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El. knyga: Hydrologic Measurements with Flexible Liners and Other Applications [Taylor & Francis e-book]

  • Formatas: 308 pages, 89 Line drawings, color; 5 Line drawings, black and white; 70 Halftones, color; 159 Illustrations, color; 5 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 13-Jul-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003268376
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  • Taylor & Francis e-book
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Hydrologic Measurements with Flexible Liners and Other ApplicationsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 308 pages, 89 Line drawings, color; 5 Line drawings, black and white; 70 Halftones, color; 159 Illustrations, color; 5 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 13-Jul-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003268376
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Partnerių interneto svetainė: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003268376
This book provides hydrologists the information needed for the characterization of contaminated subsurface hydrologic sites. It explains how to seal boreholes, map contaminant distribution in a formation, map the flow zones, and measure the hydraulic head distribution through a single flexible liner. Results of the measurement methods provided demonstrate the reality and reliability of the unique FLUTe techniques. These measurements help to predict contaminant migration and aid in the design of a groundwater remedy. The limitations of several methods are provided to allow an intelligent choice of methods and a well-informed selection of devices among the alternative methods. The mechanics of flexible liner systems are explained with examples of applications beyond the hydrologic measurements such as relining of piping.

Features include:











The first book on a modern technology that is replacing traditional technology globally





Written by the inventor of the FLUTe technology with 25 years experience with successful applications





Describes FLUTe technology in detail, including the theory behind the tools, how to use the tools, and the mathematics used to interpret the data generated by the tools





Provides step-by-step explanations of how to conduct fieldwork and how to analyze the data gathered





Minimizes reliance on mathematical explanations and uses illustrations and examples that allow readers to understand the technology

This book is of interest to environmental professionals, mine operators, petroleum engineers, geophysicists who use these methods or are considering using these methods for remediation of groundwater contamination, academics, students, and regulators.
Foreword xvii
Joe Rossabi
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
Author xxv
List of Abbreviations
xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction/Purpose
1(2)
Chapter 2 Brief History of Flexible Liner Underground Technologies (FLUTe) Methods
3(4)
Chapter 3 The Mechanics of Flexible Liners
7(36)
3.1 The Flexible Liner Characteristics
7(1)
3.2 The Eversion of a Flexible Liner
8(12)
3.2.1 The Towing Force
8(1)
3.2.2 Drag (Friction Effects)
9(1)
3.2.3 Eversion into a Borehole
10(2)
3.2.4 Other Factors Influential on the Liner Propagation
12(1)
3.2.4.1 Hole/Liner Diameter
12(1)
3.2.4.2 Wet Film Adhesion
12(1)
3.2.4.3 The Minimum Tension
13(1)
3.2.4.4 The Difference between the Eversion and the Inversion of the Liner
13(2)
3.2.4.5 The Air Balloon Drag and the Air Vent
15(2)
3.2.4.6 Effect of Breakouts on Liner Eversion
17(1)
3.2.4.7 The Impermeable Borehole Installations
17(2)
3.2.5 Stretch of the Liner
19(1)
3.3 The Liner Removal Methods
20(3)
3.3.1 The Normal Inversion from a Permeable Borehole
20(1)
3.3.2 The Pump and Drag Removal
21(1)
3.3.3 The Impermeable Borehole Removal
22(1)
3.4 The Liner Seal
23(7)
3.4.1 Interior View of the Sealing Liner
23(1)
3.4.2 The Highest Head Measurement Method
24(2)
3.4.3 Artesian Conditions
26(3)
3.4.4 Liner Seal Comparison with Packers
29(1)
3.5 Liner Installation Devices
30(13)
3.5.1 Air Pressure Canisters
30(4)
3.5.2 Hose Canisters
34(1)
3.5.3 Gravity-Driven Installations
35(1)
3.5.4 Magic Gland
35(1)
3.5.5 The Drop-in-Place Liner Installation
36(1)
3.5.6 The Bulbous Wellhead for Artesian Installations
37(1)
3.5.7 Mud-Filled Liners
37(1)
3.5.7.1 Purpose of Mud Fill
37(3)
3.5.7.2 An Example of the Mud Pressure Calculation
40(1)
3.5.7.3 In Summary, How the Heavy Mud Is Used
41(2)
Chapter 4 Chemistry of the Liners
43(4)
4.1 Arsenic
43(1)
4.2 Toluene
43(1)
4.3 1,4-Dioxane
44(1)
4.4 Polyfluoronated Alkyl Substances (PFAS)
44(1)
4.5 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
45(2)
Chapter 5 Kinds of Blank Liners
47(8)
5.1 Different Diameters
47(1)
5.2 Fabrics
48(5)
5.2.1 Nylon Liners
48(1)
5.2.2 Polyester Liners
48(1)
5.2.3 Silicon Rubber Liners
48(1)
5.2.4 Transparent Liners and Geophysical Logging
48(4)
5.2.5 Different Fabric Weight Liners
52(1)
5.2.6 Tubular Plastic Film Liners
53(1)
5.3 Carrier Liners for Coverings
53(1)
5.4 Lay Flat Hose Liners
54(1)
Chapter 6 Novel Applications of Blank Liners
55(6)
6.1 Surface Extensions
55(1)
6.2 Eversions on or under Water
55(1)
6.3 Vertical Upward Unsupported Extensions
55(1)
6.4 Eversions through Crooked Piping Systems
56(1)
6.5 Lining Boreholes to Prevent Grout Loss or Grout Shrinkage Outside of a Casing
57(4)
Chapter 7 General Advantages of Flexible Blank Liners
61(2)
Chapter 8 Hazards to the Liner and Precautions
63(2)
Chapter 9 Special Devices Designed for Use with Liners
65(24)
9.1 Green Machine
65(2)
9.2 Linear Capstan
67(3)
9.2.1 Background
67(2)
9.2.2 The Linear Capstan Design
69(1)
9.3 T Profiler
70(1)
9.4 Braking Devices of Several Kinds
71(1)
9.5 The Air-Coupled Water-Level Meter Systems
71(16)
9.5.1 The ACT (Air-Coupled Transducer)
71(1)
9.5.1.1 ACT Purpose
71(1)
9.5.1.2 Background/Comparisons
71(2)
9.5.1.3 The ACT Design and Theory
73(3)
9.5.1.4 The Range of Pressure Changes for the ACT Transducers
76(1)
9.5.1.5 The Temperature Effect
76(1)
9.5.1.6 First Result of the ACT Measurement
77(1)
9.5.1.7 The Field Measurements
78(1)
9.5.1.8 Input Data and Apparatus
79(2)
9.5.1.9 Usual Applications of the ACT System
81(1)
9.5.1.10 Resolution of the ACT Method
82(1)
9.5.1.11 Barometric Corrections
83(1)
9.5.1.12 How Is the Raw Data Used?
83(1)
9.5.1.13 Advantages and Limitations of the Method
84(1)
9.5.2 The Vacuum Water-Level Meter (VWLM)
85(1)
9.5.3 The Air-Coupled Water-Level Meter (ACWLM)
86(1)
9.6 Eversion/Inversion AIDS
87(2)
Chapter 10 Theory and Application of FLUTe Liner Methods
89(134)
10.1 Blank Sealing Liners
89(2)
10.1.1 Installation of a Blank Liner
90(1)
10.1.2 Transparent Blank Liners
91(1)
10.1.3 Measurements by Others Using FLUTe Flexible Liners
91(1)
10.2 FLUTe Blank Liners with Special Coverings
91(44)
10.2.1 The NAPL FLUTe
91(1)
10.2.1.1 History of NAPL FLUTe Development
91(1)
10.2.1.2 How the NAPL FLUTe Is Installed in Direct Push Rods
92(4)
10.2.1.3 NAPL FLUTe Installations in an Open Stable Borehole
96(1)
10.2.1.4 NAPL FLUTe Covers over Core
97(1)
10.2.1.5 NAPL FLUTe Sand Bags
98(1)
10.2.1.6 Examples of NAPL FLUTe Stains
99(5)
10.2.2 The FACT Application
104(1)
10.2.2.1 History and Experience
104(1)
10.2.2.2 The FACT Method
105(5)
10.2.2.3 Assessment of the FACT Method
110(3)
10.2.2.4 Quantitative FACT Assessment at the NAWCSite
113(15)
10.2.2.5 Comparisons of the FACT with Other Methods
128(1)
10.2.2.6 ThedaFACT
128(6)
10.2.2.7 Advantages and Limitations of the FACT Measurement
134(1)
10.2.3 Absorbers of Other Kinds on Blank Liners
134(1)
10.2.3.1 Pore Water Collection in the Vadose Zone
134(1)
10.2.3.2 Radioactive Contamination Absorbers
135(1)
10.3 The Transmissivity Measurement Method
135(26)
10.3.1 History of the Transmissivity Profile Method
135(1)
10.3.2 The Transmissivity Measurement Method
136(1)
10.3.2.1 The Liner Behavior
136(4)
10.3.2.2 The Calculational Model
140(2)
10.3.2.3 When to Terminate the T Profile
142(1)
10.3.3 The T Profile Results
142(3)
10.3.4 Examples of Other T Profiles
145(2)
10.3.5 Calculation of the Effective Fracture Aperture Using the T Profile Results
147(1)
10.3.6 Corrections to the Simple T Profile Calculational Model
148(1)
10.3.6.1 Transient Correction
148(3)
10.3.6.2 The Borehole Diameter Correction
151(1)
10.3.6.3 The Vertical Head Correction
151(1)
10.3.7 The Transmissivity Profiling Equipment
152(1)
10.3.7.1 Maintaining a Constant Tension on the Liner
153(1)
10.3.7.2 Maintaining the Constant Driving Head
154(1)
10.3.8 Effect of Well Development on the T Profile
155(1)
10.3.9 A Special Design for T Profiles of Boreholes with Very High Artesian Heads
156(1)
10.3.10 T Profile Comparison with Straddle Packer Results
157(4)
10.3.11 Advantages and Limitations of the T Profile
161(1)
10.3.11.1 Advantages
161(1)
10.3.11.2 Limitations
161(1)
10.4 RHP (Reverse Head Profile) Measurement of a Head Profile
161(11)
10.4.1 The History of the RHP Method
161(1)
10.4.2 The Purpose of the Formation Head Measurement
162(1)
10.4.3 The RHP Calculation
163(2)
10.4.3.1 The Times to Equilibration for Each Step of the RHP
165(2)
10.4.3.2 The Use of the RHP to Refine the Transmissivity Profile
167(1)
10.4.3.3 Selection of the RHP Intervals to Be Measured
167(1)
10.4.4 A Result of the RHP Method
168(2)
10.4.5 Calculation of the Synthetic Flow Log
170(1)
10.4.6 RHP Profile Summary
171(1)
10.4.7 Advantages and Limitations of the RHP
171(1)
10.5 FLUTE MLS (Multilevel Sampling) Systems
172(46)
10.5.1 Water FLUTe
172(1)
10.5.1.1 History of Water FLUTes
172(2)
10.5.1.2 The Geometry of the Water FLUTe Design
174(5)
10.5.1.3 Function of the Water FLUTe
179(5)
10.5.1.4 Transducer Options for Monitoring Head History
184(1)
10.5.1.5 The Tracer Monitoring Capability of the Water FLUTe Design
184(1)
10.5.1.6 Materials in the Water FLUTe Construction
185(2)
10.5.1.7 Installation and Removal Procedure for Water FLUTes
187(1)
10.5.1.8 Advantages and Limitations of Water FLUTe System
187(1)
10.5.2 The SWF (Shallow Water FLUTe)
188(1)
10.5.2.1 The Design and Function
188(1)
10.5.2.2 Other Advantages and Limitations of the SWF
189(2)
10.5.3 CHS (Cased Hole Sampler) Systems
191(1)
10.5.3.1 Background and History
191(2)
10.5.3.2 Geometry of the CHS
193(1)
10.5.3.3 Installation Procedure for CHS
193(3)
10.5.3.4 Purging and Sampling
196(1)
10.5.3.5 The Removal Procedure
196(1)
10.5.3.6 Special CHS Design for Potassium Permanganate
196(1)
10.5.4 The pdCHS (Positive Displacement CHS)
197(1)
10.5.4.1 The Design of the pdCHS System
197(2)
10.5.4.2 Simultaneous Purging and Sampling of the pdCHS
199(1)
10.5.4.3 Installation and Removal of the pdCHS
200(1)
10.5.4.4 Installation of CHS and pdCHS with Mud or Grout-Filled Liner
200(2)
10.5.4.5 Installation of CHS Systems in Uncased Holes
202(1)
10.5.5 Use of ACT Systems with the CHS Systems
203(1)
10.5.6 Depth Limitations for CHS and pdCHS Systems
204(1)
10.5.6.1 Depth Limits for CHS Systems
204(1)
10.5.6.2 Depth Limits for pdCHS Systems
205(1)
10.5.7 Relative Cost of the CHS Based Systems
206(1)
10.5.8 Advantages and Limitations of Both CHS Systems
206(1)
10.5.9 Use of FLUTe MLS Systems in General
207(1)
10.5.9.1 Water FLUTe (In Use Since 1996)
207(1)
10.5.9.2 Shallow Water FLUTe (SWF) (In Use Since 2014)
207(1)
10.5.9.3 CHS Systems (In Use Since 2018)
207(1)
10.5.9.4 Mapping Cross-Hole Connection with FLUTe MLS Systems
208(5)
10.5.10 Comparison of FLUTe MLS Systems with Other MLS Systems
213(1)
10.5.11 The DEIL
214(1)
10.5.11.1 The Purpose and Design of the DEIL (Discrete Extraction and Injection Liner)
214(1)
10.5.11.2 The Geometry of the DEIL Liner
215(1)
10.5.11.3 The DEIL Design Advantages and Limitations
216(1)
10.5.12 Other Special CHS Systems
217(1)
10.5.12.1 Many Head Measurements in a CHS
217(1)
10.5.12.2 Hybrid pdCHS for Deep Boreholes
217(1)
10.6 Stretch of Liners as Important to FLUTe Methods
218(5)
Chapter 11 FLUTe Vadose Multi-Level Measurements
223(6)
11.1 Pore Gas Sampling
223(2)
11.1.1 The Geometry
223(1)
11.1.2 The Gas Sampling Procedure
223(2)
11.2 Pore Liquid Sampling in the Vadose Zone
225(4)
11.2.1 The Use
225(1)
11.2.2 The Geometry of Pore Liquid Sampling
225(1)
11.2.3 The Sampling Procedure for Pore Water
225(1)
11.2.3.1 Other FLUTe Measurements in the Vadose Zone
226(1)
11.2.3.2 In Summary
227(2)
Chapter 12 The TACL (Traveling Acoustic Coupling Liner)
229(4)
12.1 The TACL Method
229(3)
12.2 Use of the Blank Liner to Provide Coupling of Fiber Optic Cables
232(1)
Chapter 13 Application of Combinations of Liners and Other Methods
233(14)
13.1 The FLUTe Sequence
233(1)
13.2 Lahd (Liner Augmentation of Horizontal Drilling)
234(1)
13.3 Progressive Packers
234(3)
13.3.1 Purpose of Design
234(1)
13.3.2 The Method
235(1)
13.3.3 Emplacement Technique
235(1)
13.3.4 The Means of Keeping the Liners Pressurized
235(1)
13.3.5 Other Concepts of Potential Use of the Progressive Packer
236(1)
13.4 Towing Sondes and Supporting Boreholes for Logging
237(1)
13.5 Transparent Liner
237(1)
13.6 Duet Method
238(1)
13.7 Vertical Conductivity Measurements Using FLUTe MLSs
239(2)
13.8 Liner Pressurization for Shallow Water Tables or Artesian Conditions
241(6)
13.8.1 The Problem Addressed
241(1)
13.8.2 FLUTe's Weighted Inverted Liner Design (WILD)
242(1)
13.8.2.1 The Wild Method
242(1)
13.8.2.2 Advantages and Limitations of the WILD Design
243(1)
13.8.3 The Submerged Standpipe Design
244(1)
13.8.3.1 The Function of the Submerged Standpipe Design
245(1)
13.8.3.2 Details of the Function
245(2)
Chapter 14 CSC (Continuous Screened Casing) Design
247(28)
14.1 Purpose and Design
247(2)
14.2 Calculation of Flow in the Interrupted Annulus
249(12)
14.2.1 The Results of the Calculation
251(1)
14.2.1.1 Calculation No. 1: Calculation with No Seals in the Annulus
251(2)
14.2.1.2 Calculation No. 2: Calculation with Grout Seals in the Annulus
253(1)
14.2.1.3 Calculation No. 3: Calculation with Seals in the Annulus and Allowing Radial Horizontal Flow from the Annulus
253(1)
14.2.1.4 Calculation No. 4: Calculation with Seals in the Annulus and Allowing Radial Horizontal Flow from the Annulus and upon Increasing Formation Conductivity by Factor of 10
254(1)
14.2.2 What May Be the Definition of Significant Vertical Flow?
254(2)
14.2.3 What Steady-State Flow Calculations Show about Significant Bypass of the Seals
256(3)
14.2.4 Optimizing the Design
259(2)
14.3 The Construction of the CSC Design
261(2)
14.4 Combined Overburden and Bedrock Access
263(4)
14.4.1 Discussion of the Design Function
265(1)
14.4.2 Conclusion of the CSC Design
266(1)
14.5 T Profiles in Continuous Screened Casing
267(5)
14.5.1 Bypass of the Liner in the Sand Pack
267(5)
14.6 Conclusion
272(3)
Chapter 15 Other Applications of Liners
275(6)
15.1 Use of Liners in Angled, Horizontal, and Tortuous Boreholes or Pipes
275(6)
15.1.1 The LAHD History
275(2)
15.1.2 The LAHD Method
277(3)
15.1.3 Advantages of the LAHD Method
280(1)
Chapter 16 FLUTe Calculational Models
281(16)
16.1 The Crooked Pipe Model
281(5)
16.1.1 History and Purpose
281(1)
16.1.2 The Drag Model in a Crooked Pipe
282(1)
16.1.3 Parameters for a Crooked Pipe Calculation of Liner Travel
283(3)
16.1.4 Advantages of the Crooked Pipe Model
286(1)
16.2 Transient Correction Model of the T Profile Method
286(3)
16.3 Extrapolation to the Equilibrium Asymptote for the RHP
289(2)
16.3.1 How to Calculate an Asymptotic Limit for an Exponential Approach to Equilibrium
290(1)
16.4 Fracture Aperture Calculation Model Using the T Profile Data
291(4)
16.4.1 The Model
292(3)
16.5 Data Reductions of T Profile
295(1)
16.5.1 Who Does the Data Reduction
295(1)
16.5.2 When Is the Data Reduced to a T Profile
295(1)
16.6 Data Reduction of RHP
295(1)
16.7 Data Reduction for the Act
295(1)
16.8 Fact Diffusion Models
296(1)
Chapter 17 Installation Procedures of Many Kinds
297(2)
Chapter 18 The Manufacturing Machines and Facilities Developed for Liner Fabrication
299(2)
18.1 Specially Designed RF Welding Machines
299(1)
18.2 Dye Striping Machine
299(1)
18.3 Compression Wrapping Machine
299(1)
18.4 Air-Driven Canisters
300(1)
18.5 EP Marking Methods
300(1)
18.6 Port Welding Machines and Other Attachments
300(1)
18.7 Long Trays for Eversions
300(1)
Chapter 19 Conclusion
301(2)
References 303(2)
Index 305
Carl Keller is the owner and principal scientist of Flexible Liner Underground Technologies (FLUTe), a business of fabricating and installing the products of his inventions which include a wide range of unique underground measurement methods and monitoring techniques related to ground water contamination. At FLUTe, he performs the duties of principal scientist and CEO. He also serves as a consultant on matters of his scientific experience. He has patents on multi-level ground water sampling methods, hydraulic conductivity measurements in boreholes, the lining of ducting for decontamination, a progressive packer device for horizontal holes, liner augmentation of horizontal drilling, DNAPL mapping, mapping the dissolved phase of contaminants, mapping the vertical head distribution, and rehabilitation of piping and sewer lines. He has 30 patents on underground measurement methods, 29 use flexible liners. He has patents in 13 foreign countries. His methods are in use in all 50 States, Canada, Brazil, Japan, Denmark, Sweden, France, UK, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Australia, South Africa, South Korea, Germany, and Spain. In 2008 he received the National Groundwater Association Technology Award.
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