Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
About the Author |
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xix | |
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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xxi | |
Table of Legal Acts |
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xxiii | |
Table of Cases |
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xxix | |
Introduction |
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1 | |
Part One Contemporary Hedge Fund Industry Profile and Conceptual Underpinnings of Hedge Fund Regulation |
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9 | |
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Chapter 1 Hedge Funds: Definition, Features, Evolution and Future Prospects |
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11 | |
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11 | |
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1.1.1 Definition of Hedge Funds |
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11 | |
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1.1.2 Origins of the Hedge Fund Industry |
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17 | |
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1.1.3 Structural and Organizational Features Common to Hedge Funds |
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20 | |
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1.1.4 Hedge Fund Investment Strategies |
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26 | |
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1.1.5 Contemporary Hedge Fund Industry Size and Profile |
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30 | |
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1.1.5.1 Size and Profile of the Global Industry |
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30 | |
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1.1.5.2 Size and Profile of the European Industry |
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33 | |
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1.2 Contemporary Hedge Fund Industry Evolution and Growth Prospects |
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36 | |
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1.2.1 Global Hedge Fund Industry Evolution and Growth Prospects |
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36 | |
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1.2.2 European Hedge Fund Industry Evolution and Growth Prospects |
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43 | |
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47 | |
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Chapter 2 The Case for Hedge Fund Regulation |
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51 | |
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51 | |
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2.1.1 Principal Rationales for Financial Regulation and their Applicability |
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51 | |
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2.1.1.1 Investor Protection |
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52 | |
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2.1.1.2 Market Integrity and Fraud |
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59 | |
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2.1.1.3 Systemic Stability |
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64 | |
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2.1.1.3.1 Hedge Fund Default Episodes and their Lessons |
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67 | |
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2.1.1.3.2 Hedge Fund Growth and Declining Profitability as Destabilizing Factors |
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77 | |
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2.1.1.3.3 Hedge Funds and CRT Markets: Lessons from the Crisis |
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79 | |
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2.1.2 Residual Rationales: The Case of 'Fund Activism' |
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84 | |
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90 | |
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2.2 Hedge Fund Benefits as Sui Generis Regulatory Rationales |
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91 | |
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2.2.1 Impact of Hedge Fund Benefits on the Debate |
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92 | |
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2.2.1.1 Contributions to Risk-sharing, Market Efficiency and Liquidity |
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93 | |
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2.2.1.2 Contribution to Resolving Europe's Pension 'Time Bomb' |
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96 | |
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98 | |
Part Two Hedge Funds under Community and Domestic Law |
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101 | |
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Chapter 3 Hedge Funds and Community Law |
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103 | |
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103 | |
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3.1.1 Hedge Funds and the UCITS Framework |
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104 | |
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3.1.2 Hedge Funds and the MiFID |
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109 | |
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3.1.3 Hedge Funds and Other Community Legal Rules |
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113 | |
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3.1.4 Private Placements as a Hedge Fund Distribution Channel? |
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117 | |
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121 | |
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Chapter 4 Hedge Fund Regulation in Selected European Jurisdictions |
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125 | |
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125 | |
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4.1.1 'Established' European Hedge Fund Jurisdictions |
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126 | |
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4.1.1.1 Overview of Hedge Fund Regulation in Ireland |
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126 | |
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4.1.1.2 Overview of Hedge Fund Regulation in Luxembourg |
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129 | |
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4.1.2 'Emerging' European Hedge Fund Jurisdictions |
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132 | |
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4.1.2.1 Overview of Hedge Fund Regulation in Italy |
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132 | |
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4.1.2.2 Overview of Hedge Fund Regulation in France |
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135 | |
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4.1.2.3 Overview of Hedge Fund Regulation in Spain |
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138 | |
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4.1.2.4 Overview of Hedge Fund Regulation in Germany |
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141 | |
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4.2 Hedge Fund Regulation in the UK |
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145 | |
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4.3 Differences and Similarities between European Regulatory Schemes |
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150 | |
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4.3.1 Main Differences between European Hedge Fund Regulatory Schemes |
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150 | |
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4.3.2 Main Similarities between European Hedge Fund Regulatory Schemes |
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154 | |
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4.3.3 Conclusions drawn from the Comparison of Domestic Schemes |
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157 | |
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4.4 Concluding Remarks and Hedge Fund Regulation in the US |
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158 | |
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Chapter 5 European Hedge Fund Initiatives and Regulatory Proposals |
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165 | |
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165 | |
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5.1.1 The Purvis Report and the European Parliament Resolutions |
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166 | |
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5.1.2 The European Commission's Involvement in the Regulatory Debate |
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168 | |
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5.1.3 The Alternative Investment Expert Group Report |
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172 | |
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5.1.4 The ECOFIN's Involvement in the Regulatory Debate |
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175 | |
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5.1.5 The ECB's Approach to Hedge Funds |
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177 | |
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5.2 Concluding Remarks and Recent Developments in the US |
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181 | |
Part Three Europe's Onshore Hedge Fund Industry: A Normative Proposal |
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191 | |
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Chapter 6 Harmonized Hedge Fund Regulation in the European Union |
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193 | |
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193 | |
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6.1.2 Regulatory Architecture |
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193 | |
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6.1.2.1 The Geographical Dimension of Hedge Fund Regulation |
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193 | |
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6.1.2.2 Type of Regulation |
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215 | |
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6.1.2.2.1 External Versus Self-regulation |
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216 | |
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6.1.2.2.2 Direct Versus Indirect Regulation |
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226 | |
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6.2 Proposed Set-up and Contents of a European Framework |
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236 | |
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6.2.1 A Self-contained or a Subordinate Regulatory Framework? |
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236 | |
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6.2.2 A Single, All-Encompassing Regime or a Partial Solution? |
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240 | |
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6.2.3 Proposed Contents of European Hedge Fund Regulatory Framework |
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242 | |
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6.2.3.1 Systemic Stability-inspired Direct Regulatory Measures |
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243 | |
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6.2.3.2 Systemic Stability-inspired Indirect Regulatory Measures |
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252 | |
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6.2.3.3 Investor Protection-inspired and Transparency-motivated Direct Regulatory Measures |
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258 | |
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263 | |
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Chapter 7 Hedge Fund Regulation and Europe's Supervisory and Financial Stability Arrangements |
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267 | |
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267 | |
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7.1.1 Impact of Supervisory Arrangements on the Efficiency of Harmonized Regulation |
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268 | |
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7.1.2 Impact of Europe's Financial Stability Framework on Information Sharing |
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278 | |
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293 | |
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Chapter 8 Endnote - What Objections to Hedge Fund Regulation? |
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295 | |
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295 | |
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8.1.1 'Hedge Fund Risks Have Not Been Clearly Demonstrated' |
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295 | |
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8.1.2 'There is No Definition of Hedge Funds' |
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298 | |
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8.1.3 'Regulation is Incompatible with Hedge Funds' |
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299 | |
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8.1.4 'Regulation will drive Hedge Funds Offshore' |
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301 | |
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8.1.5 'The Crisis has shown Hedge Fund Regulation to be Unnecessary' |
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304 | |
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308 | |
List of References |
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311 | |
Index |
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343 | |