| Preface |
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xi | |
| Chapter I |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The geographic distribution of malaria carriers |
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2 | (4) |
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1.3 Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease (VBID) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Morphology of the malarial vector compared with that of non-vector mosquitoes |
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7 | (1) |
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1.5 Life cycle of Plasmodium |
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8 | (2) |
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1.6 Disease's symptoms and diagnostics |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
| Chapter II |
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2.0 Discovery and introduction of natural and synthetic antimalarial drugs and agents relevant to the suppression of the malaria mosquito |
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13 | (1) |
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2.1 Discovery and introduction of the natural drug quinine |
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13 | (2) |
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2.2 Synthetic aminoquinolines as antimalarial drugs |
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15 | (4) |
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2.3 Synthetic drugs of the primaquine family |
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19 | (5) |
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2.4 Industry's approach to the toxicity of contaminated primaquine |
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24 | (1) |
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2.5 Toxicology of contaminated primaquine and other 8-aminoquinolines |
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24 | (2) |
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2.6 Antimalarial activity of primaquine and contraindications for its use |
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26 | (1) |
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2.7 Toxicity of primaquine's metabolites |
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26 | (4) |
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2.8 Complexity of malarial diseases and problems of pesticide use |
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30 | (5) |
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2.9 Natural and biological agents in the war against malaria |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (5) |
| Chapter III |
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3.0 Pharmacopoeias: Their history and place in drug quality control |
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41 | (1) |
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3.0.1 The history of pharmacopeias |
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41 | (1) |
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3.1 Pharmacopeias in drug quality control |
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42 | (1) |
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3.2 Some international regulations and access to information |
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43 | (4) |
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3.3 Pharmacopeias and raw-ware/unprocessed primaquine |
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47 | (2) |
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3.4 Pharmacopeias and the medical form (tablets) of primaquine |
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49 | (1) |
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3.5 Isomerism and isomers: the discovery of stereoisomerism and enantiomers |
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49 | (4) |
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53 | (2) |
| Chapter IV |
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4.0 Analytical quantitative measurements |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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4.2 Visible- and ultraviolet-light (UV) spectrophotometry |
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55 | (2) |
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4.3 Analysis of primaquine and some other antimalarial drugs using color reactions and UV spectrophotometry |
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57 | (1) |
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4.4 Liquid liquid distribution analysis. Craig's method |
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58 | (1) |
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4.5 UV analysis and the detection of primaquine and quinocide. Optical purity analysis of primaquine diphosphate |
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59 | (2) |
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4.5.1 UV analysis and the detection of primaquine and quinocide |
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60 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Optical purity of primaquine |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (4) |
| Chapter V |
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5.0 Discovery and development of chromatography |
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65 | (1) |
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5.1 Historical overview of the discovery of chromatography |
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65 | (2) |
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5.2 Terms used in chromatography |
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67 | (5) |
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5.3 Theory of chromatography |
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72 | (5) |
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77 | (4) |
| Chapter VI |
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6.0 Planar chromatography or Open-bed chromatography as a tool for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of primaquine |
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81 | (2) |
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6.1 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) |
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83 | (1) |
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6.2 TLC analysis of primaquine and related antimalarial drugs |
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84 | (1) |
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6.3 High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) |
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85 | (1) |
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6.4 Detection of substances on TLC plates |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
| Chapter VII |
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7.0 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) |
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89 | (1) |
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7.1 Stationary phases and columns |
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89 | (6) |
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95 | (2) |
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7.3 Analysis of primaquine, quinocide, and other primaquine derivative substances by HPLC |
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97 | (3) |
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7.3.1 Photochemical and oxidative stability of primaquine and quinocide |
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99 | (1) |
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7.4 Analysis of enantiomers of primaquine and quinocide in raw-ware primaquine using HPLC |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (5) |
| Chapter VIII |
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8.0 Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) |
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106 | (9) |
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8.0.1 Stationery phases and columns |
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108 | (1) |
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8.0.2 Chiral stationary phases and mechanisms of chiral resolution |
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108 | (6) |
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114 | (1) |
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8.0.4 Some rare modifications used in SFC |
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115 | (1) |
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8.1 Compositional analysis of the drug primaquine by SFC |
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115 | (12) |
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8.1.1 The use of SFC for compositional analysis of primaquine |
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115 | (2) |
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Improved separation of quinocide from primaquine using supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) |
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116 | (1) |
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Improved resolution of primoquine enatiomers from each other and quinocide from primaquine enatiomers using supercritical fluid chromatrography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Materials and methods |
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118 | (4) |
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I Sample preparatin for SFC-MS analysis |
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118 | (1) |
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II Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Mass Spectrography |
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118 | (1) |
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III Separation of quinocide from primaquine on a Discovery HS F5 column |
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119 | (1) |
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IV Separation of quinocide from primaquine on a C30 column |
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119 | (1) |
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V Resolution of the enatimoers of primaquine and the separation of quinocide from the enatimoers of primaquine on HRIC and Chiralpak AD-H columns |
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119 | (3) |
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8.1.4 Results and discussion |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (3) |
| Chapter IX |
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9.0 Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (GC MS) |
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127 | (10) |
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9.0.1 Gas chromatographic instrumentation |
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127 | (1) |
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9.0.2 GC columns, bonded stationary phases, and mobile phases |
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128 | (6) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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9.1 General conditions for gas chromatography analysis of primaquine |
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137 | (10) |
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9.1.1 Thermo lability of primaquine and quinocide and the important negative factors in GC anylysis |
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137 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Advantages and limitations of GC in the analysis of the composition of the drug primaquine |
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138 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Determination of isometric differences between primaquine and quinocide by GC-MS and GC-MS with supersonic molecular beams (SMB) |
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139 | (6) |
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9.1.4 Clinically related analysis of primaquine by GC |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (3) |
| Chapter X |
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10.0 Spectroscopy and spectrometry |
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150 | (19) |
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10.1 Spectroscopy as a tool for structural studies of primaquine and quinocide |
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150 | (21) |
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10.1.1 Spectroscopy and spectrometry |
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150 | (5) |
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10.1.2 Fluorimetric spectroscopy |
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155 | (2) |
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10.1.3 Infrared spectroscopy. IR spectroscopy of substituted quinolines, primaquine, and quinocide |
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157 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Electron spin resonance ESR/electron paramagnetic resonance EPR spectroscopy |
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157 | (1) |
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10.1.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy |
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158 | (2) |
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10.1.5.1 Comparative analysis of primaquine and quinocide by NMR |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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10.1.6.1 Gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy with supersonic molecular beams (SMB) analysis |
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162 | (1) |
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10.1.6.2 Mass spectrometry in association with GC, HPLC, SFC and CE |
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162 | (1) |
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10.1.6.3 Multifunctional detection |
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162 | (1) |
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10.1.7 Capillary electrophoresis CE, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (5) |
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169 | (2) |
| Chapter XI |
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11.0 In search for antimalarial drugs in the 8-methoxyaminoquinoline family |
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171 | (11) |
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11.0.1 Behind the real prototype of the antimalerial drugs in the 8-methoxyaminoquinoline family |
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178 | (1) |
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11.0.2 Can primaquine be modernized as a drug? |
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179 | (2) |
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11.0.3 Practical advantages and limitations in the development of a monoenatiometric primaquine drug versus the development of a vaccine |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
| Chapter XII |
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12.0 Who's Who in the Struggle to Curb Malaria |
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185 | (1) |
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12.1 Published information |
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185 | (2) |
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12.2 Who is responsible for the accuracy of information? |
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187 | (6) |
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12.3 Internal commercial information |
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193 | (6) |
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12.4 How much is it worth? |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (1) |
| Chapter XIII |
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13.0 Via Dolorosa (Way of Grief or Suffering) |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (2) |
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13.2 Plagiarism or fake publication? |
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205 | (8) |
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213 | (1) |
| Acknowledgments |
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214 | (1) |
| Index |
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215 | |
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