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El. knyga: Harmful Algal Blooms - A Compendium Desk Reference: A Compendium Desk Reference [Wiley Online]

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  • Formatas: 696 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Jul-2018
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1118994671
  • ISBN-13: 9781118994672
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Harmful Algal Blooms - A Compendium Desk Reference: A Compendium Desk ReferenceDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 696 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Jul-2018
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1118994671
  • ISBN-13: 9781118994672
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Wiley Online E-booksMore info about Wiley Online
Partnerių interneto svetainė: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118994672

Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference provides basic information on harmful algal blooms (HAB) and references for individuals in need of technical information when faced with unexpected or unknown harmful algal events. Chapters in this volume will provide readers with information on causes of HAB, successful management and monitoring programs, control, prevention, and mitigation strategies, economic consequences of HAB, associated risks to human health, impacts of HAB on food webs and ecosystems, and detailed information on the most common HAB species.   

Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference will be an invaluable resource to managers, newcomers to the field, those who do not have easy or affordable access to scientific literature, and individuals who simply do not know where to begin searching for the information needed, especially when faced with novel and unexpected HAB events. 

Edited by three of the world's leading harmful algal bloom researchers and with contributions from leading experts, Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference will be a key source of information for this increasingly important topic.

List of Contributors xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction xxiii
1 Causes of Harmful Algal Blooms 1(38)
Patricia M. Gilbert
JoAnn M. Burkholder
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 "Getting There": The Classic Perspective on Introduced Species and Links to Cultural Eutrophication
2(3)
1.2.1 Introduced Species
2(1)
1.2.2 Anthropogenically Introduced Nutrients
3(2)
1.3 "Being There": Blooms and Why They Succeed
5(9)
1.3.1 Nutrient-Related HAB
5(1)
1.3.2 Resource Ratios, Nutrient Stoichiometry, and Optimal Nutrient Ratios
6(3)
1.3.3 Diversity in Use of Forms of Nitrogen
9(1)
1.3.4 Toxicity
10(2)
1.3.5 Mixotrophy:-Use of "Packaged" and Dissolved Particulate Nutrients
12(1)
1.3.6 Other Adaptations
13(1)
1.4 "Staying There": Links to Physical Structure and Climate
14(6)
1.4.1 Physical Structure: Large-Scale and Small-Scale Natural Hydrological Features
14(1)
1.4.2 Physical Dynamics: Anthropogenic Hydrological Changes
15(1)
1.4.3 Reinforcing Feedbacks
16(2)
1.4.3.1 Trophic Disruptions
16(1)
1.4.3.2 Biogeochemical Alterations
17(1)
1.4.4 Climate Change
18(2)
1.5 Conclusions
20(1)
Acknowledgments
21(1)
References
21(18)
2 Detection and Surveillance of Harmful Algal Bloom Species and Toxins 39(76)
Gregory J. Doucette
Linda K. Medlin
Pearse McCarron
Philipp Hess
2.1 Introduction
39(2)
2.2 Organism Detection
41(10)
2.2.1 Visual/Optical
41(2)
2.2.1.1 Light Microscopy (LM)/Utermohl's
41(1)
2.2.1.2 Light Microscopy/Flow Cytometry
41(1)
2.2.1.3 In Vivo Fluorometry
42(1)
2.2.1.4 Spectral Absorbance/Spectroradiometry
43(1)
2.2.2 Molecular
43(8)
2.2.2.1 Whole Cell Format
44(3)
2.2.2.2 Cell-Free Format
47(4)
2.3 Toxin Detection
51(29)
2.3.1 In Vivo Assays
53(6)
2.3.1.1 Rat Bioassay
58(1)
2.3.1.2 Mouse Bioassay
58(1)
2.3.2 In Vitro Assays
59(13)
2.3.2.1 Functional Assays
60(6)
2.3.2.2 Structural Assays
66(5)
2.3.2.3 Biosensors
71(1)
2.3.3 Analytical Techniques
72(8)
2.3.3.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Optical Detection (UV or FLD)
73(2)
2.3.3.2 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
75(3)
2.3.3.3 Other Analytical Methods: Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF), and Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization (LAESI)
78(1)
2.3.3.4 Perspectives
79(1)
2.4 Autonomous, In Situ Technologies
80(7)
2.4.1 Environmental Sample Processor (McLane Research Laboratories)
81(2)
2.4.2 Imaging Flow Cytobot (McLane Research Laboratories)
83(1)
2.4.3 Optical Phytoplankton Discriminator (aka BreveBuster; Mote Marine Laboratory)
84(1)
2.4.4 CytoBuoy (CytoBuoy b.v.)
85(1)
2.4.5 SPATT Passive Samplers
86(1)
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
87(2)
Disclaimer
89(1)
References and Further Reading
89(26)
3 Modeling Marine Harmful Algal Blooms: Current Status and Future Prospects 115(20)
Kevin J. Flynn
Dennis J. McGillicuddy Jr
3.1 Introduction
115(2)
3.2 Building Models to Describe Ecological Events
117(2)
3.3 Limitations to What Models Can Do, and Why
119(2)
3.3.1 Building Models
119(1)
3.3.2 Model Complexity
119(1)
3.3.3 The Need for Data
120(1)
3.3.4 Validating Models
121(1)
3.4 Modeling T-HAB and ED-HAB Events
121(1)
3.5 How Good Are Current HAB Models?
122(6)
3.6 Future Modeling of T-HAB and ED-HAB: Managing Expectations
128(1)
3.7 Improving Our Capabilities
129(1)
3.7.1 Changes in the Biological-Modeling Interface
129(1)
Acknowledgments
130(1)
References
130(5)
4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Shellfish 135(56)
Leila Basti
Helene Hegaret
Sandra E. Shumway
4.1 Introduction
135(1)
4.2 Major Shellfish Poisonings
136(4)
4.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
136(1)
4.2.2 Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)
137(1)
4.2.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)
138(1)
4.2.4 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)
139(1)
4.2.5 Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP)
139(1)
4.3 Other Toxins: Pectenotoxins (PTX) and Yessotoxins (YTX)
140(1)
4.4 Emerging Shellfish Poisonings
141(1)
4.5 Toxin Uptake, Accumulation, and Depuration
142(1)
4.6 Shellfish Contamination in North America
143(20)
4.6.1 Bivalves
143(11)
4.6.1.1 Paralytic Shellfish Contamination
143(6)
4.6.1.2 Diarrheic Shellfish Contamination
149(1)
4.6.1.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Contamination
150(1)
4.6.1.4 Amnesic Shellfish Contamination
151(3)
4.6.2 Gastropods
154(8)
4.6.3 Crustaceans
162(1)
4.7 Impacts on Shellfish
163(1)
4.8 Conclusions and Perspectives
164(3)
References and Further Reading
167(24)
5 Vulnerabilities of Marine Mammals to Harmful Algal Blooms 191(32)
Margaret H. Broadwater
Frances M. Van Dolah
Spencer E. Fire
5.1 Introduction
191(1)
5.2 Overview of Algal Toxins
192(18)
5.2.1 Brevetoxins
193(6)
5.2.2 Ciguatoxins
199(1)
5.2.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins
200(1)
5.2.4 Domoic Acid
201(5)
5.2.5 Paralytic Shellfish Toxins
206(3)
5.2.6 Other Algal and Cyanobacterial Toxins
209(1)
5.3 Impacts of Algal Toxins Specific to Marine Mammals
210(2)
5.3.1 The Effects of Toxin Exposure Depend on Animal Physiology and Behavior
210(1)
5.3.2 Emerging Issues: Non-acute and Multiple Toxin Exposure
211(1)
5.3.3 Prospects for Managing Impacts of HAB
211(1)
5.4 Considerations for the Evaluation of HAB Toxins in Marine Mammals
212(2)
5.4.1 Sampling Marine Mammals for HAB Toxin Analysis
213(1)
5.4.2 Priority Needs for Investigating HAB Toxin Involvement in Marine Mammal Morbidity and Mortality
214(1)
Abbreviations
214(1)
References and Further Reading
215(8)
6 Interactions between Seabirds and Harmful Algal Blooms 223(20)
Corinne M. Gibble
Brian A. Hoover
6.1 Introduction
223(1)
6.2 Historical Interactions between HAB and Seabirds
224(7)
6.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
224(3)
6.2.2 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)
227(1)
6.2.3 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
228(1)
6.2.4 Akashiwo sanguinea
228(1)
6.2.5 Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)
229(1)
6.2.6 CyanoHAB
230(1)
6.3 Improved Monitoring and Establishment of Causality
231(3)
6.3.1 Coordinating Monitoring and Pathology to Confirm Relationships between HAB and Seabird Mortality
231(2)
6.3.2 Seabirds as Biological Indicators
233(1)
6.4 Implications for Conservation
234(1)
References
235(8)
7 Food Web and Ecosystem Impacts of Harmful Algae 243(94)
JoAnn M. Burkholder
Sandra E. Shumway
Patricia M. Gilbert
7.1 Introduction
243(34)
7.2 Approaches, Pitfalls, Progress, and Goals
277(2)
7.3 High-Biomass Algal Blooms
279(3)
7.4 Emerging Recognition of the Roles of Allelochemicals
282(5)
7.4.1 Microalgae
283(2)
7.4.2 Thalloid Macroalgae
285(2)
7.4.3 Filamentous Mat-Forming Macroalgae
287(1)
7.5 Toxigenic Algae in Aquatic Food Webs
287(7)
7.5.1 Toxic Microcystis aeruginosa Blooms across North America
289(1)
7.5.2 Toxic Prymnesium parvum Blooms and Fish Communities in Two Texas Rivers
290(2)
7.5.3 Toxic Pseudo-nitzschia Blooms in Coastal Upwelling Areas
292(1)
7.5.4 Toxic Alexandrium Blooms in the Northeast
292(1)
7.5.5 Toxic Karenia brevis Blooms along the Florida Coast
293(1)
7.6 Ecosystem-Disruptive Algal Blooms
294(1)
7.7 Future Directions
295(2)
Appendix A: Scientific Names for Organisms Listed by Common Name in This
Chapter, Also Indicating Species Affected by Karenia brevis (Kb)
297(4)
References and Further Reading
301(36)
8 Assessing the Economic Consequences of Harmful Algal Blooms: A Summary of Existing Literature, Research Methods, Data, and Information Gaps 337(18)
Charles M. Adams
Sherry L. Larkin
Porter Hoagland
Brian Sancewich
8.1 Introduction
337(1)
8.2 Overview
338(1)
8.3 Research Methodologies
338(9)
8.4 Sources and Types of Data
347(1)
8.5 Spatial and Temporal Scopes
348(1)
8.6 Nature of the Hazard
349(1)
8.7 Current Research Gaps
350(1)
8.8 Conclusion
351(1)
Acknowledgments
351(1)
References and Further Reading
351(4)
9 Public Health and Epidemiology 355(22)
Lynn M. Grattan
Joe Schumacker
Andrew Reich
Sailor Holobaugh
9.1 Introduction
355(1)
9.2 What Is Public Health and Epidemiology?
355(1)
9.3 HAB and Human Illness
356(11)
9.3.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)
357(4)
9.3.1.1 Exposure
357(4)
9.3.1.2 Clinical Symptoms
361(1)
9.3.1.3 Treatment
361(1)
9.3.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)
361(1)
9.3.2.1 Exposure
361(1)
9.3.2.2 Clinical Syndrome
361(1)
9.3.2.3 Treatment
362(1)
9.3.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)
362(1)
9.3.3.1 Exposure
362(1)
9.3.3.2 Clinical Illness
363(1)
9.3.3.3 Treatment
363(1)
9.3.4 Brevetoxin Inhalation Syndrome (BIS)
363(1)
9.3.4.1 Exposure
363(1)
9.3.4.2 Clinical Illness
363(1)
9.3.4.3 Treatment
363(1)
9.3.5 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)
363(1)
9.3.5.1 Exposure
363(1)
9.3.5.2 Clinical Syndrome
364(1)
9.3.5.3 Treatment
364(1)
9.3.6 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)
364(1)
9.3.6.1 Exposure
364(1)
9.3.6.2 Clinical Illness
364(1)
9.3.6.3 Treatment
365(1)
9.3.7 Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP)
365(1)
9.3.7.1 Exposure
365(1)
9.3.7.2 Clinical Syndrome
366(1)
9.3.7.3 Treatment
366(1)
9.3.8 Toxic Cyanobacteria
366(1)
9.3.8.1 Exposure
366(1)
9.3.8.2 Clinical Syndromes
366(1)
9.3.8.3 Treatment
366(1)
9.4 The HAB Manager's Role in Preventing HAB-Related Illnesses
367(3)
9.4.1 HAB Management Exemplars
367(1)
9.4.2 The Native American Perspective from Washington State, USA: Domoic Acid and Paralytic Shellfish Toxins
367(2)
9.4.2.1 Background
367(2)
9.4.2.2 Tribal Capacity and Inclusion
369(1)
9.4.2.3 Lessons Learned
369(1)
9.4.3 The Florida Department of Health Perspective
369(15)
9.4.3.1 Harmful Algal Blooms
370(1)
9.5 HAB-Related Stressors and Human Resilience
370(1)
9.6 Conclusion
371(1)
References and Further Reading
371(6)
10 Marine Biotoxin and Harmful Algae Monitoring and Management 377(42)
Gregg W. Langlois
Steve L. Morton
10.1 Introduction
377(6)
10.2 Identifying Sampling Program Needs
383(1)
10.3 Developing a Sampling Program for Shellfish Monitoring
384(4)
10.3.1 Shellfish Sampling Stations
384(2)
10.3.2 Monitoring Shellfish Toxicity
386(2)
10.4 Developing a Sampling Program for Phytoplankton Monitoring
388(6)
10.4.1 Phytoplankton Sampling Stations
388(1)
10.4.2 Monitoring Phytoplankton
389(5)
10.5 Monitoring Other Fisheries
394(2)
10.6 Novel Approaches and Advanced Tools to Enhance Monitoring Programs
396(12)
10.6.1 Diversifying Program Participation: Volunteer Monitors
396(3)
10.6.2 Field Testing for Toxins: PSP and ASP
399(2)
10.6.3 Screening Tests for Toxins: DSP and PSP
401(1)
10.6.4 SPATT
401(1)
10.6.5 Oceanographic Data
402(6)
10.7 Management Considerations
408(5)
10.7.1 Commercial Shellfish
408(3)
10.7.2 Recreational Shellfishing
411(2)
10.8 Phytoplankton Sampling Protocol Examples
413(1)
10.9 HAB Forecasting Links
413(1)
Acknowledgments
413(1)
References and Further Reading
413(6)
11 Harmful Algal Bloom Education and Outreach 419(16)
Mare Timmons
Mary Sweeney-Reeves
Steve L. Morton
11.1 Introduction
419(7)
11.2 K-12 Education
426(1)
11.3 Web-Based and Distance Learning Education
427(1)
11.4 Citizen Science
428(4)
11.4.1 Contributions of Citizen Science
429(2)
11.4.2 Connecting Citizen Science to Ocean Learning
431(4)
11.4.2.1 Safety
431(1)
11.4.2.2 Training Sessions
431(1)
11.5 Conclusion
432(1)
References and Further Reading
432(3)
12 Prevention, Control, and Mitigation of Harmful Algal Bloom Impacts on Fish, Shellfish, and Human Consumers 435(58)
Kevin G. Sellner
J.E. Rensel
12.1 Introduction
435(1)
12.2 HAB Prevention
435(7)
12.2.1 Aquaculture Site Selection or Relocation
435(1)
12.2.2 Nutrient Load Reductions
436(4)
12.2.3 Phytoplankton Mixing, Increasing Turbulence, and Decreasing Residence Times (Mostly Freshwater Systems)
440(1)
12.2.4 Reducing HA Introductions
441(1)
12.3 Preventing and Reducing HAB Impacts on Shellfish and Fish
442(3)
12.3.1 Preventing Human and Animal Exposures
442(3)
12.3.1.1 Shellfish and Finfish Monitoring
442(2)
12.3.1.2 Depuration and Detoxification
444(1)
12.3.1.3 Food Processing
444(1)
12.3.1.4 Cooking
445(1)
12.3.1.5 Aerosols
445(1)
12.3.1.6 Medical Treatments
445(1)
12.4 HAB Controls
445(2)
12.4.1 Protections 44S
12.4.2 Biomass Removal
446(1)
12.4.3 Capping
446(1)
12.4.4 Nutrient Trapping in Sediments
446(1)
12.4.5 Reductions of Algal Resting Stages (Cysts)
446(1)
12.5 Mitigation of HAB
447(11)
12.5.1 Detection
447(1)
12.5.2 Chemical Additions
448(3)
12.5.3 Flocculation
451(3)
12.5.4 Barely Straw (Hordeum vulgare)
454(1)
12.5.5 Other Treatments
455(4)
12.5.5.1 UV Exposure
455(1)
12.5.5.2 Cavitation
455(1)
12.5.5.3 Ultrasound
455(1)
12.5.5.4 Electrolysis
456(1)
12.5.5.5 Hydraulics and Mixing
456(1)
12.5.5.6 Biological Controls
456(2)
12.6 Shellfish
458(1)
12.7 Fish Mariculture
459(11)
12.7.1 HAB Mitigation for Fish Mariculture
459(1)
12.7.2 Best Management Practices for Fish Mariculture Siting, Including HAB and Eutrophication Issues
460(1)
12.7.2.1 Local Land Use
460(1)
12.7.2.2 Plankton Monitoring and Water Quality Assessments
460(1)
12.7.2.3 Physical Hydrographic Considerations
461(1)
12.7.2.4 Vertical Mixing Considerations
461(1)
12.7.3 Mitigation of HAB at Fish Mariculture Facilities
461(1)
12.7.4 HAB Mitigation Methods for Fish Mariculture
462(32)
12.7.4.1 Feeding and Handling Practices
462(8)
12.8 Conclusions
470(4)
Acknowledgments
474(1)
References
474(18)
Further Reading
492(1)
13 Harmful Algae Introductions: Vectors of Transfer, Mitigation, and Management 493(14)
Shauna Murray
Gustaaf Hallegraeff
13.1 Summary
493(1)
13.2 The Biogeographic Ranges of Harmful Algal Bloom Species
493(1)
13.3 Vectors of Transfer
494(1)
13.3.1 Natural Factors
494(1)
13.3.2 Ballast Water
494(1)
13.3.3 Translocation of Aquaculture Products
494(1)
13.4 Molecular Evidence for Introductions of New Species to a Region
494(4)
13.4.1 The Stalk-Forming Freshwater Fouling Diatom Didymosphenia geminata
495(1)
13.4.2 Alexandrium pacificum and A. minutum in European and Japanese Waters
496(1)
13.4.3 Gymnodinium catenatum in Australia and Europe
497(1)
13.5 Prevention and Risk Reduction
498(3)
13.5.1 Code of Practice on Translocation with Aquaculture Products
498(1)
13.5.2 Warning for HAB in Ballast Water-Uptake Zones and When Translocating Aquaculture Products
498(1)
13.5.3 Ballast Water Management
498(2)
13.5.4 Other Precautionary Measures
500(1)
13.6 Emergency Treatment Options
501(1)
References
502(5)
14 Culture and Culture Collections 507(8)
Gary H. Wikfors
Steve L. Morton
14.1 Introduction
507(1)
14.2 Step 1: Sampling the Environment
507(2)
14.3 Step 2: Processing a Field Sample in the Laboratory to Confirm Presence of the Target Organism
509(2)
14.4 Step 3: From Spark to Flame
511(1)
14.5 Step 4: Long-Term Perpetuation of HAB Cultures
511(1)
14.6 Epilogue
512(1)
Further Reading
513(2)
15 Harmful Macroalgal Blooms in a Changing World: Causes, Impacts, and Management 515(46)
Brian E. Lapointe
JoAnn M. Burkholder
Kathryn L. Van Alstyne
15.1 Introduction
515(1)
15.2 Freshwater and Other Inland Macroalgae
516(3)
15.3 Estuarine and Coastal Marine Macroalgae
519(6)
15.4 Influences on Bloom Development
525(1)
15.5 Nutrient Pollution
525(1)
15.5.1 Sources
525(1)
15.5.2 Indicators of Nutrient Pollution and Nutrient Sources
526(1)
15.6 Uptake/Adsorption of Other Contaminants
526(1)
15.7 Impacts on Human Health: Macroalgae as Substrata for Pathogens
527(1)
15.8 Non-native Invasions
528(1)
15.9 Ecological and Ecosystem-Level Impacts
529(6)
15.9.1 Regime Shifts
530(2)
15.9.2 Freshwater Macroalgal HAB
532(2)
15.9.2.1 Filamentous Cyanobacteria
532(1)
15.9.2.2 Filamentous Green Algae
533(1)
15.9.3 Estuarine and Coastal Marine HAB
534(1)
15.10 Effects of Blooms on the Chemistry of the Oceans and the Atmosphere
535(2)
15.10.1 Changes to Carbonate Chemistry and pH
535(1)
15.10.2 Release of Materials and Chemicals into Seawater
536(1)
15.10.3 Release of Volatile Compounds
537(1)
15.11 Management Strategies
537(2)
15.12 Economic Impacts
539(2)
15.13 Recycling Macroalgae Biomass
541(1)
15.14 Forecast
542(1)
References and Further Reading
542(19)
16 Harmful Algal Species Fact Sheets 561(78)
Alexandrium
563(12)
Allan D. Cembella
Amphidomataceae
575(8)
Urban Tillmann
Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth & Aureoumbra lagunensis DeYoe et Stockwell - Brown Tides
583(2)
Christopher J. Gobler
Ceratium furca (Ehrenberg) Claparede & Lachmann
585(2)
Steve L. Morton
Chattonella marina
587(2)
Carmelo R. Tomas
Cochlodinium - Rust Tide
589(2)
Christopher J. Gobler
Cyanobacteria
591(6)
JoAnn M. Burkholder
Christopher J. Gobler
Judith M. O'Neil
Dinophysis
597(2)
Steve L. Morton
Fibrocapsa Japonica
599(2)
Carmelo R. Tomas
Gambierdiscus
601(4)
Michael L. Parsons
Mindy L. Richlen
Alison Robertson
Gymnodinium catenatum
605(8)
Allan D. Cembella
Christine J. Band-Schmidt
Heterosigma akashiwo
613(2)
Carmelo R. Tomas
Karenia brevis (Davis) Hansen et Moestrup - Florida Red Tide
615(2)
Larry E. Brand
Ostreopsis
617(4)
Michael L. Parsons
Mindy L. Richlen
Alison Robertson
Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger & Burkholder and Pfiesteria shumwayae Glasgow & Burkholder
621(4)
JoAnn M. Burkholder
Harold G. Marshall
Prorocentrum
625(4)
Patricia M. Glibert
JoAnn M. Burkholder
Prymnesium parvum (Carter) - "Golden Algae"
629(4)
Daniel L. Roelke
Schonna R. Manning
Pseudo-nitzschia - seriata group; delicatissima group
633(4)
Raphael Kudela
Takayama
637(2)
Larry E. Brand
Appendix 1 Websites That Routinely Distribute Bulletins on the Presence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) for Public Health 639(2)
Appendix 2 Stage Agencies Providing Information and Updates on Toxic and Harmful Algal Blooms and Water Quality 641(4)
Appendix 3 List of General Web Resources 645(2)
Index 647
Sandra E. Shumway, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA.

JoAnn M. Burkholder, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Steven L. Morton, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC, USA.
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