| Contributors |
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xiii | |
| Biography |
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xv | |
| Preface |
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xxi | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xxiii | |
| 1 Forage Plant Structure, Function, Nutrition, and Growth |
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Structure and Physiology of Pasture Grasses and Legumes |
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1 | (9) |
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1 | (2) |
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The Cell: The Most Basic Structural Unit of Plant Organization |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
| 2 Identification of Temperate Pasture Grasses and Legumes |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (24) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
| 3 Nutritional Value of Pasture Plants for Horses |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (5) |
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Diversity in Carbohydrates |
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38 | (4) |
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Structural Versus Nonstructural Carbohydrates |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (4) |
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Fatty Acids of Special Interest |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Nutrient Analysis of Feeds |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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Link Between Digestibility and Energy Evaluation of Feeds |
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53 | (1) |
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Useful Energy Terminology |
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53 | (1) |
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Chemical Analysis of Plants |
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54 | (3) |
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Uses and Relative Advantages of NDF and ADF Measurements |
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56 | (1) |
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Further Uses of ADF and NDF |
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56 | (1) |
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Alternative Methods of Analysis of Forage Components |
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57 | (1) |
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Factors Influencing Forage Dry Matter Intake |
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57 | (1) |
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Concentrations of Nutrients in Typical Pasture Plants |
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57 | (3) |
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Digestion of Plant Nutrients by Horses |
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60 | (1) |
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Carbohydrate Digestion in the Stomach and Small Intestine |
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60 | (1) |
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Carbohydrate Digestion in the Cecum and Colon |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Nutrient Requirements of Horses |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (3) |
| 4 Soils for Horse Pasture Management |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Composition of Mineral Soils |
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66 | (2) |
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Organic Matter and Soil Humus |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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Nature of Soil Pore Space |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Soil Acidity and Alkalinity |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Secrets to Soil Management for Sustainable Pasture Production |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
| 5 Introduction to Pasture Ecology |
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Optimal Environment Versus Limiting Factors |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Light Interception: Canopy Height and Time of Year |
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83 | (1) |
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Energy Reserves Cycle With Growth |
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83 | (1) |
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Growth Under Rotational Grazing |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Cell Wall Content Changes With Season and Plant Type |
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86 | (1) |
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Forage Quality, Antiquality, and Palatability |
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87 | (1) |
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Competition Between Plants |
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87 | (1) |
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Plant Diversity, Morphology, and Tolerance to Grazing |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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Forage Mass and Dry Matter Intake |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
| 6 Pasture Plant Establishment and Management |
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Characteristics of a Healthy Pasture |
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93 | (7) |
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93 | (4) |
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Management Following Establishment |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
| 7 Forage Yield and Its Determination |
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Introduction and Questions About Forage Yield |
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105 | (1) |
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Answering the Horse Owner's First Three Questions |
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106 | (1) |
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Preparing to Answer the Fourth Question |
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106 | (1) |
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Methods and Tools for Determining FDM Yield |
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106 | (7) |
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Direct Measurement of Forage Height and Yield |
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107 | (1) |
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Indirect Measurement to Estimate Yield |
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107 | (6) |
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The Relationship Between Forage Height and Forage Yield in Pasture |
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113 | (3) |
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Using Numbers From Sample Measurements to Estimate Forage Yield for an Acre and a Whole Field |
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116 | (1) |
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Converting Forage Yields Between Pounds per Acre and Kilograms per Hectare |
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116 | (1) |
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Answering the Horse Owner's Fourth Question |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
| 8 Grazing Behavior, Feed Intake, and Feed Choices |
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121 | (1) |
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Grazing by Horses Compared to Other Herbivores |
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121 | (2) |
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Factors Regulating Feed Intake |
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123 | (1) |
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The Diets of Feral Horses |
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123 | (1) |
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Timing of Grazing Patterns in Feral and Captive Horses |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Measuring the Amount and Rate of Feed Intake |
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124 | (2) |
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Factors Influencing Bite Rate |
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124 | (1) |
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Horses Prefer Fresh Pasture to Dried Hay |
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125 | (1) |
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Forage Quality Affects Intake Rates |
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125 | (1) |
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How Young Animals Learn to Make Feed Choices |
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125 | (1) |
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Animals Make Feeding Decisions Based on Feedback From Past Choices |
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126 | (1) |
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Making Choices While Grazing |
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127 | (5) |
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Factors Affecting the Bite and Plant Level |
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129 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting the Patch and Feeding Site Level |
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130 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting the Camp and Home Range Level |
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132 | (1) |
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Effects of Grazing Behavior on the Environment |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Positive Effects of Grazing on Plants |
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133 | (1) |
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Managing Grazing Behavior |
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133 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Maximizing Pasture Intake and Nutrition |
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134 | (1) |
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Limiting Dry Matter and NSC Intake |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (6) |
| 9 Managing Equine Grazing for Pasture Productivity |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Stocking Rate and Density |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (7) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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When to Graze and Remove Horses/Length of Grazing Periods |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (1) |
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Winter Pasture Management |
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151 | (1) |
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Summer Pasture Management |
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151 | (1) |
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More Intensive Management Strategies |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Continuous Versus Rotational Grazing |
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153 | (1) |
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Grazing Plans for Linda and Emily |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
| 10 Mixed Species Grazing |
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What Is Mixed Species Grazing? |
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157 | (1) |
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What Benefits Can Mixed Species Grazing Provide? |
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157 | (6) |
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Improved Forage Utilization Efficiency |
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158 | (2) |
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Mixed Species Grazing Helps to Control Parasites |
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160 | (1) |
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Reducing Ecologic Risks of Avermectins |
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161 | (1) |
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Improved Weed Control, Especially with Training |
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162 | (1) |
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Why/How Does Multispecies Grazing Work? |
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163 | (3) |
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Utilization of Forage Affected by Feces of Other Animal Species |
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165 | (1) |
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Other Influences on Workability of Multi-species Grazing |
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166 | (1) |
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What Are Potential Disadvantages to Mixed Species Grazing on a Horse Farm? |
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166 | (1) |
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How Is Information About Nonequine Species Useful in Managing Horses? |
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167 | (1) |
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Economic Considerations of Mixed Species Grazing |
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167 | (1) |
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Potential Positive Economic Responses |
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167 | (1) |
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Potential Negative Economic Consequences |
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168 | (1) |
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Managing Mixed Species Grazing |
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168 | (2) |
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Mixed Species Grazing in Action |
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170 | (2) |
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What Research Still Needs to Be Done? |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
| 11 Production and Management of Hay and Haylage |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting the Nutrient Value of Hay |
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177 | (8) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Visual and Physical Characteristics of High-Quality Hay |
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179 | (3) |
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Chemical Composition and Forage Quality |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (7) |
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186 | (1) |
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Swath and Windrow Manipulation |
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187 | (3) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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Bale Conditioning and Storage |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Matching Hay Type to Horse Type |
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196 | (1) |
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Is Hay a Nutritionally Balanced Diet? |
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197 | (4) |
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Feeding Hay to Individually Housed Horses |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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Baling Forage Crops for Silage |
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201 | (2) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Silage Baling |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Machinery Requirements for Baleage |
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203 | (1) |
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Bale-Wrapping and Bagging Equipment |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
| 12 Climate, Weather, and Plant Hardiness |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Diversity Among Varieties |
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214 | (1) |
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Elevation and Topographic Position |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Seasonal Changes in Forage Quality |
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215 | (1) |
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Regional Climatic Effects |
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215 | (7) |
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216 | (1) |
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North to South and East to West Effects in North America |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (4) |
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225 | (1) |
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Breeding Cultivars for the New Climate |
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225 | (1) |
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Effects of Climate Change on Horses |
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225 | (1) |
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Effect of Animals on Climate Change |
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226 | (1) |
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Grazing and Cycling of Greenhouse Gases |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (2) |
| 13 Matching Plant Species to Your Environment, Weather, and Climate |
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233 | (10) |
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Adaptation to the Site and Management |
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233 | (6) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (2) |
| 14 Managing Manure, Erosion, and Water Quality in and Around Horse Pastures |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Contaminated Water Leaching/Runoff |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Other Environmental Concerns |
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249 | (1) |
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Benefits of Manure on Pasture |
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250 | (1) |
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Spreading Manure on Pasture |
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250 | (2) |
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Managing Pastures to Alleviate Environmental Concerns and Protect Water Quality |
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252 | (5) |
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Grazing Near Streams: Riparian Buffers |
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257 | (1) |
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Maintaining and Managing Riparian Forest Buffers |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
| 15 Fencing and Watering Systems |
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Purposes and Desired Features of Fences |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (6) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Fence Planning, Types, Designs, and Descriptions |
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271 | (21) |
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275 | (2) |
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Wood Posts and Steel Strand Wire |
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277 | (3) |
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Wood Posts and Steel Woven Wire |
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280 | (1) |
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Wood Posts and Polymer-Coated Wire "Boards" or "Rails" |
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280 | (2) |
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Wood Post and All Polymer Strand |
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282 | (1) |
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All Plastic Polymer Posts and Rails |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Electric Fence Connections and Current |
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284 | (1) |
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Safety in Electric Fence Construction and Maintenance |
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285 | (1) |
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Training Horses to Electric Fencing |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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Semipermanent and Temporary Electric Fences |
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287 | (5) |
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292 | (3) |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (10) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Moving Water from Source to Pasture |
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299 | (4) |
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303 | (4) |
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307 | (1) |
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Manufacturers of Electric Fencing |
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307 | (1) |
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Manufacturers of Waterers |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (3) |
| 16 Pasture-Related Diseases and Disorders |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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Pasture-Associated Laminitis |
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313 | (2) |
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Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
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315 | (1) |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
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315 | (1) |
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Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Seasonal Pasture Myopathy |
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317 | (1) |
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Nitrate Poisoning in Horses |
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318 | (1) |
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Pasture-Associated Liver Disease in the Horse |
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319 | (1) |
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Pasture-Associated Stringhalt |
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319 | (1) |
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Other Plants That Are Toxic to Horses |
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320 | (4) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (3) |
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324 | (1) |
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Other Conditions That Are Toxic to Horses |
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324 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
| 17 Coexisting With Wildlife |
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329 | (1) |
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The Relationship Between the Abundance of Species of Wild Plants and Animals and the Health of an Ecosystem |
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329 | (4) |
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330 | (1) |
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services |
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331 | (1) |
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Wildlife Population Imbalance |
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332 | (1) |
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Benefits of a Diverse Ecosystem |
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333 | (1) |
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Accommodating Hunters or Other |
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Consumers of a Diverse Ecosystem |
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333 | (1) |
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Effects of Adding or Subtracting Wild Species on an Ecosystem |
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334 | (2) |
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Subtracting and Adding Animal Species |
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334 | (1) |
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Subtracting and Adding Plant Species |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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Horse Parasite Control and Unintended Effects |
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336 | (1) |
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Techniques of Encouraging More Wildlife to Visit or Inhabit Your Farm |
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336 | (4) |
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Diversity of Forage Species |
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336 | (1) |
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Forage Management and Habitat |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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Grazing Management Techniques |
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338 | (1) |
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Providing Drinking Water, Feed, Cover, and Breeding Habitat |
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339 | (1) |
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Subtracting and Adding Prolific Omnivores |
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339 | (1) |
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Tools and Resources to Help You Coexist With Wildlife |
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340 | (1) |
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Explaining Situations in Which Wild Animals Can Be Detrimental to the Goals of Your Farm, Including Predation and Crop Damage |
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340 | (5) |
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Predation, Injuries, and Scaring |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (2) |
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Determining Which Detrimental Species May Be Present or Responsible for Damage |
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345 | (1) |
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Predation and Signs of Predators |
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345 | (1) |
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Techniques to Discourage Certain Animal Species From Visiting Your Farm |
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345 | (6) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (1) |
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Eliminating Attractive Plants, Water, Feed, or Cover |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (3) |
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354 | (1) |
| 18 University of Kentucky Horse Pasture Evaluation Program |
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355 | (1) |
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History of the University of Kentucky Horse Pasture Evaluation Program |
|
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355 | (1) |
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Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome |
|
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356 | (2) |
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University of Kentucky Equine Initiative |
|
|
356 | (1) |
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University of Kentucky Horse Pasture Evaluation Program Today |
|
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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Data Reporting and Recommendations |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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Pasture Maps, Data, and Photographs |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (2) |
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Farm #1: Large-Scale Commercial Breeding Farm |
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361 | (1) |
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Farm #2: Medium-Scale Commercial Breeding Farm |
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362 | (1) |
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Farm #3: Small Private Farm |
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363 | (1) |
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Challenges Facing University of Kentucky Horse Pasture Evaluation Program |
|
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363 | (2) |
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363 | (1) |
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Competition With Commercial Businesses |
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364 | (1) |
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Extension Versus Fee for Service |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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Labor and Quality Control |
|
|
365 | (1) |
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Other Impacts of University-Based Farm Services |
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|
365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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|
366 | (3) |
| Appendix 1: Units of Measurement and Conversion Factors |
|
369 | (2) |
| Appendix 2: Measuring Forage Dry Matter Yield Using Clipped Forage Samples |
|
371 | (2) |
| Appendix 3: Graphic Representation of Changes in Sward Density and Forage Yield With Increasing Forage Height |
|
373 | (2) |
| Appendix 4: Independent Evaluation of Falling Plate Meter and Rising Plate Meter |
|
375 | (2) |
| Appendix 5: Soil Maps from University of Kentucky Pasture Evaluation Program |
|
377 | (4) |
| Appendix 6: 2016 Field Recommendations: Central Kentucky Horse Farm |
|
381 | (2) |
| Appendix 7: Answers to Review Questions |
|
383 | (20) |
Appendix 8: Metric Equivalents for Hay Bale Sizes, as Described in
Chapter 11 |
|
403 | (2) |
| Appendix 9: Environmental Risk Assessment Survey for Farms |
|
405 | (6) |
| Index |
|
411 | |
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