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El. knyga: Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis [Wiley Online]

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  • Formatas: 480 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Oct-2020
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119373433
  • ISBN-13: 9781119373438
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Wiley Online
  • Kaina: 138,45 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
Handbook of Trace Evidence AnalysisDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 480 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 29-Oct-2020
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119373433
  • ISBN-13: 9781119373438
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Wiley Online E-booksMore info about Wiley Online
Partnerių interneto svetainė: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119373438
"Trace evidence is often not visible to the human eye. Therefore, it is typically the least understood and, unfortunately, the most overlooked form of evidence at the crime scene and surprisingly even within the forensic laboratory. Some police officers,scene investigators and laboratory personnel from other sections within the laboratory have a poor understanding of trace evidence. Proper knowledge is essential so that valuable trace evidence does not become lost, contaminated or accidentally transferred to another surface. Such incidents could severely hinder a successful criminal investigation. The goal of this chapter is to provide a foundation of knowledge that will enable successful processing of trace evidence in the forensic field"--

Covers new trace evidence techniques and expanding areas of analysis, along with key theory and applications

Developed around the need for updated information in the disciplines of trace evidence the Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis focuses on the increasing awareness and need for validation, modern methods for addressing and controlling contamination, the shift towards incorporating statistical analyses into the interpretation phase and cutting edge research into new forensic science methods and their application. 

Beginning with an overview of the topic and discussing the important role that information derived from trace materials can provide during investigations, the book then presents chapters on key techniques. The first being the critical nature of microscopy, and the methods employed for the recognition, collection, and preservation of trace evidence. Subsequent chapters review the core disciplines of trace evidence examination: paints and polymers, hairs, fibers and textiles and glass. Each chapter contains in-depth discussions on the origin of the materials involved, including any natural or synthetic processes involved in their production, the nuances involved in their detection, and the methods of analysis that are used to extract valuable information from samples. In addition, suggested workflows in method and testing selections, as well as addressing specific scientific challenges as well as the limitations of knowledge on the transfer, persistence and background abundance of trace materials are discussed. The book ends by examining the interpretation of trace evidence findings from a historical perspective and examining the methods that are currently being developed.

  • Provides an in-depth introduction to the general area of trace evidence and discusses current and new techniques
  • Consolidates trace evidence and materials categories of testing into one reference series
  • Offers a detailed focus on technical approaches and guidelines to trace evidence
  • Includes analytical schemes/workflows and valuable guides for the interpretation of data and results

The Handbook of Trace Evidence will appeal to forensic science academics, students, and practitioners in the trace evidence and materials science disciplines, as well as DNA analysts, toxicologists, forensic anthropologists, crime laboratory managers, criminal justice students and practitioners, and legal professionals. It would also be a valuable resource for every crime laboratory reference library.

List of Contributors
xv
Preface xvii
1 Trace Evidence Recognition, Collection, and Preservation
1(31)
Ted R. Schwartz
Daniel S. Rothenberg
Brandi L. Clark
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Theories of Transfer and Persistence
1(5)
1.2.1 Locard's Exchange Principle
1(1)
1.2.2 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, etc. Transfers
2(2)
1.2.3 Non-contact Transfers
4(1)
1.2.4 Patterns Due to Contact
4(1)
1.2.5 Factors Affecting the Likelihood of a Transfer
5(1)
1.2.6 Factors Affecting Persistence
5(1)
1.3 Proper Evidence Handling Practices
6(2)
1.3.1 Proper Clothing to Wear and Why
7(1)
1.3.2 Other Techniques to Avoid Contamination and Loss
7(1)
1.4 Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of Trace Evidence at the Crime Scene
8(13)
1.4.1 Searching for Relevant Trace Evidence
9(1)
1.4.1.1 Visible Trace Evidence
9(1)
1.4.1.2 Invisible Trace Evidence
9(1)
1.4.2 Documentation
9(1)
1.4.3 Collection
10(1)
1.4.3.1 Collecting the Entire Item Containing Potential Trace Evidence
11(2)
1.4.3.2 Picking with a Gloved Hand or Tweezers
13(1)
1.4.3.3 Collecting Invisible Trace Evidence
14(1)
1.4.3.4 Tape Lifting
14(1)
1.4.3.5 Vacuum Sweeping
15(1)
1.4.3.6 Tape Lifting vs. Vacuum Sweeping: Which Method to Use?
16(1)
1.4.3.7 Other Techniques
16(1)
1.4.4 Taking Known Exemplars and Alibi Samples
17(1)
1.4.5 Collection of Trace Evidence from a Body
18(1)
1.4.6 Preserving Evidence and Maintaining the Chain of Custody
19(1)
Checklist: Crime Scene Procedures
19(1)
Components of a Crime Scene Kit for Trace Evidence Collection
20(1)
1.5 Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of Trace Evidence in the Laboratory
21(8)
1.5.1 Workspace Preparation
21(1)
Checklist: Preparation of Examination Area in the Laboratory
21(1)
1.5.2 Evidence Examination Considerations
22(1)
1.5.3 Initial Examination Considerations
22(1)
A Note Regarding Evidence Handling and Potential DNA Contamination
22(1)
1.5.4 Evidence Description
23(1)
1.5.5 Macroscopic Evidence Examination
23(1)
1.5.6 Stereomicroscopic Examination
23(1)
1.5.7 Additional Documentation
24(1)
1.5.8 The Collection of Trace Evidence from Items in the Laboratory
25(1)
1.5.9 Collection Techniques
25(1)
1.5.9.1 Picking off Observed Trace Evidence
25(1)
1.5.9.2 Shaking/Scraping
26(1)
1.5.9.3 Tape Lifting
27(1)
1.5.9.4 Vacuum Sweeping
27(1)
1.5.9.5 Combinations of the Above Methods
28(1)
1.5.10 Taking Known Exemplar Samples
28(1)
Checklist: Evidence Examination in the Laboratory
28(1)
1.6 Summary
29(3)
Acknowledgments
29(1)
References
29(1)
Further Reading
30(2)
2 Polarized Light Microscopy for the Trace Evidence Examiner
32(125)
Andrew M. Bowen
2.1 Introduction
33(1)
2.2 The Nature of Light
34(8)
2.2.1 Reflection
35(1)
2.2.2 Refraction
36(4)
2.2.3 Dispersion
40(1)
2.2.4 Temperature Coefficient of Refractive Index
41(1)
2.2.5 Absorption of Light
41(1)
2.2.6 Other Interactions Between Light and Matter
41(1)
2.3 Light Microscopy
42(13)
2.3.1 Image Formation in a Compound Light Microscope
42(3)
2.3.2 Numerical Aperture and Resolution
45(10)
2.4 Introduction to Crystallography
55(14)
2.4.1 Symmetry
55(2)
2.4.2 Crystal Point Groups
57(1)
2.4.3 Six Crystal Systems
58(1)
2.4.3.1 Cubic (Isometric) System
58(2)
2.4.3.2 Tetragonal System
60(1)
2.4.3.3 Hexagonal System
60(2)
2.4.3.4 Orthorhombic System
62(1)
2.4.3.5 Monoclinic System
62(1)
2.4.3.6 Triclinic System
63(1)
2.4.4 Crystal Morphology
64(1)
2.4.4.1 Miller Indices
65(2)
2.4.4.2 Crystal Forms and Crystal Habit
67(1)
2.4.4.3 Crystal Morphology Through the Light Microscope
68(1)
2.5 Introduction to Optical Crystallography
69(25)
2.5.1 Optics of Isotropic Substances
69(6)
2.5.2 Optics of Uniaxial Substances
75(9)
2.5.3 Optics of Biaxial Substances
84(4)
2.5.3.1 Optic Axial Plane and Optic Normal
88(2)
2.5.3.2 Acute Bisectrix, Obtuse Bisectrix, Optic Sign, and Optic Axial Angle
90(1)
2.5.3.3 Optical Orientation
91(2)
2.5.3.4 Dispersion in Biaxial Crystals
93(1)
2.6 Measurement of Optical Properties
94(58)
2.6.1 Measurement of Refractive Index Values: Isotropic Substances
95(2)
2.6.1.1 Becke Line Immersion Method
97(2)
2.6.1.2 Single Variation Method
99(1)
2.6.1.3 Emmons Double Variation Method
100(1)
2.6.2 Measurement of Refractive Indices in Uniaxial Substances
100(5)
2.6.3 Measurement of Refractive Index in Biaxial Substances
105(2)
2.6.4 Retardation
107(6)
2.6.5 Birefringence
113(7)
2.6.6 Extinction Characteristics
120(9)
2.6.7 Use of Compensators and Sign of Elongation
129(5)
2.6.8 Conoscopic Observations of Uniaxial Substances
134(8)
2.6.9 Conoscopic Observations on Biaxial Substances
142(8)
2.6.10 Updated Measurement of Refractive Index Values: Uniaxial Substances
150(1)
2.6.11 Updated Measurement of Refractive Index Values: Biaxial Substances
151(1)
2.6.12 The Spindle Stage
151(1)
2.7 Identification of an Unknown Using Optical Properties
152(5)
2.7.1 Applications of Light Microscopy to Trace Evidence
155(1)
References
156(1)
3 Paints and Polymers
157(62)
Robyn B. Weimer
Diana M. Wright
Tamara Hodgins
3.1 Introduction to the Paint and Polymer Discipline
157(2)
3.2 Overview of Polymer Chemistry
159(1)
3.2.1 Introduction to Polymers
159(1)
3.2.2 Polymer Synthesis
159(1)
3.3 Overview of Coatings
160(20)
3.3.1 Chemistry and Terminology of Coatings
160(1)
3.3.1.1 Binders
161(1)
3.3.1.2 Pigments
161(2)
3.3.1.3 Additives
163(1)
3.3.1.4 Volatile Components
163(1)
3.3.2 Manufacturing Considerations
163(1)
3.3.3 Application Processes
164(1)
3.3.3.1 Spraying
164(1)
3.3.3.2 Dipping
165(1)
3.3.3.3 Electrodeposition
165(1)
3.3.4 Types of Coatings and End Uses
166(1)
3.3.4.1 Automotive Coatings
166(5)
3.3.4.2 Architectural Coatings
171(2)
3.3.4.3 Vehicular Non-automotive Coatings
173(1)
3.3.4.4 Tool Coatings
174(1)
3.3.4.5 Other/Specialty Coatings
174(3)
3.3.5 Other Polymeric Materials
177(1)
3.3.5.1 Buttons, Hair Beads, Jewelry, and Synthetic Fingernails
177(1)
3.3.5.2 Gasoline Cans
177(1)
3.3.5.3 Plastic Bags
178(1)
3.3.5.4 Gloves
178(1)
3.3.5.5 Automotive Parts and Panels
178(1)
3.3.5.6 Decals
178(1)
3.3.5.7 Paintballs
179(1)
3.3.5.8 Glitter
179(1)
3.3.5.9 Foam
179(1)
3.4 Forensic Examination
180(19)
3.4.1 Recognition, Collection, and Preservation
180(1)
3.4.1.1 Gross Examination
180(2)
3.4.1.2 Visual Recovery and Collection
182(1)
3.4.1.3 Recovery by Scraping
182(2)
3.4.2 Analytical Scheme
184(1)
3.4.2.1 Physical Fit
184(1)
3.4.2.2 Comparison
185(1)
3.4.2.3 Exposing of Layers
186(2)
3.4.2.4 Physical Characteristics to Note
188(4)
3.4.2.5 Further Testing
192(7)
3.5 Paint Databases
199(7)
3.5.1 The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Paint Data Query Database
200(6)
3.6 Interpretation and Report Considerations
206(13)
References
210(9)
4 Forensic Hair Microscopy
219(103)
Jason C. Beckert
4.1 Introduction
219(2)
4.1.1 History
219(2)
4.2 Chemistry and Histology
221(4)
4.2.1 Basic Chemistry
221(1)
4.2.2 Basic Histology
222(1)
4.2.3 Cuticle
223(1)
4.2.4 Cortex
224(1)
4.2.5 Medulla
225(1)
4.2.6 Cell Membrane Complex
225(1)
4.2.7 Follicle
225(1)
4.3 Physiology
225(5)
4.3.1 Hair Cycle
225(1)
4.3.1.1 Timing
226(1)
4.3.1.2 Shedding
227(1)
4.3.2 Growth Rates
228(1)
4.3.3 Changes with Age
228(1)
4.3.3.1 Hair Color, Graying, and Baldness
229(1)
4.4 Collection and Isolation
230(5)
4.4.1 Questioned Samples
230(1)
4.4.1.1 Techniques
230(2)
4.4.1.2 Other Considerations
232(1)
4.4.2 Known Samples
233(2)
4.5 General Hair
235(10)
4.5.1 Types of Hair
235(1)
4.5.1.1 Human
235(1)
4.5.1.2 Animal
236(1)
4.5.2 Basic Microscopy
237(1)
4.5.2.1 Cuticle
238(1)
4.5.2.2 Cortex
239(2)
4.5.2.3 Medulla
241(1)
4.5.3 Basic Hair Identification
241(1)
4.5.4 Human Versus Animal Hair
242(3)
4.6 Human Hair Examinations
245(23)
4.6.1 Somatic Origin
245(2)
4.6.2 Ancestry
247(2)
4.6.3 Cosmetic Treatment
249(3)
4.6.4 Shaft Abnormalities
252(2)
4.6.5 Hair End Morphology
254(1)
4.6.5.1 Typical Root Morphology
254(2)
4.6.5.2 General Significance
256(1)
4.6.5.3 Suitability for DNA Testing
256(1)
4.6.5.4 Postmortem Changes
257(2)
4.6.5.5 Other Atypical Root Morphologies
259(1)
4.6.5.6 Non-root Morphologies
259(3)
4.6.6 Degradation
262(1)
4.6.6.1 Weathering
262(2)
4.6.6.2 Heat
264(1)
4.6.6.3 Biodeterioration
265(3)
4.6.6.4 Other General Changes
268(1)
4.7 Human Hair Comparisons
268(7)
4.7.1 Comparison Guidelines
269(1)
4.7.1.1 Macroscopic Observations and Stereomicroscopy
269(1)
4.7.1.2 Compound Light Microscopy
269(1)
4.7.1.3 Comparison Microscopy
270(2)
4.7.2 Conclusions and Interpretation
272(1)
4.7.2.1 Association
272(2)
4.7.2.2 Inconclusive
274(1)
4.7.2.3 Exclusion
274(1)
4.8 Transfer and Persistence
275(4)
4.9 Animal Hair
279(8)
4.9.1 Identification
280(3)
4.9.2 Cats and Dogs
283(3)
4.9.3 Textile Fur Fibers
286(1)
4.10 Specialized Techniques
287(7)
4.10.1 Examination of the Cuticular Surface
287(2)
4.10.2 Transverse Cross-sections
289(2)
4.10.3 Longitudinal Cross-sections
291(3)
4.11 Practical Considerations
294(5)
4.11.1 Training
294(1)
4.11.2 Reference Collections
295(1)
4.11.3 Examination Guidelines
296(2)
4.11.4 Documentation, Report Writing, and Testimony
298(1)
4.12 Criticisms
299(2)
4.12.1 Probability
299(1)
4.12.2 FBI Review
300(1)
4.13 Summary: The Value of Forensic Hair Microscopy
301(21)
References
304(18)
5 Fibers
322(55)
Sandra Koch
Kornelia Nehse
5.1 Introduction to Forensic Fiber Analysis
322(1)
5.2 Fiber Overview
323(16)
5.2.1 Textile Production: Fiber - Yarn/Cordage - Fabric
323(5)
5.2.2 Fiber Types
328(1)
5.2.2.1 Natural Fibers
328(4)
5.2.2.2 Manufactured Fibers
332(6)
5.2.3 Fiber/Textile Coloration
338(1)
5.3 Forensic Fiber Examination Background
339(13)
5.3.1 Transfer and Persistence
339(3)
5.3.2 Collection
342(1)
5.3.2.1 Recognition, Collection, and Preservation
342(1)
5.3.2.2 Collection
343(1)
5.3.2.3 Visual Recovery: Picking
343(1)
5.3.2.4 Other Recovery Methods: Taping, Scraping, and Vacuuming
343(1)
5.3.3 Identification
344(1)
5.3.3.1 Natural Fiber Identification
345(6)
5.3.4 Comparison
351(1)
5.4 Microscopical Analysis
352(4)
5.4.1 Stereomicroscopy
353(1)
5.4.2 Brightfield Microscopy
354(1)
5.4.3 Polarized Light Microscopy
354(1)
5.4.4 Fluorescence Microscopy
355(1)
5.4.5 Comparison Microscopy
355(1)
5.4.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy
356(1)
5.5 Instrumental Analysis
356(5)
5.5.1 Microspectrophotmetry: UV-Visible
356(1)
5.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
357(1)
5.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy
358(1)
5.5.4 Other Analytical Techniques (Non-routine)
359(1)
5.5.4.1 Thin-layer Chromatography
359(2)
5.5.4.2 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry
361(1)
5.5.4.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
361(1)
5.5.4.4 Melting Point
361(1)
5.6 Microscopic Characteristics to Note in Forensic Fiber Examinations
361(1)
5.7 Optical Properties
361(1)
5.8 Chemistry
362(1)
5.8.1 Solubility Testing
362(1)
5.9 Forensic Examination
363(5)
5.9.1 Analytical Scheme
363(1)
5.9.2 Fabric and Cordage Examinations
363(1)
5.9.2.1 Fabric Damage
363(5)
5.9.2.2 Cordage
368(1)
5.10 Interpretation and Reporting
368(2)
5.10.1 Interpretation
368(1)
5.10.2 Report Writing
369(1)
5.11 Testimony
370(7)
References
370(7)
6 Interpretation of Glass Evidence
377(44)
James Curran
Tacha Hicks
Tatiana Trejos
6.1 Introduction to Glass Examination
377(5)
6.1.1 Composition, Manufacture, and Distribution
378(2)
6.1.2 Forensic Examination Protocols
380(1)
6.1.3 Refractive Index
380(2)
6.1 A Refractive Index Annealing
382(5)
6.1.5 Elemental Analysis of Glass
382(1)
6.1.5.1 SEM-EDS
383(1)
6.1.5.2 Micro-X-Ray Fluorescence
383(1)
6.1.5.3 ICP Methods
383(2)
6.1.5.4 LIBS
385(1)
6.1.6 Comparison of Discrimination Capabilities of the Methods of Analysis
386(1)
6.2 Introduction to the Interpretation of Glass Evidence
387(25)
6.2.1 Formulation of Working Propositions and Case Pre-assessment
388(2)
6.2.2 Evaluation of Results Given Source Level Propositions
390(1)
6.2.3 Evaluation of Results Given Activity Level Propositions
391(1)
6.2.4 A Note on the Use of "Contact" or Pseudo-Activity Level Propositions
391(1)
6.2.5 Evaluation of Results Given Offence Level Propositions
392(1)
6.2.6 Evaluation of Results Given Source Level Propositions
393(1)
6.2.7 The Two-Stage Approach
394(1)
6.2.7.1 Interpretation Based on RI Measurements
394(3)
6.2.7.2 Student's r-Test
397(4)
6.2.7.3 Interpretation Based on Elemental Analysis Measurements
401(1)
6.2.7.4 Match Steps for Elemental Analysis
402(2)
6.2.7.5 Disadvantages of the Two-Stage Approach
404(1)
6.2.8 The Continuous Approach
404(1)
6.2.8.1 Interpretation Based on RI Measurements
405(2)
6.2.8.2 Interpretation Based on Elemental Analysis Measurements
407(1)
6.2.8.3 Evaluation of Results Given Activity Level Propositions
408(1)
6.2.8.4 Example V. One Group, One Control
409(1)
6.2.9 Assigning Background and Transfer Probabilities
410(2)
6.3 Concluding Remarks
412(9)
References
413(8)
7 Interpreting Trace Evidence
421(34)
Patrick Buzzini
James M. Curran
7.1 What is Evidence Interpretation?
421(1)
7.2 A Process of Uncertainties
422(4)
7.3 Factors Affecting Evidence Interpretation
426(5)
7.3.1 The Context of the Case
426(1)
7.3.2 The Questions Directed to the Forensic Scientist and Hypothesis Formulation
427(2)
7.3.3 Extent of Collected Analytical Information, Reliability, and Validity
429(2)
73.4 The Degree of Similarity Between Compared Sets
431(1)
7.4 Some Interpretive Issues: The Example of the Birmingham Six Bombing Case
432(4)
7.4.1 Prosecutor's Fallacy or the Transposed Conditional
433(1)
7.4.2 Inappropriate Level of Propositions
434(1)
7.4.3 Misconception of the 99%
434(1)
7.4.4 Non-consideration of Plausible Defense Arguments
435(1)
7.5 The Bayesian Approach
436(2)
7.6 Implications of Expert Conclusions from Comparative Examinations: An Example with Fiber Evidence
438(8)
7.6.1 Conclusion 1: Factual Reporting
439(1)
7.6.2 Conclusion 2: Consistent with, Cannot Be Excluded, and Reasonable Degree of Certainty
439(1)
7.6.3 Conclusion 3: High Discriminating Procedure
439(1)
7.6.4 Conclusion 4: Rarity Assessment of the Suspected Source
439(1)
7.6.5 Conclusion 5: "Association Key" Verbal Scale
440(2)
7.6.6 Conclusion 6: Likelihood Ratio Verbal Scale
442(4)
7.7 Conclusion
446(9)
Acknowledgments
447(1)
References
447(8)
Index 455
Vincent J. Desiderio is the Hazardous Materials Program Specialist for the United States Postal Inspection Service-Security Group, Washington, D.C.



Chris E. Taylor is a Forensic Chemist at the Defense Forensic Science Center-US Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory in Forest Park, Georgia.

Niamh Nic Daéid, PhD, is Professor of Forensic Science and Director of the Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Scotland.
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