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El. knyga: Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society

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Edited by (Environmental Management and ), Edited by , Edited by (Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom), Edited by , Editor-in-chief (Senior Research Scholar, Center for Afghanistan Studies, Emeritus Professor of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Nov-2014
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780123964748
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Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in SocietyDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Nov-2014
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780123964748
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Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society provides analyses of environmentally related catastrophes within society in historical, political and economic contexts. Personal and corporate culture mediates how people may become more vulnerable or resilient to hazard exposure. Societies that strengthen themselves, or are strengthened, mitigate decline and resultant further exposure to what are largely human induced risks of environmental, social and economic degradation. This book outlines why it is important to explore in more depth the relationships between environmental hazards, risk and disasters in society. It presents challenges presented by mainstream and non-mainstream approaches to the human side of disaster studies.

By hazard categories this book includes critical processes and outcomes that significantly disrupt human wellbeing over brief or long time-frames. Whilst hazards, risks and disasters impact society, individuals, groups, institutions and organisations offset the effects by becoming strong, healthy, resilient, caring and creative. Innovations can arise from social organisation in times of crisis. This volume includes much of use to practitioners and policy makers needing to address both prevention and response activities. Notably, as people better engage prevalent hazards and risks they exercise a process that has become known as disaster risk reduction (DRR). In a context of climatic risks this is also indicative of climate change adaptation (CCA). Ultimately it represents the quest for development of sustainable environmental and societal futures. Throughout the book cases studies are derived from the world of hazards risks and disasters in society.

  • Includes sections on prevention of and response to hazards, risks and disasters

  • Provides case studies of prominent societal challenges of hazards, risks and disasters

  • Innovative approaches to dealing with disaster drawing from multiple disciplines and sectors

Daugiau informacijos

Hazards, Risks and Disasters in Society, a book in the Elsevier's Hazards and Disasters Series, engages the way in which people interrelate with hazards and disasters
Contributors xiii
Editorial Foreword xv
1 Introduction: Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society
Andrew E. Collins
Bernard Manyena
Janaka Jayawickrama
Samantha Jones
1.1 Opening
1(3)
1.2 Critical Processes and Outcomes of Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society
4(5)
1.3 Components of This Book
9(1)
1.4 Summary
9(4)
References
13(6)
Section I Perspectives on People-Centred Prevention and Response to Natural Hazard
2 Against the Drive for Institutionalization: Two Decades of Disaster Volunteers in Japan
Tomohide Atsumi
2.1 Introduction
19(7)
2.2 Action Research: An Example
26(5)
2.3 General Discussion and Conclusions
31(1)
References
32(2)
3 Disastrous Disasters: A Polemic on Capitalism, Climate Change, and Humanitarianism
Phil O'Keefe
Geoff O'Brien
Janaka Jayawickrama
3.1 Thesis 1: With the Rise of Capitalism, We have Gone from the Husbandry of Nature to the Production of Nature: That Change in Relationship to Nature Produces New Risks
34(1)
3.2 Thesis 2: The Unmet Challenge of Climate Change
35(2)
3.3 Thesis 3: Humanitarian Assistance Is a Core Tool of Western Countries' Foreign Policy
37(1)
3.4 Thesis 4: The Growth Industry of Humanitarianism and Accountability
38(2)
3.5 Thesis 5: Current Humanitarian Aid Is Dominated by a Growth in Local Wars
40(1)
3.6 Thesis 6: The NGOs as an Oligopoly
41(1)
3.7 Thesis 7: A Mistaken Belief Exists that First Responders, Be They Either Emergency Services or Humanitarian Agencies, Promote Community Well-being
42(1)
3.8 Toward a Conclusion
42(1)
References
43(2)
4 Disaster Risk Governance: Evolution and Influences
Samantha Jones
Bernard Manyena
Sara Walsh
4.1 Introduction
45(1)
4.2 Evolution of Disaster Risk Governance
46(1)
4.3 Upward Disaster Risk Governance
47(3)
4.4 Outward Disaster Risk Governance: Mainstreaming
50(3)
4.5 Downward Disaster Risk Governance: Decentralization
53(4)
4.6 Conclusions
57(1)
References
58(6)
5 Developing Sustainable Capacity for Disaster Risk Reduction in Southern Africa
Per Becker
Dewald van Niekerk
5.1 Introduction
64(1)
5.2 Setting the Context
65(2)
5.3 Challenges for Effective Disaster Risk Reduction in Southern Africa
67(2)
5.4 Addressing Capacity Development in Southern Africa
69(5)
5.5 Conclusion
74(1)
References
75(4)
6 Understanding Rights-Based Approach in Disasters: A Case for Affirming Human Dignity
Supriya Akerkar
John Devavaram
6.1 Introduction
79(1)
6.2 Disasters, Vulnerability, and Rights: Forging Corinections between Subaltern Agency and Dignified Recovery
80(3)
6.3 Rights-Based Approach in Disasters: The Need to Incorporate the Idea of "Subaltern" in Rights-Based Practice
83(3)
6.4 Subaltern Agency and Women Widowed in the Tsunami of December 200 in India
86(9)
6.5 Understanding the Rights-Based Approach in Disasters: Some Learnings
95(1)
References
96(3)
7 Reactive to Proactive to Reflective Disaster Responses: Introducing Critical Reflective Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction
Nibedita S. Ray-Bennett
Anthony Masys
Hideyuki Shiroshita
Peter Jackson
7.1 Introduction to "Natural" and Naturally Triggered Technical Disasters and Their Impact Worldwide
99(4)
7.2 The Perspective of "Reflective Response" in an Interconnected World
103(3)
7.3 Methodology and Methods to Promote Reflective Response
106(2)
7.4 The Usefulness of Reflective Response in DRR
108(2)
7.5 Conclusion: A Charter from Reflective Responses
110(4)
References
114(8)
Section II Hazards in Social, Technological and Political-Economic Change
8 Vulnerability, Coping and Loss and Damage from Climate Events
Kees van der Geest
Koko Warner
8.1 Introduction
122(4)
8.2 Methods
126(4)
8.3 Descriptive Case Study Findings
130(1)
8.4 Vulnerability
131(2)
8.5 Impact of Climate Events
133(1)
8.6 Coping Strategies
134(1)
8.7 Loss and Damage
135(4)
8.8 Conclusions
139(1)
Appendix: Thresholds for Vulnerability Indicators
139(3)
References
142(3)
9 Flood Shelters in Bangladesh: Some Issues From the User's Perspective
M. Aminur Rahman
Fuad H. Mallick
M. Shahjahan Mondal
Mohammad Rezaur Rahman
9.1 Introduction
145(2)
9.2 Flood Shelters Typology in Bangladesh
147(1)
9.3 Approach and Methodology
148(1)
9.4 Findings and Analysis on the Selected Issues
149(8)
9.5 Conclusions
157(1)
References
158(3)
10 Cyber-Security Hazards in Society
Maitland Hyslop
10.1 Introduction
161(1)
10.2 The Lessons of History: Peelers and Armies, Enigma
162(1)
10.3 What We Know, What We Know We Do Not Know, What We Do Not Know
162(1)
10.4 Definition of Terms-Cyber-Security, Hazards, and Society
163(1)
10.5 Political Thought since the Greeks
163(1)
10.6 Physical versus Virtual Society (versus Spiritual)
164(1)
10.7 Backdrop
165(1)
10.8 The Life Hazard
166(1)
10.9 The Political Hazard
166(2)
10.10 The Military Hazard
168(1)
10.11 The Organizational Hazard
169(1)
10.12 The Hazard to Critical Infrastructure
170(1)
10.13 The Economy Hazard
171(1)
10.14 The Social Group Hazard
172(1)
10.15 The Technology Hazard
173(1)
10.16 The Environmental Hazard
173(1)
10.17 The Legal Hazard
174(1)
10.18 The Criminal Hazard
175(1)
10.19 The Moral Hazard
176(1)
10.20 Summary
176(1)
10.21 Conclusion
176(1)
References
176(5)
11 Natural Disasters and Violent Conflicts
Elisabeth King
John C. Mutter
11.1 Introduction
181(12)
11.2 Conclusion
193(1)
Further readings
194(7)
12 Everyday Practices and Symbolic Forms of Resistance: Adapting to Environmental Change in Coastal Louisiana
Julie Koppel Maldonado
12.1 Methodology
201(1)
12.2 Layered Disasters
201(2)
12.3 The Impacts of Rapid Environmental Change
203(2)
12.4 The Social, Political, and Economic Context of Environmental Change
205(1)
12.5 The Politics of Coastal Restoration
206(1)
12.6 Resistance and Adaptation
207(5)
12.7 "Restoration" Instead of "Relocation"
212(1)
12.8 Conclusion
213(1)
References
214(3)
13 Political Responses to Emergencies
David Alexander
13.1 Introduction
217(1)
13.2 The Political Context of Disasters
218(1)
13.3 Centrism and Devolution
218(2)
13.4 Dictatorship, Democracy, and Disasters
220(1)
13.5 Disasters, Politics, and Ethics
221(1)
13.6 Corruption and Disasters
222(2)
13.7 Forgiveness Money
224(1)
13.8 The Politics of "Bounce Forward" in Disaster Risk Reduction
225(1)
13.9 The Global Politics of Disaster
226(1)
13.10 Conclusions
227(2)
References
229(4)
14 Double Disaster: Disaster through a Gender Lens
Sarah Bradshaw
Maureen Fordham
14.1 Introduction
233(1)
14.2 Why Should Disasters Be Understood as Gendered Events?
234(2)
14.3 Evidence for a Gendered Impact of Natural Hazards
236(1)
14.4 The Double Impact of Disasters on Women and Girls
237(7)
14.5 Gendered Capacities: Including Women and Girls in DRR
244(1)
14.6 "Engendering" Policy Initiatives
245(1)
14.7 Concluding Comments
246(1)
References
247(10)
Section III Cross-Disciplinary and Non-Mainstream Futures of Dealing with Hazards, Risks and Disasters in Society
15 Disaster Risk Reduction in the Shadow of the Law
Michael Eburn
15.1 International Law
257(2)
15.2 Domestic Law
259(2)
15.3 The Common Law
261(5)
15.4 Discussion
266(2)
15.5 Conclusion
268(1)
References
269(1)
Legislation
270(3)
16 Self-Care in Bangladesh: Local Level Resilience and Risk Reduction
Ross Edgeworth
16.1 Introduction
273(1)
16.2 Self-Care: Definitions and Theoretical Perspectives
274(2)
16.3 Research Context and Methods
276(1)
16.4 The Prevalence of Self-Care at the Local Level
277(1)
16.5 The Value of Local Knowledge and Local Practice
277(3)
16.6 Empowerment and Dignity
280(1)
16.7 Self-Care as a Low-Cost, Manifold Strategy
281(2)
16.8 Coping with Environmental Hazards through Self-Care
283(1)
16.9 Conclusion
284(1)
References
285(4)
17 Culture: The Crucial Factor in Hazard, Risk, and Disaster Recovery: The Anthropological Perspective
Susanna M. Hoffman
17.1 Introduction
289(2)
17.2 Some Essential Ways in which Culture Matters
291(4)
17.3 Other Underlying Cultural Factors and Their Impact
295(8)
17.4 The Two Levels of Culture and Some Cultural Universals
303(1)
References
304(3)
18 Risk, Resilience, and Readiness: Developing an All-Hazards Perspective
Douglas Paton
18.1 Introduction
307(3)
18.2 Conceptualizing Readiness
310(3)
18.3 Accounting for Differences in Readiness
313(2)
18.4 Individual Predictors
315(2)
18.5 Family and Community Predictors
317(1)
18.6 Conclusion
318(2)
References
320(4)
19 Interpretative Frameworks of Disaster in Society Close-up
Ryo Morimoto
19.1 Introduction: (Re)presenting a Disaster
324(2)
19.2 Base Layer: The Background of the Nuclear Disaster
326(5)
19.3 Spatiotemporal Layer: Drawing the Distances of the Nuclear Disaster
331(1)
19.4 Scientific Layer: Visualizing the Arbitrary Breadths of the Nuclear Disaster
332(3)
19.5 Sociopolitical Layer: Circulating Rumors and Encircling the Invisible Threat
335(7)
19.6 Territorial Palimpsest: Minamisoma Closed-Up
342(5)
19.7 Conclusion: Signs of Maps and Signs in Maps: Semiotic Reterritorialization
347(2)
References
349(5)
20 Therapeutic Communities in the Context of Disaster
Brenda D. Phillips
20.1 Defining the "Therapeutic Community"
354(4)
20.2 Conditions under which the Therapeutic Community Arises in Disasters
358(3)
20.3 Consequences of the Therapeutic Community
361(3)
20.4 Practical Implications
364(2)
20.5 Research Recommendations
366(1)
References
367(6)
21 View of Abrahamic Religions on Natural Disaster Risk Reduction
Mohsen Ghafory-Ashtiany
21.1 Introduction
373(2)
21.2 Key Elements of Disaster Risk Reduction
375(1)
21.3 Key Concepts in Abrahamic Belief
376(6)
21.4 The Qur'anic View of Earthquakes
382(5)
21.5 Correlation between God's Guidance and Risk-Reduction Principles
387(2)
21.6 Noah's Ark: A Clear Example of How to be Safe in Disaster
389(1)
21.7 Conclusion
389(1)
References
390(1)
22 Conclusion: Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society
Andrew E. Collins
Janaka Jayawickrama
Samantha Jones
Bernard Manyena
22.1 More on the Approach
391(2)
22.2 Need for a New Discourse
393(1)
22.3 Further Summative Outflow of This Volume
393(2)
22.4 Improved Dealing with Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society
395(1)
References
396(1)
Index 397
Dr. John (Jack) F. Shroder received his bachelors degree in geology from Union College in 1961; his masters in geology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1963, and his Ph.D. in geology at the University of Utah in 1967. He has been actively pursuing research on landforms and natural resources in the high mountain environments of the Rocky Mountains, the Afghanistan Hindu Kush, and the Karakoram Himalaya of Pakistan for over a half century. His teaching specialties have been primarily geomorphology, but also physical and historical geology and several other courses at the University of Nebraska at Omaha where he was the founding professor of the Geology major. While there he was instrumental in founding the Center for Afghanistan Studies in 1972, and he was the lead geologist for the Bethsaida Archaeological Project in Israel in the 1990s. He taught geology as an NSF-, USAID, and Fulbright-sponsored professor at Kabul University in 1977-78, as well as a Fulbright award to Peshawar University in 1983-84. He has some 63 written or edited books to his credit and more than 200 professional papers, with emphases on landslides, glaciers, flooding, and mineral resources in Afghanistan. He is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and has received Distinguished Career awards from both the Mountain and the Geomorphology Specialty Groups of the Association of American Geographers. In the recent decade as an Emeritus Professor, he served as a Trustee of the Geological Society of America Foundation where he set up a research scholarship, the Shroder Mass Movement award for masters and doctoral candidates. For the past two decades, he has been the Editor-in-Chief for the Developments in Earth Surface Processes book series of Elsevier Publishing, as well as the 10-volumes of the Treatise on Geomorphology, and the Hazards, Risks, and Disasters book series, both in second editions. Recently, Dr. Shroder was ranked among the top 2 percent of researchers worldwide by the October study conducted by Stanford University.
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