| Foreword |
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| Preface |
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| Section 1: Recent Trends in Manufacturing |
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Chapter 1 Biomechanical Properties of Orthopedic and Dental Implants: A Comprehensive Review |
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The demand for the orthopedic and dental implants has increased sharply in last decade due to physical traumas and age-related deficiencies. |
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The material used for orthopedic and dental implants should be biocompatible to ensure the adaptability of the implant in the human body. |
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The mechanical stability of implants is dependent on mechanical properties and surface characteristics essential to ensure corrosion and wear resistance. |
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The requirement of mechanical properties also differs substantially from load-bearing to non-load-bearing implants. |
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There are many problems arising due to lack of sufficient biocompatibility, like infection, poor osseointegration, and excessive foreign body response. |
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Fatigue failure, stress shielding, and bone resorption are some major problems associated with lack of mechanical stability. |
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Numerous conventional materials, coatings, and nanomaterials have been used to enhance the implant stability. |
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Chapter 2 Integrated Manufacturing System for Complex Geometries: Towards Zero Waste in Additive Manufacturing |
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14 | (10) |
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The chapter proposes an integrated manufacturing system consisting of three main components: digital prototyping, physical prototyping, and lost core technology. |
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The integrated system combines the beneficial aspects of computer-aided design, computer-aided engineering, rapid prototyping, and rapid tooling. |
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The proposed integrated system is an attempt to compress the product development time while saving cost. |
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The system can be efficient in designing of mold, parts with complex ducts and cavities, and carrying out design analysis through optimization and simulations. |
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The system is therefore an attempt to minimize the waste of material that occurs in the development of a product and is therefore an efficient green technology for the manufacturing industries. |
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Chapter 3 Recent Advancements in Customized Investment Castings Through Additive Manufacturing: Implication of Additive Manufacturing in Investment Casting |
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24 | (25) |
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Conventional investment casting (IC) has suffered from numerous limitations such as rigidity of the process, longer production cycles, higher tooling cost, and waste during different manufacturing stages. |
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With the invent of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, it is now possible to overcome the aforesaid issues along with additional benefits in terms of comparatively better quality characteristics of the resulting castings. |
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The collaboration of AM and IC provided numerous avenues, specifically in biomedical, aerospace, and automobile sectors. |
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AM technologies supported the IC process both in direct and indirect ways where these systems can be used for both job and mass production applications, respectively. |
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In the chapter, the author will try to discuss the assistance of AM process to IC in detail. |
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Each and every step to be followed will be supported with the practical findings, either by the contributing author or published somewhere else. |
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Moreover, some of the case studies will be discussed in detail to highlight the practical importance of the duo. |
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Chapter 4 Miniaturization of Test Specimen for Composites |
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49 | (28) |
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The objective behind the development of miniaturization or small specimen test technology is to reduce the cost and quantity of material involved during the characterization of the material. |
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The idea of the development of miniaturization took attention when the nuclear industry starts developing as these materials are very costly and it is not economically feasible to waste large amount of these materials for the sole purpose of testing. |
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The second factor which promotes the miniaturization is that the working of machine is not affected while at the same time its material is being tested. |
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At present, the idea of miniaturization is being applied to other materials also. |
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The miniaturization of standards for metals has been done successfully in the past. |
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For composites, not much work has been done. |
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In the chapter, the specimen size effects on tensile properties of glass fiber composite have been identified by varying the length and width simultaneously and have established a relationship between the ASTM standard specimen and the small size specimen. |
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Chapter 5 Kinematic Modelling and Simulation of 8 Degrees of Freedom SCARA Robot |
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77 | (22) |
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Robots are electromechanical systems that need mechatronic approach before manufacturing to reduce the development cost. |
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In this chapter, the modelling of the 8 degrees of freedom (DOF) SCARA robot with a multiple gripper using SolidWorks CAD software and the dynamic study with the aid of MATLAB/SimMechanics is presented. |
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The SCARA with multiple gripper is used for pick and place operation in manufacturing industries. |
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The SolidWorks CAD model of SCARA with multiple grippers is converted into SimMechanics block diagram by exporting the 3D CAD model to the MATLAB/SimMechanics second generation technology environment. |
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The motion sensing capability of the SimMechanics is used for determining the dynamic parameters of the manipulators. |
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The SimMechanics block diagrams and the results of the dynamic study presented in this chapter infer that the structure of the robot can be changed to get the required dynamic parameters. |
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| Section 2: Optimization Techniques and Material |
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Chapter 6 PageRank Algorithm-Based Recommender System Using Uniformly Average Rating Matrix |
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99 | (14) |
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Applications of web data mining is the prediction of user behavior with respect to items. |
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Recommender systems are being applied in knowledge discovery techniques to the problem of making decisions on personalized recommendation of information. |
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Traditional CF approaches involve the amount of effort increases with number of users. |
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Hence, new recommender systems need to be developed to process high quality recommendations for large-scale networks. |
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In this chapter, a model for UAR matrix construction method for item rank calculations, a Page Rank-based item ranking approach are proposed. |
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The analysis of various techniques for computing item-item similarities to identify relationship between the selected items and to produce a qualified recommendation for users to acquire the items as their wish. |
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As a result, the new item rank-based approaches improve the quality of recommendation outcome. |
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Results show that the proposed UAR method outperforms than the existing method. |
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The same method is applied for the large real-time rating dataset like Movie Lens. |
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Chapter 7 Performance of PM Linear Generator Under Various Ferromagnetic Materials for Wave Energy Conversion |
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113 | (14) |
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Izzeldin Idris Abdalla Yagoube |
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This chapter examines the influence of the various ferromagnetic materials on the performance of a single-phase tubular permanent-magnet linear generator (TPMLG) for wave energy conversion. |
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Four ferromagnetic materials were considered in this study. |
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They are non-oriented electrical steel, Permalloy (Ni-Fe-Mn), Accucore, and Somaloy 700. |
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The generator equipped with a tubular stator carries a single coil and employs a quasi-Halbach magnetized moving-magnet translator. |
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Therefore, in order to obtain an accurate performance analysis, the nonlinear time-stepping finite-element analysis (FEA) technique has been used. |
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The electromagnetic characteristics, including the magnetic field distributions, flux-linkage, winding inductance, electromagnetic force, and electromotive force (EMF) have been investigated. |
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It is shown that a generator whose stator is fabricated from soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials has potential advantages in terms of ease of manufacture, highest force capability, lower cost, and minimum eddy-current loss. |
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Chapter 8 Optimization of Process Parameters for Electro-Chemical Machining of EN19: Using Particle Swamp Optimization |
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127 | (16) |
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Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a non-conventional machining process that is used for machining of hard-to-machine materials. |
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The ECM process is widely used for the machining of metal matrix composites. |
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However, it is very essential to select optimum values of input process parameters to maximize the machining performance. |
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However, the optimization of the output process parameters and hence the machining performance is a difficult task. |
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In this chapter an attempt has been made to carry out single and multiple optimization of the material removal rate (MRR) and the surface roughness (SR) for the ECM process of EN19 using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. |
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The input parameter considered for the optimization are electrolyte concentration (%), voltage (V), feed rate (mm/min), and inter-electrode gap (mm). |
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The optimum value of MRR and SR as found using the PSO algorithm are 0.1847 cm3/min and 25.0612, respectively. |
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Chapter 9 Performance Study of LaPO4-Y203 Composite Fabricated by Sol-Gel Process Using Abrasive Waterjet Machining |
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143 | (20) |
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This chapter presents an effective approach to assess the abrasive water jet machining of lanthanum phosphate reinforced with yttrium composite. |
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A novel composite is prepared with the mixture of lanthanum phosphate sol and yttrium nitrate hexalate with a ratio of 80/20 by aqueous sol-gel process. |
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Silicon carbide of 80 mesh size is used as abrasive. |
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The effects of each input parameter of abrasive water jet machining are studied with an objective to improve the material removal rate with reduced kerf angle and surface roughness. |
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The observations show that the jet pressure contributes by 77.6% and 45.15% in determining material removal rate and kerf angle, respectively. |
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Through analysis of variance, an equal contribution of jet pressure (38.18%) and traverse speed (40.97%) on surface roughness is recorded. |
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Microscopic examination shows the internal stress developed by silicon carbide which tends to get plastic deformation over the cut surface. |
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| Section 3: Industrial Engineering and Management |
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Chapter 10 Methodology of Operationalization of KPIs for Shop-Floor |
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163 | (29) |
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Key performance indicators (KPIs) are a critical tool to support activities and results' monitoring in any industrial organization. |
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The published literature and the available approaches on KPIs focus on the business and administrative level, being computed with information retrieved at the shop-floor level. |
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Despite that, there is a scarcity of structured and comprehensive approaches to support the generation of KPIs to be used at the shop-floor level (the few existent approaches are empiric-based). |
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In this chapter, a methodology to support the selection and organization of KPIs at the shop-floor level is proposed. |
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Departing from the Hoshin Kanri strategy deployment, it identifies the levels of decision and control in the company regarding the production activities and derives the most adequate KPIs for each level based on universal questions about "what performance to assess." The build-up of visual management boards for each level is also proposed. |
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Chapter 11 Solution Approaches for Reverse Logistics Considering Recovery Options: A Literature Review |
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192 | (20) |
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Reverse logistics stands out as a rapidly gaining concept due to its contribution to both the environment and the economy. |
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There are many problems with reverse logistics. |
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The decision of recovery options is a fundamental issue that serves many purposes. |
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Choosing the right recovery option will also provide the environmental and economic contribution to maximize the benefits. |
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For this purpose, many solution approaches have been produced for different objectives, which are based on the selection of better recovery options. |
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Since solution approaches are directly interacting with problem models and objectives, it is important to determine an appropriate approach to achieve better results. |
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Until now, many different approaches have been implemented, and results are shared. |
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This chapter systematically examines these solution approaches and reveals the achievements in the literature in order to provide directions for future studies. |
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| Section 4: Green Manufacturing and Sustainable Engineering Concepts |
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Chapter 12 Multi-Perspective Eco-Efficiency Assessment to Foster Sustainability in Plastic Parts Production: An Integrated Tool for Industrial Use |
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212 | (38) |
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The eco-efficiency assessment is a powerful metric to introduce two components of sustainability assessment in the industrial companies' decisions making: the concurrent consideration of economic and environmental performance. |
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The application of the eco-efficiency concept and of the normative documents is not an easy task, mainly because there are myriad environmental related indicator to consider and acquire. |
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This barrier is higher in the realm of plastic injection molding, where each mold is unique, requiring a recurrent effort of data retrieving for such one-of-a-kind molds. |
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To overcome this barrier, an integrated framework to support the eco-efficiency calculation on a life cycle perspective for a specific type of products, injection molds, is proposed in this chapter. |
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It retrieves a small but representative selected set of eco-efficiency performance indicators. |
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A tool was developed to apply the proposed framework and the results of its application to four real industrial case studies is discussed. |
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Chapter 13 Effective Utilization of Industrial Wastes for Preparing Polymer Matrix Composites: Usage of Industrial Wastes |
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250 | (12) |
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The present industry scenario focuses on green manufacturing, in terms of effective reuse and recycling of the industrial wastes generated in enormous amount while preparing the product. |
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The wastes also act as a threat to the society by causing various kinds of pollution. |
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Therefore, the proper safe disposal of the same is a very critical factor. |
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Most of the industries struggled with the enormous disposal of these wastes and finding ways for reuse and disposal. |
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In this chapter, one such way of reuse of these wastes for making composite product is explored. |
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Industrial wastes such as flyash and ricehusk used as fillers of varying weight percentages, 6%, 8%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, wt%, respectively, are reinforced with matrix. |
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The prepared composites were subjected to flexural studies to know the load withstand ability. |
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Results show that the incorporation of both fly ash and rice husk industrial wastes as filler into the polymer matrix increases the flexural strength. |
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In addition, a low-cost product with high strength and good performance is obtained by adding this waste. |
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Chapter 14 Additive Manufacturing Process and Their Applications for Green Technology |
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262 | (20) |
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Growth of nature is an additive process that gives sustainable existence to the structures developed; on the other hand, traditional manufacturing techniques can be wasteful as they are subtractive. |
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Additive manufacturing produces almost nil waste and accordingly preserves raw materials resulting in cost reduction for the procurement of the same. |
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It will also cut down on the carbon emissions that are usually generated from industrial manufacturing. |
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Additive printed objects are lighter as well, making them more efficient, especially when used in the automobile and aerospace industry. |
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Further, the intrinsic characteristics and the promising merits of additive manufacturing process are expected to provide a solution to improve the sustainability of the process. |
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This chapter comprehensively reports on various additive manufacturing processes and their sustainable applications for green technology. |
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The state of the art, opportunities, and future, related to sustainable applications of additive manufacturing have been presented at length. |
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Chapter 15 Spark Plasma Sintering of Mg-Zn-Mn-Si-HA Alloy for Bone Fixation Devices: Fabrication of Biodegradable Low Elastic Porous Mg-Zn-Mn-Si-HA Alloy |
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282 | (14) |
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In this chapter, low elastic modulus porous Mg-Zn-Mn-(Si, HA) alloy was fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering technique. |
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The microstructure, topography, elemental, and chemical composition of the as-sintered bio-composite were characterized by optical microscope, FE-SEM, EDS, and XRD technique. |
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The mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus were determined by nanoindentation technique. |
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The as-sintered bio-composites show low ductility due to the presence of Si, Ca, and Zn elements. |
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The presence of Mg matrix was observed as primary grain and the presence of coarse Mg2Si, Zn, and CaMg as a secondary grain boundary. |
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EDS spectrum and XRD pattern confirms the formation of intermetallic biocompatible phases in the sintered compact, which is beneficial to form apatite and improved the bioactivity of the alloy for osseointegration. |
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The lowest elastic modulus of 28 GPa was measured. |
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Moreover, the as-sintered bio-composites has high corrosion resistance and corrosion rate of the Mg was decreased by the addition of HA and Si element. |
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Chapter 16 Assessment of Remanufacturability Index for an Automotive Product: A Case Study |
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296 | (13) |
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The increasing competition among the manufacturing organizations and stringent government regulation forces the manufacturing organizations to implement sustainability principles in manufacturing. |
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Sustainability focuses on material, product development, and manufacturing process orientations. |
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End of life (EoL) disposal of the product is very much important in the modern scenario. |
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The remanufacturing is a vital strategy for attaining sustainability in manufacturing. |
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The assessment of remanufacturability of products needs to be done during the design stage so as to provide the manufacturers the guidelines for sustainable product development. |
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In this context, this chapter presents the insights on remanufacturability index assessment for a typical automotive product. |
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The practical implications of the study are also being discussed. |
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Chapter 17 Application of Cluster Analysis for Identifying Potential Automotive Organizations Towards the Conduct of Green Manufacturing Sustainability Studies |
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309 | (14) |
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Increasing legislative concerns and rapidly transforming technologies pressurizes the global competitive landscape to deploy smart, safe, and sustainable green manufacturing. |
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This chapter scrutinizes organizational sustainability of the automobile components manufacturing organizations located in the state of Tamil Nadu, India using hierarchy cluster analysis towards setting up a benchmark on sustainability of organizations. |
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Along with the triple bottom line (TBL) of sustainable development, the organizational responsibility and government legislation in achieving sustainability were selected as the five major governing variables during the conduct of this case study. |
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As a result, 25 automotive components manufacturing organizations chosen from for this study were classified into three clusters, confirming a particular organization as the most suitable one for the conduct of green manufacturing sustainability studies. |
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According to the distinctiveness of the assorted clusters, suggestions were also proposed for improving the organizational sustainability further. |
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| Compilation of References |
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323 | (37) |
| Related References |
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360 | (31) |
| About the Contributors |
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| Index |
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