems
80(6)
3.3.1 Focusing and Light Collection
80(2)
3.3.2 Lenses
82(1)
3.3.3 Fiber Optic Cables
82(4)
3.4 Methods of Spectral Resolution
86(16)
3.4.1 Introduction
86(2)
3.4.2 Spectral Resolution Devices
88(14)
3.5 Detectors
102(7)
3.6 Detection System Calibrations
109(5)
3.6.1 Wavelength Calibration
109(1)
3.6.2 Spectral Response Calibration
110(4)
3.7 Timing Considerations
114(1)
3.8 Methods of LIBS Deployment
115(2)
3.9 Problems
117(6)
References
118(5)
4 LIBS Analytical Figures of Merit and Calibration
123(28)
4.1 Introduction
123(1)
4.2 Basics of a LIBS Measurement
123(6)
4.3 Precision
129(2)
4.4 Calibration
131(13)
4.4.1 Calibration Curves
131(7)
4.4.2 Calibration Standards
138(2)
4.4.3 Calibration-Free LIBS
140(4)
4.5 Detection Limit
144(1)
4.6 Accuracy
144(2)
4.7 Problems
146(5)
References
148(2)
References for Detection Limits
150(1)
5 Qualitative LIBS Analysis
151(34)
5.1 Introduction
151(1)
5.2 Identifying Elements
151(5)
5.3 Material Identification
156(3)
5.4 Process Monitoring
159(10)
5.4.1 Introduction
159(3)
5.4.2 Experimental
162(1)
5.4.3 Results
163(6)
5.4.4 Conclusions
169(1)
5.5 Material Sorting/Distinguishing
169(8)
5.5.1 Surface Condition
169(2)
5.5.2 Type of Analysis
171(2)
5.5.3 Sorting Materials of Close Composition
173(1)
5.5.4 Other Examples of Material Identification
174(3)
5.6 Site Screening Using LIBS
177(1)
5.7 Semiquantitative Analysis
178(2)
5.8 Problems
180(5)
References
182(3)
6 Quantitative LIBS Analysis
185(38)
6.1 Introduction
185(1)
6.2 Effects of Sampling Geometry
185(4)
6.3 Other Sampling Considerations
189(4)
6.4 Incomplete Vaporization and Ablation Stoichiometry
193(1)
6.5 Use of Internal Standardization
194(2)
6.6 Chemical Matrix Effects
196(2)
6.7 Example of LIBS Measurement: Impurities in Lithium-Containing Solutions
198(8)
6.7.1 Objective
198(1)
6.7.2 Experimental
198(3)
6.7.3 Results
201(4)
6.7.4 Discussion of Results
205(1)
6.8 Example of LIBS Measurement: Detection of Materials on Swipes
206(5)
6.8.1 Objective
206(1)
6.8.2 Experimental
206(3)
6.8.3 Results
209(2)
6.9 Reported Figures of Merit for LIBS Measurements and Comparison with Standard Methods
211(8)
6.10 Enhancing Quantitative Analysis via Sophisticated Signal Processing
219(1)
6.11 Conclusions
220(3)
References
221(2)
7 Chemometric Analysis in LIBS
223(34)
7.1 Introduction
223(4)
7.2 Chemometric Terms
227(5)
7.3 Chemometric Analysis/Model Development
232(9)
7.3.1 Data Collection
232(2)
7.3.2 Data Preprocessing: Selection of Variables
234(2)
7.3.3 Train the Model (Calibration)
236(2)
7.3.4 Selecting the Criteria for Classification
238(1)
7.3.5 Test the Model (Validation)
239(1)
7.3.6 Refine the Model Parameters
239(1)
7.3.7 Using the Model
240(1)
7.3.8 Improve the Training Data
241(1)
7.4 Summary
241(16)
References
241(16)
8 Remote LIBS Measurements
257(32)
8.1 Introduction
257(2)
8.2 Conventional Open-Path LIBS
259(11)
8.2.1 Apparatus
259(1)
8.2.2 Focusing the Laser Pulse
260(4)
8.2.3 Collecting the Plasma Light
264(1)
8.2.4 Results Using Conventional Open-Path LIBS
265(5)
8.3 Standoff LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses
270(6)
8.3.1 Conventional Remote LIBS Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses
270(1)
8.3.2 Remote Analysis by Filamentation Produced by Femtosecond Pulses
271(5)
8.4 Fiber Optic LIBS
276(13)
8.4.1 Fiber Optics for Light Collection
276(1)
8.4.2 Fibers for Laser Pulse Delivery
277(3)
8.4.3 Applications of Fiber Optics
280(4)
References
284(5)
9 Selected LIBS Applications
289(44)
9.1 Introduction
289(1)
9.2 LIBS and the CBRNE Threats
289(8)
9.2.1 Background
289(2)
9.2.2 Nuclear Material and Isotope Detection
291(3)
9.2.3 Detection of Explosives
294(1)
9.2.4 Chemical and Biological Agent Detection
295(2)
9.3 LIBS Analysis of Liquids and Solids in Liquids
297(6)
9.4 Transportable LIBS Instrument for Stand-off Analysis
303(10)
9.4.1 Instrument Design
303(4)
9.4.2 Instrument Capabilities
307(5)
9.4.3 Consideration of Detection Scenarios
312(1)
9.5 LIBS for Space Applications
313(20)
9.5.1 Background
313(1)
9.5.2 Laboratory Studies of LIBS for Space Missions
313(9)
9.5.3 ChemCam LIBS Instrument on MSL Rover
322(3)
References
325(8)
A Safety Considerations in LIBS 333(4)
B Major LIBS References 337(4)
C Detection Limits from the Literature 341(36)
D Examples of LIBS Spectra 377(10)
E Solutions to Problems 387(10)
Index 397
David A. Cremers, Applied Research Associates Inc, Albuquerque, NM, USA



Leon J. Radziemski , Tucson, AZ, USA