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El. knyga: Harderian Glands: Porphyrin Metabolism, Behavioral and Endocrine Effects

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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 06-Dec-2012
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783642766855
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Harderian Glands: Porphyrin Metabolism, Behavioral and Endocrine EffectsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 06-Dec-2012
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783642766855
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Harderian glands, first described by Jacob Harder in two species of deer in 1694, are large, intraorbital glands which, with but few exceptions, are found in all land vertebrates. Certainly, their relatively large size, their phylogenetic age, and persistent conservation in all groups as they emerged from an aqueous to an air/land environment lend strong support to the logical deduction that they probably play an important role in the physiological adaptation to terrestrial life. Yet, few biologists know even what or where these glands are. For a variety of reasons, the Harderian glands have not received the attention they deserve and, as a result, the published works available have been scarce and scattered throughout the world literature. The current situation is remarkably similar to that which existed in regard to the pineal gland prior to the mid-1960s, i. e. , scattered literature, unknown function, few investigators, and little interest. Yet, following a few key papers, interest in the pineal gland expanded and soon an explosive increase in the knowledge and understanding of the pineal gland took place and continues today. Will history repeat itself? Originally, a few of us discussed the desirability of an informal Symposium on the Harderian glands.

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Springer Book Archives
The Past, Present and Future of the Harderian Gland.- Comparative
Anatomy of the Mammalian Harderian Glands.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Harderian
Gland in Individual Mammalian Species.- 3 Macroscopic Anatomy of the
Mammalian Harderian Gland.- 3.1 Location and Shape of the Harderian Gland.-
3.2 Duct of the Harderian Gland.- 3.3 Innervation.- 3.4 Orbital Venous
Sinus.- 4 Comparative Anatomy of the Harderian Gland.- 4.1 Mammalian
Harderian Gland.- 4.2 Harderian Gland in Mammals and Lower Vertebrates.-
References.- Harderian Glands and Their Development in Laboratory Rats and
Mice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Histological Organization.- 2.1 Secretory
Epithelium.- 2.2 Myoepithelial Cells.- 2.3 Interstitial Connective Tissue.-
2.4 Cytology.- 3 Secretory Products.- 3.1 Lipids.- 3.2 Porphyrins.- 3.3
Melatonin.- 3.4 Other products.- 4 Innervations.- 5 Development.- 6
Hormones.- 6.1 Gonadal Steroids.- 6.2 Thyroid Hormones.- 7 Light.- 8 Tumours
and Diseases.- 9 Ocular Immune System.- 10 Conclusions.- References.- The
Structure of the Harderian Gland of the Golden Hamster.- 1 Introduction.- 2
General Features.- 3 Particular Features.- 3.1 The Epithelial Cells.- 3.1.1
The Epithelial Cells of the Male Gland.- 3.1.2 The Epithelial Cells of the
Female Gland.- 3.1.3 Classification of Epithelial Cell Types.- 3.2 The
Luminal Contents.- 3.3 Myoepithelial Cells.- 3.4 Interstitial Tissues.- 3.5
The Secretory Duct.- 4 Hormones and the Harderian Gland.- 5 Development of
the Hamster Harderian Gland.- 6 Comparisons with Other Species and Overview.-
References.- The Mammalian Harderian Gland: Ultrastructure, Sexual
Dimorphism, and Its Regulation by Light and Steroids.- 1 Introduction.- 2
Secretory Epithelium.- 2.1 Rabbit.- 2.2 Armadillo.- 2.3 Gerbil.- 2.4 Rat.-
2.5 Mouse.- 2.6 Plains Mouse.- 2.7 Woodmouse.- 2.8Hamster.- 3 Secretory
Products.- 3.1 Lipids.- 3.2 Porphyrin.- 4 Myoepithelial Cells.- 5
Innervation.- 6 Secretory Duct.- 7 Sexual Dimorphism.- 7.1 Influence of
Light.- 7.2 Regulation by Steroids.- References.- The Harderian Gland of
Amphibians and Reptiles.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Embryology.- 2.1 Amphibians.-
2.2 Reptiles.- 3 Gross Anatomy.- 3.1 Amphibians.- 3.2 Reptiles.- 4 Histology
and Ultrastructure.- 4.1 Amphibians.- 4.2 Reptiles.- 5 Histochemistry.- 5.1
Amphibians.- 5.2 Reptiles.- 6 Regulation of the Secretory Activity.- 6.1
Exogenous Factors.- 6.2 Endogenous Factors.- 7 Pinealectomy.- 8
Hypophysectomy.- 9 Sex Hormones.- 10 Putative Functions.- 11 Concluding
Remarks.- References.- Morphology of the Harderian Gland in the Rabbit. A
Short Review.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Gross Anatomy.- 3 Morphology.- 3.1 Light
Microscopy.- 3.2 Electron Microscopy.- 3.3 Innervation.- 3.4 Lipid Droplet
Section.- 4 Histochemistry-Biochemistry.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- The
Function of the Harderian Gland in the Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones
unguiculatus.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Release of Harderian Gland Secretions.-
3 Chemical Communication and Harderian Gland Function.- 4 Thermoregulation
and Osmoregulation.- 5 The Delicate Balance.- References.- Gonadal Hormones,
Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis in the Rodent Harderian Gland.- 1 Sex
Differences in Porphyrin Synthesis and Gland Structure.- 2 Hormone Changes,
Gland Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis.- 2.1 The Male Hamster Harderian
Gland.- 2.2 The Female Hamster Harderian Gland.- 2.3 Interrelation Between
Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis.- 2.4 Why Should Hormones Affect the
Harderian Gland?.- 2.4.1 Because it is a gland of ectodermal origin.- 2.4.2
Because it synthesises porphyrins.- 2.4.3 Because it is a site of immune
response.- 2.4.4 Because it synthesises lipids.- 2.4.5 Because it produces
pheromones.- 2.5 How Can We Use This Interrelationship?.- References.- The
Harderian Gland in Birds: Histology and Immunology.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The
Shape of the Avian Harderian Glands.- 3 Secretory Duct.- 4 Histology.- 5
Secretory Mechanism.- 6 Secretory Products.- 7 Plasma Cell and Lymphocytes.-
8 Immune Status of the Fowl Harderian Gland.- 9 Immunoglobulin Production.-
10 Specific Antibody Production.- References.- Porphyrins and Their Possible
Significance in Harderian Glands.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Haem Biosynthesis.- 2.1
ALA Synthase (EC 2.3.1.37).- 2.2 ALA Dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24).- 2.3 PBG
Deaminase (EC 4.3.1.8) and Uroporphyrinogen 3-Cosynthase (EC 4.2.1.75).- 2.4
Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.37).- 2.5 Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase
(EC 1.3.3.3).- 2.6 Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4).- 2.7
Ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1).- 3 Control of Haem Biosynthesis.- 3.1 The Role
of ALA Synthase.- 3.2 Glycine.- 3.3 Control in Normal Subjects and in
Porphyrins.- 3.4 Measurement of Porphyrins and their Enzymes.- 4 Porphyria.-
5 Porphyrin Synthesis in the Rodent Harderian Gland.- 6 Histological
Appearance of Porphyrins in the Harderian Gland.- 6.1 Histological
Preparation.- 6.2 Effects of Drugs.- 7 Factors Influencing Porphyrin
Synthesis in the Harderian Gland.- 7.1 Species Differences.- 7.2 Age and
Strain.- 7.3 Sex Differences.- 7.4 Effects of Temperature and Lighting.- 8
Harderianectomy and Porphyrin Synthesis.- 9 Porphyrins and Cancer
Susceptibility.- 10 The Possible Significance of Harderian Gland Porphyrins.-
10.1 Lubrication.- 10.2 Pheromones and Thermoregulation.- 10.3
Phototransduction.- 10.4 Reproductive Function.- References.- Lipids in
Harderian Glands and Their Significance.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chemical
Diversity of Lipids.- 2.1 Secretory Lipids.- 2.1.1 Rabbit.- 2.1.2 Guinea
Pig.- 2.1.3 Rat.- 2.1.4 Mouse.- 2.1.5 Mouse Tumour.- 2.1.6 Golden Hamster.-
2.1.7 Mongolian Gerbil.- 2.2 Nonsecretory Neutral Lipids.- 2.2.1 Rabbit.-
2.2.2 Guinea Pig.- 2.2.3 Rat.- 2.2.4 Mouse.- 2.2.5 Mouse Tumour.- 2.2.6
Golden Hamster.- 2.2.7 Mongolian Gerbil.- 2.3 Phospholipids.- 2.3.1 Rabbit.-
2.3.2 Guinea Pig.- 2.3.3 Rat.- 2.3.4 Mouse.- 2.3.5 Golden Hamster.- 2.4
Glycolipids.- 2.4.1 Guinea Pig.- 2.4.2 Rat and Mouse.- 3 Enzymes Related to
Lipid Synthesis.- 3.1 Fatty Acid Synthase.- 3.2 Enzymes in the Ether-Lipid
Synthesis.- 3.2.1 Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Acyltransferase.- 3.2.2
Alkyl-DHAP Synthase.- 3.2.3 Alkylacylglycerol Acyltransferase.- 3.2.4
Alkylglycerol Phosphotransferase.- 3.2.5 Alkylglycerol-3-Phosphate
Acyltransferase.- 4 Significance of Lipids in the Harderian Gland.-
References.- Harderian Gland Indoles.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Indole Synthesis
and Metabolism.- 3 Indoles in the Rodent Harderian Gland.- 3.1 Melatonin.-
3.2 Other Indoles.- 4 Indoles in the Harderian Glands of Nonrodent Species.-
5 Are Harderian Gland Indoles Secreted to Circulation?.- 6 Conclusions.-
References.- Harderian Gland Peptides.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Somatostatin.- 3
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP).- 4 Substance P.- 5 Arginine
Vasopressin and Oxytocin.- 6 Neurotensin (NT), Cholecystokinin (CCK),
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Calcitonin-Gene-Related-Peptide (CGRP).- 7 Harderian
Gland-Derived Growth Factor (HGDGF).- 8 Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH).-
9 Summary.- References.- Adrenergic Activity in the Male Rat Harderian
Gland.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Experimental Procedures.- 2.1 Animals.- 2.2
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity.- 2.3 Catecholamine Concentration.- 2.4
Chromatographic Conditions.- 2.5 Hormonal Determination.- 2.6 Statistical
Analysis.- 3 Experimental Findings.- 4 Commentary and Conclusions.-
References.- The Interrelationship Between the Harderian Glands and the
Neuroendocrine-Thyroid Axis in Rodents.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Graves
Ophthalmopathy and the Harderian Gland.- 3 Effects of the
Neuroendocrine-Thyroid Axis on Harderian Glands.- 3.1 Weights, Morphology,
Composition.- 3.2 Porphyrins.- 3.3 Indoles.- 4 Response of Harderian Glands
to Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormones.- 5 Effects of Harderian Glands on
Thyroid Hormones.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- Type II 5?-Deiodinase in the
Harderian Gland.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Characteristics of the Type II
5?-Deiodinase Enzyme.- 3 Photoperiod and Type II 5?-Deiodinase Activity.-
References.- The Pineal and the Harderian Glands: Evidence for Mutual
Interactions.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Evidence for Harderian Gland Effects on the
Pineal Gland.- 3 Evidence for Pineal Gland Effects on the Harderian Glands.-
4 Final Comment.- References.- The Harderian Gland as a Target for Steroid
Hormone Action: Role and Characteristics of Intracellular Receptors.- 1
Introduction.- 2 Genomic Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action.- 3 Androgen
Receptors.- 4 Progesterone Receptors.- 5 Estrogen Receptors.- 6 Other Hormone
Receptors.- 7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Additional References.
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