Acknowledgments |
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ix | |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Carbon dioxide emission |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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2 Distributed hybrid system and prospect of the future Energy Internet |
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9 | (3) |
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2.2 Topology of distributed hybrid systems |
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12 | (18) |
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2.2.1 Energy generation subsystem |
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12 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Energy storage subsystem |
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15 | (9) |
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2.2.3 Energy recovery subsystem |
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24 | (3) |
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2.2.4 Energy end-use subsystem |
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27 | (3) |
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2.2.5 Connection and interaction |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3 Scales of distributed hybrid systems |
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30 | (3) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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2.4 Distributed energy networks |
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33 | (1) |
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2.5 Prospect of the future Energy Internet |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (6) |
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36 | (5) |
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3 Bridging a bi-directional connection between electricity and fuels in hybrid multienergy systems |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2 Fuel cells for energy generation |
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42 | (21) |
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3.2.1 Fuel cell efficiency and classification |
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43 | (5) |
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3.2.2 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Solid oxide fuel cell |
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50 | (3) |
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3.2.5 Fuel cells fueled with diverse fuels |
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53 | (2) |
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3.2.6 Direct liquid fuel cells |
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55 | (3) |
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3.2.7 Direct carbon fuel cells |
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58 | (3) |
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3.2.8 Direct flame fuel cells |
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61 | (2) |
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3.3 Power-to-gas or power-to-liquid for energy storage |
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63 | (12) |
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64 | (6) |
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70 | (4) |
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74 | (1) |
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3.4 Reversible fuel cells |
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75 | (4) |
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79 | (6) |
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79 | (6) |
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4 High-efficiency hybrid fuel cell systems for vehicles and micro-CHPs |
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85 | (1) |
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4.2 Hybrid fuel cell/battery vehicle systems |
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86 | (14) |
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4.2.1 PEMFC-based fuel cell vehicle systems |
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87 | (8) |
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4.2.2 SOFC-based fuel cell vehicle systems |
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95 | (5) |
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4.3 Fuel cell-based micro CHP or CCHP systems |
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100 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Basic schematic diagram of fuel cell-based micro-CHP or CCHP systems |
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101 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Direct flame solid oxide fuel cell for micro-CHP or CCHP systems |
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103 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Costs of fuel cell-based micro-CHP systems |
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105 | (3) |
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4.4 Hybrid fuel cell vehicle: Mobile distributed energy system |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (3) |
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110 | (3) |
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5 Stabilization of intermittent renewable energy using power-to-X |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (16) |
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5.2.1 Power-to-H2 for hydrogen production |
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114 | (6) |
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5.2.2 Power-to-syngas via H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis |
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120 | (4) |
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5.2.3 Power-to-methane for integrating with the natural gas networks |
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124 | (6) |
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5.3 Power-to-liquid systems |
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130 | (9) |
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130 | (4) |
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5.3.2 Power-to-F-T liquid fuels |
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134 | (5) |
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139 | (2) |
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139 | (2) |
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6 Ammonia: a clean and efficient energy carrier for distributed hybrid system |
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141 | (2) |
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6.2 Ammonia-based energy roadmap |
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143 | (2) |
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6.3 Current interest and projects on ammonia-based energy vector |
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145 | (3) |
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145 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Effectiveness of ammonia-based system |
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146 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Ammonia-based energy projects |
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147 | (1) |
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6.4 Hybrid systems for ammonia production |
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148 | (10) |
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6.4.1 System schematic and flow charts |
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149 | (4) |
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6.4.2 Energy efficiency and economic analysis |
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153 | (5) |
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6.5 Ammonia-fueled hybrid systems |
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158 | (15) |
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6.5.1 Ammonia-fueled engines |
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160 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Ammonia-to-hydrogen |
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162 | (3) |
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6.5.3 Indirect ammonia fuel cells |
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165 | (7) |
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6.5.4 Direct ammonia fuel cells |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (6) |
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173 | (6) |
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7 Power balance and dynamic stability of a distributed hybrid energy system |
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179 | (1) |
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7.2 Dynamic system simulation platform |
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180 | (10) |
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180 | (10) |
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7.3 Renewable power integration and power balance |
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190 | (10) |
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7.3.1 Evaluation of the key indicators |
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190 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Impact of renewable power integration |
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191 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Dynamic operation strategies |
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192 | (5) |
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7.3.4 Co-generation of electricity, heat and gas |
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197 | (3) |
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7.4 Novel criterion for distributed hybrid systems |
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200 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Application to evaluate the impact of renewable power integration |
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201 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Application to detect energy storage capacity |
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203 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Application to evaluate energy storage strategies |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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8 Applying information technologies in a hybrid multi-energy system |
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8.1 Why information technologies are needed? |
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207 | (1) |
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8.2 Block chain and energy transaction |
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208 | (2) |
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8.3 Energy big data and cloud computing |
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210 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Definition of big data and cloud computing |
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210 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Big data and cloud computing architecture |
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211 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Typical application scenarios |
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213 | (1) |
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8.4 Internet of things applications |
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214 | (3) |
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215 | (2) |
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9 Application and potential of the artificial intelligence technology |
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217 | (3) |
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9.2 Prediction for energy Internet |
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220 | (6) |
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9.3 Control and optimization based on artificial algorithm |
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226 | (4) |
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9.4 Swarm intelligence for complex energy networks |
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230 | (5) |
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234 | (1) |
Index |
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235 | |