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xvii | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
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Introducing Electronic Media |
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1 | (12) |
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2 | (4) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Power to the People: The Democratization of Media |
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4 | (1) |
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The Effects of Government Policy |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (6) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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Direct-to-Home Satellite Television |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Computers and the Internet |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (28) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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``The Right Releasing Touch'' |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Commercial Uses of Wireless |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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Government Monopoly Avoided |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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The First Broadcasting Station |
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20 | (1) |
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Broadcasting Becomes an Industry |
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21 | (2) |
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The Radio Group; The Telephone Group |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Depression Years, 1929-1937 |
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25 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Live Performance vs. Recording |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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That Little Black Box---The Development of FM Radio |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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Entertainment Programming |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Radio Responds to Television |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Mechanical vs. Electronic Scanning |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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The Freeze and Sixth Report and Order |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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TV Networking and Recording |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Television's Golden Age, 1948-1957 |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Looking Back, Looking Forward |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (24) |
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42 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (2) |
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Domsats and TVRO Antennas |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Broadband Internet Access |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Higher Costs: Fewer Owners |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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48 | (1) |
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Direct-to-Home Satellites |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Wireless Cable/Broadband Radio Service |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (3) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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VCRs: Giving the Viewer Control |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Broadcasting: Changing Course |
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60 | (3) |
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FCC Studies Networks---Again |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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Network Programming Strategies |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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How Electronic Media Work |
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65 | (34) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (3) |
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Radio Frequencies and Channels |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Information, Formats, and Modulation |
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69 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Multiplexing and Compression |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (3) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Adjacent-Channel Stations |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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Channel and Station Classes |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Subsidiary Communications Service (SCS) |
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78 | (1) |
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Digital Signal Processing |
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79 | (3) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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Digital Audio Broadcasting |
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82 | (3) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Moving from NTSC to Digital |
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85 | (1) |
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Digital TV (ATSC) vs. Analog TV (NTSC) |
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86 | (6) |
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86 | (1) |
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Scanning and Frame Frequency Standards |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Channel Width and Resolution |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Low Power TV (LPTV) and Translators |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
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Cathode Ray Tube Displays |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Digital Light Processing Displays |
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96 | (1) |
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Improvements in Display Technology |
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97 | (1) |
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Converging Display Technologies |
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97 | (2) |
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Distribution by Wired Relays, Wireless Relays, and over the Internet |
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99 | (22) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Cable and Telephone Distribution Networks |
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100 | (6) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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Cable Set-Top Boxes and Interactive Services |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (7) |
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Distribution by Microwave |
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106 | (2) |
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Distribution by Satellite |
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108 | (5) |
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Distribution by the Internet |
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113 | (6) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (29) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Competition Changes Everything |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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The Affiliation Agreement |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Network Multicasting Opportunities |
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127 | (1) |
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Changing Network-Affiliate Relations |
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127 | (1) |
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Competition from Independents |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (3) |
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Cable/Broadcast Comparison |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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Multiple-System Operators (MSOs) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (8) |
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From Mass Media to Niche Media Thinking |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Managing Spot Placement within Programs |
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136 | (1) |
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The Relationship between Commercials and Program Content |
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137 | (1) |
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The Art and Science of Pricing and Inventory Control |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Product Placement as a New Business Model |
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139 | (1) |
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Advertising on the Internet |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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Program-Length Commercials |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Satellite-to-Home Services |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (4) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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The Cost of Doing Business |
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148 | (1) |
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Cutting Costs by Getting Bigger |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (16) |
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From Educational Radio to ``Public'' Broadcasting |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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Corporation for Public Broadcasting |
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152 | (1) |
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Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Alternative Distribution of Programming |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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TV Network Business Model |
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158 | (1) |
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Stations as Network Producers |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Independent and Syndicated Production |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Noncommercial TV Programs |
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160 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Education and Instruction |
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162 | (1) |
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Noncommercial Radio Programs |
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163 | (1) |
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National Public Radio (NPR) |
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163 | (1) |
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Public Radio International (PRI) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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From ``Public'' Back to ``Educational'' |
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165 | (1) |
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Programs and Programming Basics |
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166 | (32) |
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It's Always About the Bottom Line |
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167 | (6) |
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Audience Targeting and the Notion of the Niche |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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80/20 and the Psychology of Too Much Choice |
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169 | (1) |
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Taking Advantage of Economies of Scale |
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170 | (1) |
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The Zero Sum Market Phenomenon |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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The Art and Science of Scheduling |
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171 | (2) |
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Scripted vs. Unscripted/Live vs. Recorded |
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173 | (1) |
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Reaching Audiences Through Local, Syndicated, and Network Distribution Paths |
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173 | (9) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (4) |
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178 | (1) |
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The Impact of Digital on Program Distribution |
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178 | (1) |
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Internet Distribution of Content |
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179 | (1) |
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Creating Entertainment Content for Distribution |
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179 | (1) |
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Creating News Content for Distribution |
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180 | (2) |
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Creating Sports Content for Distribution |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (13) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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Home Shopping and E-Commerce |
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189 | (1) |
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News and Information Programming |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Children's Television Issues |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Program Promotion and Brand Management |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Programs and the Public Interest |
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196 | (2) |
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Popular Taste vs. Bad Taste |
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197 | (1) |
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Criticism Beyond Entertainment Content |
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197 | (1) |
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Challenges for the Future |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (20) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Syndicated-Program Ratings |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (5) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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Coincidental Telephone Interviews |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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Using Samples to Simplify |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Selecting a Ratings Sample |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Determining Ratings and Shares |
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207 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Impact of Remote Controls |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Theater vs. In-Home Testing |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (16) |
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Conducting and Evaluating Media Effects Research |
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219 | (4) |
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What Do We Mean by ``Media''? |
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219 | (1) |
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What Do We Mean by ``Effects''? |
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220 | (1) |
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What Do We Mean by a ``Theory''? |
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221 | (1) |
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Testing Theories Using Research Methods |
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221 | (2) |
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Communication as a Process---A Simple Communication Model |
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223 | (1) |
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Early Research on Media Effects |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
|
A Sampling of Media Effects Theories |
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224 | (4) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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The Active Audience Approach |
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|
228 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Technological Determinism |
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|
230 | (1) |
|
The Effects of Media Violence: A Case Study |
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|
231 | (3) |
|
Criticism of Media Violence Effects Research |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
What Do We Mean by Violence? |
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|
232 | (1) |
|
Using Different Theoretical Approaches |
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|
233 | (1) |
|
Responding to Allegations of Media Effects |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
The Communications Act, Licensing, and Structural Regulation |
|
|
234 | (22) |
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|
235 | (1) |
|
Interstate vs. Intrastate Commerce |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Delegated Congressional Authority |
|
|
236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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The Federal Communications Commission |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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238 | (1) |
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|
238 | (1) |
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|
238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Application Filing Windows |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Mutually Exclusive Applications |
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241 | (1) |
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Services Requiring No License |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Keeping up with Washington |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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License Renewals and Transfers |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (3) |
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Cable Acts: General Provisions |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Direct Broadcast Satellite and Satellite Radio |
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|
248 | (1) |
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Satellite Master Antenna Television Systems |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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|
248 | (1) |
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Media Ownership Regulations |
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249 | (2) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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|
250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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|
251 | (1) |
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|
251 | (2) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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|
253 | (1) |
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|
253 | (3) |
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|
253 | (1) |
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|
254 | (1) |
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Regulation of Advertising |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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|
255 | (1) |
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|
255 | (1) |
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|
255 | (1) |
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Constitutional Issues and Content Regulation |
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256 | (22) |
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|
257 | (1) |
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``No Such Thing as a False Idea'' |
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257 | (1) |
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|
257 | (1) |
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|
257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Broadcasting's Limited Rights |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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|
259 | (1) |
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First Amendment Status of Other Electronic Media |
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259 | (1) |
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|
260 | (2) |
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Libel: Protecting Reputations |
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260 | (1) |
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|
260 | (1) |
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Restricting Court Coverage |
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|
261 | (1) |
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|
261 | (1) |
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|
262 | (1) |
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|
262 | (5) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Limiting Indecency in Broadcasting |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Regulating Indecency on Cable |
|
|
265 | (1) |
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Indecency and Other Electronic Media |
|
|
266 | (1) |
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|
267 | (1) |
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|
267 | (2) |
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|
267 | (1) |
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|
267 | (1) |
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|
268 | (1) |
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|
269 | (2) |
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Rise of the Fairness Doctrine |
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|
269 | (1) |
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|
269 | (1) |
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|
270 | (1) |
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|
270 | (1) |
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|
271 | (1) |
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|
271 | (1) |
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|
271 | (2) |
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|
272 | (1) |
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|
272 | (1) |
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|
273 | (2) |
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|
273 | (1) |
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|
273 | (1) |
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|
273 | (1) |
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|
273 | (1) |
|
Protecting Digital Broadcast Content |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Copyright and the Internet |
|
|
274 | (1) |
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|
275 | (3) |
|
|
278 | (21) |
|
|
279 | (1) |
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|
279 | (1) |
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|
279 | (1) |
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|
279 | (1) |
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|
280 | (1) |
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|
280 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
Three Examples of Pluralism: People's Republic of China, Mexico, and the United Kingdom |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Deregulation and Privatization |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
International Cooperation |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Competing Technical Standards |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
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|
284 | (1) |
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|
284 | (1) |
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|
284 | (1) |
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|
285 | (1) |
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|
285 | (1) |
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|
285 | (1) |
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|
285 | (1) |
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|
286 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
International Syndication |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (3) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Transborder Communication |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
International Distribution Technology |
|
|
292 | (7) |
|
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Direct Broadcast Satellite Service |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Conclusion: Converging Communications and Converging Cultures |
|
|
298 | (1) |
Bibliography |
|
299 | (6) |
Glossary |
|
305 | (14) |
Index |
|
319 | |