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El. knyga: Hindi: An Essential Grammar

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Hindi: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern Hindi. Assuming no prior knowledge of Hindi grammar, this book avoids jargon and overly technical language as it takes the student through the complexities of Hindi grammar in short, readable sections.

Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult education classes, key features include:





Full examples throughout in both Devanagari and Roman script with a gloss in English Glossary of technical terms and detailed subject index Cross referencing between sections Authentic material provided in the appendix demonstrating grammar usage

Hindi: An Essential Grammar will help students, in both formal and non-formal education and of all levels to read, speak and write the language with greater confidence and accuracy.

The revised edition rectifies the printing errors inadvertently made in the first edition; it also further clarifies several other issues including Hindi word order flexibility, compound nouns, ergativity, pronominal usage and polite communication.

Recenzijos

"The most appealing aspect of Agnihotris grammar is its clear conception of its own objectives and functions. For speakers of Hindi, it is an exposition of the systematicity and rule-governed nature of their language; for learners of Hindi, it is an instrument to further the learning of the language. In its jargon-free description of the patterns of Hindi grammar, the volume doubles up as an introduction to modern grammatical analysis for anyone trying their hand at grammar construction. In doing so, it produces an analytical learner/speaker who is not merely a user of language, but also its student." (Kidwai 2007: 149)

"Agnihotris examples quite naturally draw on as wide a range of lexical resources and contexts that an average Hindi speaker would be expected to have access to. The accompanying observations on the conditions of use of the examples, and in the Appendix on Grammar in Context, is also particularly worthy of commendation, as they not only relieve the work of the usual accusations of prescriptivism that grammars typically attract, they also reveal to the reader how grammatical analysis enriches our understanding of the social and the symbolic." (Kidwai 2007: 150)

Prof Ayesha Kidwai, Professor of Linguistics at the Centre for Linguistics, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Preface xvi
Acknowledgements xviii
Symbols xx
Abbreviations xxiii
Part I Hindi and its sentence types
1(42)
Chapter I Hindi: a brief introduction
3(7)
1.1 The Hindi area
3(1)
1.2 The status of Hindi
3(2)
1.3 What do we mean by `Hindi'?
5(1)
1.4 Hindi sounds and writing system
6(1)
1.5 The Hindi sentence
7(1)
1.6 The Hindi vocabulary
8(1)
1.7 Conclusion
9(1)
Chapter 2 Hindi sentence structure
10(9)
2.1 Word order
10(1)
2.2 Subject--verb agreement
11(1)
2.3 Linear ordering of constituents
12(4)
2.3.1 Adjectives and nouns
12(1)
2.3.2 Nouns, postpositions and agreement
13(1)
2.3.3 Flexibility in word order
14(1)
2.3.4 Direct-and indirect object
15(1)
2.3.5 Marker of comparison
15(1)
2.3.6 Adverbs
16(1)
2.4 Types of sentences
16(2)
2.5 Conclusion
18(1)
Chapter 3 Negatives
19(7)
3.1 Negation
20(2)
3.2 The use of nahii, `not'
22(1)
3.3 The use of na
23(1)
3.4 Negative polarity items
24(1)
3.5 Conclusion
25(1)
Chapter 4 Questions
26(6)
4.1 `Yes/no' questions
26(1)
4.2 Information questions
27(3)
4.3 Alternative-type questions
30(1)
4.4 Tag questions
30(1)
4.5 Conclusion
31(1)
Chapter 5 Imperatives and politeness
32(5)
5.1 Imperatives with tuu, `you' (impolite)
32(2)
5.2 Imperatives with tum, `you'
34(1)
5.3 Imperatives with aap, `you' (honorific)
35(1)
5.4 Conclusion
36(1)
Chapter 6 Exclamations
37(6)
6.1 Lexical resources
37(1)
6.2 Expression of surprise
38(1)
6.3 Expression of grief
39(1)
6.4 Expression of approval
40(1)
6.5 Expression of contempt
40(1)
6.6 Use of question words
41(1)
6.7 Conclusion
42(1)
Part II Words: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs
43(66)
Chapter 7 Nouns
45(12)
7.1 Word formation strategies (WFSs)
45(1)
7.2 Gender
46(2)
7.3 Changing gender
48(2)
7.4 Number and case
50(6)
7.5 The plural marker -- log
56(1)
7.6 Conclusion
56(1)
Chapter 8 More about nouns
57(10)
8.1 Nouns and nouns
57(7)
8.2 Nouns in sentences
64(2)
8.3 Conclusion
66(1)
Chapter 9 Nouns and verbs, and adjectives and adverbs
67(10)
9.1 Nouns and verbs
67(2)
9.2 Nouns and adjectives
69(6)
9.3 Nouns and adverbs
75(1)
9.4 Conclusion
76(1)
Chapter 10 Verbs
77(8)
10.1 Tense and aspect
77(1)
10.2 The auxiliary afar honaa, `to be'
78(3)
10.3 The future tense
81(2)
10.4 Some exceptions
83(1)
10.5 Conclusion
84(1)
Chapter 11 More about verbs
85(8)
11.1 The imperative form
85(1)
11.2 Perfective aspect
86(3)
11.3 Imperfect
89(3)
11.4 Conclusion
92(1)
Chapter 12 Verbs, adjectives and adverbs
93(5)
12.1 Verbs and adjectives
93(4)
12.2 Verbs and adverbs
97(1)
12.3 Conclusion
97(1)
Chapter 13 Adjectives
98(5)
13.1 Variable adjectives
98(1)
13.2 Invariant adjectives
99(1)
13.3 Adjectives in the noun and verb phrase
100(1)
13.4 Comparative and superlative adjectives
101(1)
13.5 Application of the WFSs
101(1)
13.6 Conclusion
102(1)
Chapter 14 Adverbs
103(6)
14.1 Reduplicated adverbs
103(1)
14.2 Invariant adverbs
104(1)
14.3 Expressions for spans of time and space
105(1)
14.4 Onomatopoeic adverbs
106(1)
14.5 Conclusion
107(2)
Part III More about words
109(18)
Chapter 15 Reduplication
111(4)
15.1 Full reduplication
111(1)
15.2 Partial reduplication
112(2)
15.3 Redundant reduplication
114(1)
15.4 Conclusion
114(1)
Chapter 16 Compounds
115(5)
16.1 Types of compounds
115(2)
16.2 Contextual variability
117(1)
16.3 Mistaken for compounds
117(1)
16.4 Mistaken as compounds
118(1)
16.5 Conclusion
119(1)
Chapter 17 Causatives
120(7)
17.1 Hindi causatives
121(2)
17.2 Verbs ending in vowels
123(1)
17.3 Suffixation with phonetic changes
124(1)
17.4 Exceptions
125(1)
17.5 Conclusion
125(2)
Part IV Invariant words
127(30)
Chapter 18 Personal pronouns
129(7)
18.1 First person
129(2)
18.2 Second person
131(2)
18.3 Third person
133(1)
18.4 Optional deletion of pronouns
134(1)
18.5 Pronouns as cohesive devices
135(1)
18.6 Conclusion
135(1)
Chapter 19 Other pronouns
136(5)
19.1 Demonstrative pronouns
136(2)
19.2 Definite pronouns
138(1)
19.3 Indefinite pronouns
139(1)
19.4 Conclusion
140(1)
Chapter 20 Postpositions
141(8)
20.1 The versatility of postpositions
141(2)
20.2 Postposition ko, `to'
143(1)
20.3 Postposition me, `in'
144(1)
20.4 Postposition se, `from'
144(2)
20.5 Postposition par, `on'
146(1)
20.6 Conjunct and complex postpositions
147(1)
20.7 Conclusion
148(1)
Chapter 21 Emphatic particles
149(4)
21.1 The hii / bhii distinction
149(1)
21.2 Hii and adverbs
150(1)
21.3 Modal aspects of hii
151
21.4 About to
151(1)
21.5 Conclusion
152(1)
Chapter 22 Other invariant words
153(4)
22.1 Adverbs
153(1)
22.2 Affirmative and negative particles
154(1)
22.3 Conjunctions
154(1)
22.4 Interjections
154(1)
22.5 Postpositions
154(1)
22.6 Conclusion
154(3)
Part V More about Hindi sentences
157(54)
Chapter 23 Habitual aspect
159(6)
23.1 Verbal forms of habitual aspect
159(1)
23.2 Invoking the past
160(1)
23.3 Universal truths
161(1)
23.4 Lasting attributes
161(1)
23.5 Repetitive actions
162(1)
23.6 Immediacy
162(1)
23.7 Habitual aspect in the presumptive
162(1)
23.8 Subjunctive habitual
163(1)
23.9 Honaa, `to be' as a main verb
163(1)
23.10 Conclusion
164(1)
Chapter 24 The progressive aspect
165(7)
24.1 The progressive marker
165(1)
24.2 The present and the past progressive
166(3)
24.3 Indications of future
169(1)
24.4 Special focus
170(1)
24.5 Conclusion
171(1)
Chapter 25 Passive
172(5)
25.1 The use of jaa, `go'
172(1)
25.2 Active and passive
173(2)
25.3 Passive with other forms
175(1)
25.4 Conclusion
176(1)
Chapter 26 The subjunctive and the future
177(5)
26.1 The subjunctive
177(3)
26.2 The future
180(1)
26.3 The uses of the future
180(1)
26.4 Conclusion
181(1)
Chapter 27 The ergative pattern
182(5)
27.1 Ergativity in Hindi
182(3)
27.2 Exceptions
185(1)
27.3 Conclusion
186(1)
Chapter 28 Possession
187(7)
28.1 Use of kaa, `of'
187(2)
28.2 Other indicators of possession
189(3)
28.3 Forms of possessive pronouns
192(1)
28.4 Conclusion
193(1)
Chapter 29 Experiencer subject
194(5)
29.1 Dative, experiencer and benefactor
194(1)
29.2 Deletion of ko
195(1)
29.3 Ergative and dative
196(1)
29.4 The range of usage
197(1)
29.5 Conclusion
198(1)
Chapter 30 Verb caahiye
199(3)
30.1 Caahiye as `want'
199(1)
30.2 Caahiye as `should/ought to'
200(1)
30.3 Conclusion
201(1)
Chapter 31 Compound verbs
202(9)
31.1 Meaning of compound verbs
202(1)
31.2 Attitudinal aspects
203(2)
31.3 Compounds with jaanaa, `to go'
205(1)
31.4 Other compound verbs
206(1)
31.5 Conjunct verbs
207(2)
31.6 Conclusion
209(2)
Part VI Compound and complex sentences
211(26)
Chapter 32 Coordination and subordination
213(5)
32.1 Coordination
213(1)
32.2 Disjunctive coordination
214(1)
32.3 Subordinating conjunctions
215(2)
32.4 Conclusion
217(1)
Chapter 33 Complex sentences
218(5)
33.1 Conditionals
218(2)
33.2 Counterfactuals
220(1)
33.3 Some other complex constructions
221(1)
33.4 Conclusion
222(1)
Chapter 34 Relative clauses
223(6)
34.1 Hindi relative clauses
223(1)
34.2 Correlatives
224(3)
34.3 Two nouns in a sentence
227(1)
34.4 Conclusion
228(1)
Chapter 35 Infinitive and participles
229(8)
35.1 The infinitive
229(2)
35.2 Present participle
231(2)
35.3 Past participle
233(2)
35.4 Conclusion
235(2)
Part VII Sounds and script
237(19)
Chapter 36 Hindi sounds and writing system: vowels
239(5)
36.1 Vowels
240(1)
36.2 The vowel a
240(1)
36.3 Other vowels
241(3)
Chapter 37 Consonantal sounds
244(5)
37.1 Classificatory features
244(1)
37.1.1 Manner of articulation
244(1)
37.1.2 Place of articulation
245(1)
37.1.3 Aspiration
245(1)
37.1.4 Voicing
245(1)
37.1.5 Nasality
245(1)
37.2 Stop consonants and nasals
245(1)
37.3 Other consonants
246(1)
37.4 Consonants on their way out
247(1)
37.5 Symbols for conjuncts
248(1)
37.6 Conclusion
248(1)
Chapter 38 Nasals and nasalisation
249(4)
38.1 The superscript anusvaara
249(1)
38.2 The superscript anunaasik, the candrabindu
250(1)
38.3 The superscript vrtmukhii, the semi-circle
251(1)
38.4 Conclusion
252(1)
Chapter 39 Syllabic structure
253(3)
39.1 Types of syllables
253(1)
39.2 Rules of stress in Hindi
254(1)
39.3 Hindi intonation
255(1)
39.4 Conclusion
255(1)
Appendix: Grammar in context 256(7)
Glossary 263(3)
Bibliography 266(4)
Index 270
Rama Kant Agnihotri retired as Professor and Head, Dept of Linguistics, University of Delhi. He received his D. Phil from the University of York (UK). He has lectured extensively in universities across the world and his previous publications among others include Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India (edited with A.L. Khanna, 1994), Hindi Morphology: A Word-based Description (with Rajendra Singh, 1997), Noam Chomsky: The Architecture of Language (edited with N. Mukherjee and B. N. Patnaik, 2001) and Being and Becoming Multilingual: Some Narratives (edited with Rajesh Sachdeva, 2022). He is currently Professor Emeritus at Vidya Bhawan Society, Udaipur.
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