Preface |
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Plants Affecting the Blood |
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3 | (18) |
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Hemorrhage: intractable, bleeding from nose, mouth, rectum, or surgical sites; or localized in hematomas |
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Hemorrhage: blood from nose and/or bloody diarrhea; decreased platelets and neutrophils |
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Hemolysis: urine dark red to brown, lethargy, anemia; Heinz bodies may be present |
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Blood Dark Color: ruminants especially cattle; weakness, labored respiration, dark mucous membranes, collapse; due to nitrate accumulation |
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Blood Bright Red: ruminants; weakness, labored respiration, seizures, collapse; rapidly fatal; due to cyanide |
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Plants Affecting the Cardiovascular System |
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21 | (18) |
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Cardiac Failure Due to Physiologic Effects: heart rate decreased and/or irregular, weakness, depression, and/or sudden death |
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Cardiac Failure Due to Cardiomyopathy: edema, often sudden death, possibly with irregular heart rate |
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Laminitis and/or Limb Edema |
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Plants Affecting the Digestive System |
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39 | (50) |
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Diarrhea: often with vomiting and/or salivation |
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Impaction of Rumen or Stomach |
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Rectal Straining or Tenesmus: often with diarrhea |
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Salivation: greenish saliva and nasal discharge |
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Salivation: profuse, with inflammation of mouth and lips |
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Salivation: profuse, without inflammation of mouth and lips |
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Salivation: profuse, with retching/vomiting, colic |
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Salivation: profuse, with neurologic signs including those from polioen-cephalomalacia (PEM) |
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Weight Loss: conspicuous, often without other obvious signs |
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Plants Affecting the Eyes |
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89 | (6) |
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Blindness: apparent or actual, without obvious signs of mechanical irritation |
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Blindness: with neurologic signs of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) |
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Blindness: due to third-eyelid protrusion |
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Mechanical Irritation: reddening, tearing |
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Mydriasis: plus other anticholinergic effects; dry mouth |
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Plants Affecting the Liver |
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95 | (18) |
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Icterus: dark urine, sometimes head pressing and photosensitization; liver necrosis/fibrosis |
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Loss of Weight and Condition: neurologic signs especially in horses, tenesmus, rarely photosensitization, bile-stained feces, depression; portal liver fibrosis/ductile proliferation mainly; ``pyrrolizidine alkalosis'' |
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Photosensitization: weakness, dark urine, weight loss, icterus; crystalloid cholangiohepatopathy |
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Plants Affecting the Neuromuscular System |
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113 | (100) |
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Depression or Somnolence: disorientation, drowsiness |
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Limb Abnormalities: thoracic limb flexion, hypermetria, high-stepping gait |
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Limb Abnormalities: pelvic limb flexion, exaggerated flexion, hopping gait, or knuckling of fetlocks |
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Limb Abnormalities: paresis/paralysis, muscle weakness, recumbency |
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Limb Abnormalities: rigidity/stiffness |
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Lip and Tongue Movement Abnormalities: difficulty in eating and swallowing |
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Pacing, Head Pressing, Circling, Chewing, Yawning |
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Seizures: usually abrupt onset |
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Seizures: abrupt onset and sudden death |
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Tremors: beginning with neck and shoulder muscles: ears erect, nervous, stiff, wobbly, swaying on pelvic limbs |
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Tremors and Generalized Tetany |
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Plants Affecting the Reproductive System |
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213 | (22) |
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Neonate Small and Weak or Stillbirth or Aborted |
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Teratogenic Skeletal Effects |
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Plants Affecting the Respiratory System |
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235 | (8) |
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Expired Air with Distinct Odor |
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Respiratory Distress Moderate |
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Respiratory Distress Severe (ARDS) |
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Plants Affecting the Skin |
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243 | (24) |
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Irritant Effects: reddening, blisters, pruritis |
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Necrosis and Sloughing: pigmentation pattern dependent; primary (direct) photosensitization |
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Necrosis and Sloughing: pigmentation pattern dependent; secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitization |
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Necrosis and Sloughing: pigmentation pattern independent |
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Necrosis of Distal Limbs, Ears, or Tail, with Lameness |
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Plants Affecting the Urinary System |
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267 | (16) |
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Urine Consistency Thick: abundant inflammatory cells, with cystitis, and incontinence |
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Urine Color Dark: methemoglobin, myoglobin, or bile in urine |
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Urine Color Red: hemoglobin or blood in urine |
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Urination Frequency Increased |
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Urine Volume Increased: renal tubular necrosis without oxalate crystals in urine |
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Urine Volume Increased: renal tubular necrosis with oxalate crystals in urine |
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Plants Causing Sudden Death |
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283 | (2) |
Glossary |
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285 | (6) |
Index |
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291 | |