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xi | |
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xiii | |
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List of abbreviations and grammatical glosses |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
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Chapter 1 Heritage speakers and heritage languages |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Characterizing heritage speakers |
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2 | (9) |
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1.2.1 Unofficial language |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Language dominance shift |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Divergent grammars and other possible effects of the dominance shift |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.4 Personal and cultural ties to the language |
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7 | (1) |
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1.2.5 Age of onset and acquisition in a naturalistic setting |
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8 | (1) |
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1.2.6 Are HLs community languages? |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.3 The contact scenario approach to HLs |
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11 | (7) |
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1.3.1 Typical contact scenarios |
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11 | (2) |
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1.3.2 An example: Turkish as a HL in Northwestern Europe |
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13 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Evaluating the scenario approach |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 History of the field of heritage language studies |
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23 | (20) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.2 The perspective of the diaspora languages |
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24 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Dutch from a diaspora perspective |
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24 | (5) |
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2.2.2 Other diaspora varieties |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Diaspora studies in a broader perspective |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3 The perspective of the country of immigration |
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30 | (11) |
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30 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Early studies on ethnolects and Canadian HL research |
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32 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Case studies of HL languages in the United States |
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34 | (5) |
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39 | (1) |
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2.3.5 The European context |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.4 Summary and introduction of the speakers' perspective |
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41 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Social aspects of heritage languages |
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43 | (24) |
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43 | (1) |
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3.2 The scenario approach: Attending to social and linguistic factors |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (13) |
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3.3.1 Indigenous minorities |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Social factors that affect maintenance |
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48 | (3) |
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3.3.4 Investigating language choice |
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51 | (6) |
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3.3.5 Ways of influencing language choice |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Shift and acculturation |
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58 | (1) |
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3.4.2 When shift reaches its endpoint |
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59 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Power versus solidarity |
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61 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Language shift and ethnolects |
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63 | (1) |
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3.5 When language choice is not clear-cut |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Bilingual language use |
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67 | (20) |
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67 | (1) |
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4.2 Codeswitching and borrowing |
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68 | (13) |
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4.2.1 Early stages: Just foreign content words |
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69 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Intermediate stages: Diversified codeswitching patterns |
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72 | (6) |
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4.2.3 Shift stage: Development towards HL status in the narrow sense |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.4 Codeswitching in its social context |
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82 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Does codeswitching represent a third language? |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Methods for collecting heritage language data |
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87 | (24) |
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87 | (1) |
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5.2 Criteria for evaluating a particular method: Validity |
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88 | (3) |
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5.3 Overview of methods used |
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91 | (16) |
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91 | (6) |
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97 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Survey data and questionnaires |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (4) |
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5.4 Summary and conclusion: Which method to choose? |
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107 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 Studying variability in heritage language speaker populations and the base line |
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111 | (30) |
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111 | (1) |
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6.2 Establishing the baseline and the problem of monolingual bias |
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112 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Standard language grammar |
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113 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Exchange students and other recently arrived native speakers |
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113 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Transnational research design |
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113 | (2) |
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6.2.4 Vary subject populations |
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115 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Cross-generational family studies |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Bilingual baselines |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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6.3 Factors in individual variation in the acquisition perspective: Timing, quality and quantity of the input |
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119 | (5) |
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6.4 Speaker characteristics, language use and language output |
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124 | (2) |
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6.5 Social embedding in the multilingual speech community and the larger society |
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126 | (5) |
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6.6 Identity work, style shift, variation, and change |
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131 | (1) |
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6.7 Measuring proficiency and assessing linguistic profiles |
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132 | (7) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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6.7.3 Lexical proficiency tasks |
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135 | (2) |
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6.7.4 Sociolinguistic background questionnaires |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Heritage language phenomena and what triggers them |
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141 | (20) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (5) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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7.3 Language internal factors: Changes in the input for new generations of speakers |
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146 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Order of acquisition |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (1) |
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7.4 Cross-linguistic influence: External factors |
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155 | (3) |
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7.4.1 Filter of grammatical categories via the dominant language |
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155 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Convergence through a shift in distribution |
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155 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Loan translations and semantic extensions |
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156 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Contact induced grammaticalization or additive borrowing |
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157 | (1) |
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7.5 Comparing internal and external factors |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Grammatical models and research paradigms |
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161 | (22) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (7) |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (4) |
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8.3 Variationist sociolinguistics |
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169 | (3) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (6) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (5) |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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8.6 Summary discussion: Integrating the models |
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181 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Language processing in multilingual speakers |
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183 | (20) |
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183 | (1) |
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9.2 Core notions in research on language processing in bilingual speakers |
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184 | (5) |
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189 | (7) |
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9.3.1 Cross-language interactions |
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190 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Processing differences |
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192 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Language switching and inhibition |
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194 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Summary of preceding discussion |
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195 | (1) |
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9.4 Factors influencing language processing in bilinguals |
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196 | (3) |
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9.5 The issue of age of acquisition |
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199 | (1) |
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9.6 Concluding remarks and perspectives for codeswitching research |
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200 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Heritage languages in a post-colonial setting: Focus on Papiamentu |
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203 | (22) |
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203 | (1) |
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10.2 Early history of Papiamentu |
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204 | (1) |
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10.3 Background on Papiamentu and its status nowadays |
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205 | (1) |
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10.4 A brief history of Papiamentu-Dutch contact |
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206 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Increase of Dutch influence on Curacao in the 19th and 20th centuries |
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207 | (1) |
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10.4.3 The current situation |
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208 | (1) |
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10.5 Dutch influence on Papiamentu |
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209 | (6) |
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10.5.1 Quantity and quality of Dutch loans |
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210 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Phonological adaptation of Dutch loans |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Discourse markers and modal particles |
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212 | (1) |
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10.5.5 Prepositions and verb particle combinations |
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213 | (1) |
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10.5.6 Passive and the agent phrase |
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214 | (1) |
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10.5.7 Other function words borrowed from Dutch |
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215 | (1) |
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10.6 Morphological integration of Dutch nouns and verbs |
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215 | (3) |
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10.6.1 Nouns and nominalizations |
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215 | (2) |
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10.6.2 Verbs and inflection |
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217 | (1) |
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10.7 Papiamentu in the Netherlands |
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218 | (5) |
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10.8 Summary and conclusion |
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223 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 The political dimension of heritage languages: Endangered languages, language rights, and the preservation of diversity |
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225 | (22) |
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11.1 Introduction: The politics of diversity management |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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11.2.3 The Heritage frame |
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227 | (2) |
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11.3 Reversing language shift and indigenous language revival |
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229 | (3) |
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232 | (5) |
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11.4.1 Organization and support |
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232 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Varieties of the HL taught |
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234 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Dominant language from home country or home vernacular language? |
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234 | (2) |
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11.4.4 HL proficiency as a learning resource within the mainstream classroom |
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236 | (1) |
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11.5 Documentation of heritage varieties and language death |
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237 | (2) |
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11.6 Codeswitching in HLs and language loss |
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239 | (3) |
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11.7 Linguistic human rights and HLs |
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242 | (1) |
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11.8 Conclusion and overview |
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243 | (4) |
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Chapter 12 Technical terms used in this book related to heritage languages |
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247 | (16) |
References |
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263 | (34) |
Language index |
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297 | (2) |
Subject index |
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299 | |