Preface |
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ix | |
1 Perspective on heliophysics |
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1 | (14) |
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1.1 Universal processes: "laws" of space weather |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Pressure, gravity, and electromagnetism |
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2 | (3) |
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1.3 Structure and dynamics of the local cosmos |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 Weather and climate in space |
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9 | (3) |
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1.6 Universal processes in the local cosmos and instrumentation |
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12 | (3) |
2 Introduction to space storms and radiation |
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15 | (28) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.2 Uncovering the SunEarth connection |
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16 | (1) |
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2.3 Human impacts of space weather |
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17 | (8) |
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2.4 Impacts of solar flares |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (7) |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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2.8 Space weather awareness |
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38 | (2) |
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2.9 Space weather forecasting |
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40 | (3) |
3 In-situ detection of energetic particles |
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43 | (36) |
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43 | (3) |
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3.2 What needs to be measured and how it is measured? |
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46 | (1) |
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3.3 Geometrical factor of detectors |
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47 | (1) |
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3.4 Energy loss of energetic particles by ionization |
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48 | (4) |
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3.5 Simple particle detectors |
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52 | (10) |
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62 | (4) |
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3.7 Time-of-flight telescopes |
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66 | (1) |
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3.8 Space instruments measuring composition |
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67 | (12) |
4 Radiative signatures of energetic particles |
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79 | (44) |
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4.1 Overview of the electromagnetic spectrum |
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79 | (8) |
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87 | (6) |
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4.3 Radiation from energetic particles |
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93 | (23) |
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4.4 New observations, new questions |
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116 | (7) |
5 Observations of solar and stellar eruptions, flares, and jets |
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123 | (36) |
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123 | (2) |
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5.2 Overview of flare properties |
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125 | (6) |
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5.3 The basic phenomena of a solar flare |
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131 | (11) |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (7) |
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5.6 Observational aspects of magnetic reconnection |
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151 | (6) |
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157 | (2) |
6 Models of coronal mass ejections and flares |
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159 | (34) |
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6.1 Recapitulation of key observational features |
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159 | (10) |
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169 | (22) |
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6.3 Some topics for future research |
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191 | (2) |
7 Shocks in hellophysics |
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193 | (16) |
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193 | (3) |
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7.2 Why shocks happen: non-linear steepening and shocks |
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196 | (2) |
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7.3 RankineHugoniot jump conditions |
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198 | (2) |
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7.4 Definition and classification of shocks |
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200 | (6) |
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7.5 Physical processes in shocks and future work |
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206 | (3) |
8 Particle acceleration in shocks |
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209 | (24) |
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209 | (1) |
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8.2 Types of shocks and plasma parameters |
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210 | (2) |
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8.3 Kinetic shock physics |
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212 | (4) |
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8.4 Particle acceleration mechanisms at shocks |
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216 | (7) |
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8.5 Particle acceleration at the Earth's bow shock and at interplanetary shocks |
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223 | (7) |
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230 | (3) |
9 Energetic particle transport |
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233 | (30) |
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9.1 Cosmic rays in the solar system |
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233 | (6) |
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9.2 The motion of individual charged particles |
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239 | (6) |
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9.3 The cosmic-ray transport equation |
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245 | (8) |
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253 | (3) |
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9.5 Some representative applications |
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256 | (7) |
10 Energy conversion in planetary magnetospheres |
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263 | (30) |
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263 | (1) |
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10.2 Overview of disturbances in Earth's space environment |
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263 | (4) |
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10.3 Fundamentals of energy storage, transfer, and loss |
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267 | (6) |
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10.4 Energy budget of magnetospheres |
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273 | (10) |
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10.5 What leads to explosive energy releases? |
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283 | (3) |
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286 | (3) |
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10.7 Applications: other planets |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (2) |
11 Energization of trapped particles |
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293 | (28) |
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11.1 Heliophysical particles: universal processes and problems |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (6) |
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11.3 General characteristics of heliospheric particle radiation |
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302 | (3) |
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11.4 Radiation belt acceleration mechanisms |
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305 | (10) |
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11.5 Radiation belt particle losses |
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315 | (6) |
12 Flares, coronal mass ejections, and atmospheric responses |
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321 | (38) |
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321 | (2) |
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12.2 ITM responses to geomagnetic storms |
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323 | (23) |
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12.3 ITM responses to solar flares |
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346 | (10) |
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356 | (3) |
13 Energetic particles and manned spaceflight |
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359 | (22) |
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13.1 Radiation protection: introduction |
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359 | (4) |
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13.2 Sources of radiation exposure during spaceflight |
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363 | (3) |
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13.3 Spaceflight operations |
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366 | (2) |
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13.4 The Constellation Program |
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368 | (4) |
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13.5 Environmental characterization |
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372 | (6) |
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378 | (3) |
14 Energetic particles and technology |
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381 | (20) |
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381 | (1) |
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14.2 Overview of space environment effects |
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381 | (4) |
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14.3 Effects of keV energy particles: spacecraft charging |
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385 | (6) |
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14.4 Effects of MeV energy particles: total-dose effects |
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391 | (3) |
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14.5 Effects of GeV energy particles: single-event effects |
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394 | (4) |
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14.6 Modeling the GCR/SPE environment |
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398 | (3) |
Appendix I Authors and editors |
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401 | (2) |
List of illustrations |
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403 | (7) |
List of tables |
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410 | (1) |
References |
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411 | (30) |
Index |
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441 | |