Summary |
|
1 | (7) |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
|
8 | (16) |
|
Literacy in the United States |
|
|
8 | (7) |
|
Study Charge, Scope, and Approach |
|
|
15 | (6) |
|
Conceptual Framework and Approach to the Review of Evidence |
|
|
15 | (4) |
|
|
19 | (2) |
|
Organization of the Report |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
2 Foundations of Reading and Writing |
|
|
24 | (46) |
|
Social, Cultural, and Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Literacy Development |
|
|
25 | (6) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Teacher Knowledge, Skills, and Beliefs |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Neurocognitive Mechanisms |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (14) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
|
39 | (6) |
|
|
45 | (9) |
|
Components and Processes of Writing |
|
|
46 | (4) |
|
|
50 | (4) |
|
Neurobiology of Reading and Writing Development and Difficulties |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Implications for Instruction |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Instruction for Struggling Readers and Writers |
|
|
57 | (7) |
|
Decontextualized Interventions |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Principles of Instruction for Struggling Learners |
|
|
58 | (6) |
|
Reading and Writing Across the Life Span |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
|
67 | (3) |
|
3 Literacy Instruction for Adults |
|
|
70 | (36) |
|
Contexts for Literacy Learning |
|
|
71 | (13) |
|
|
71 | (6) |
|
Literacy Instruction in Adult Education Programs |
|
|
77 | (4) |
|
Developmental Education Courses in Colleges |
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
Instructional Practices and Outcomes: State of the Research |
|
|
84 | (8) |
|
Assumptions and Sources of Evidence |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
Orientation to the Findings |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Adults in Basic and Secondary Education Programs |
|
|
86 | (6) |
|
Topics for Future Study from Adult Literacy Research |
|
|
92 | (5) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Contextualized Instruction |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Funds of Knowledge and Authentic Learning Experiences |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Social, Psychological, and Functional Outcomes |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Underprepared Postsecondary Students |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
Summary and Directions for Research |
|
|
99 | (7) |
|
4 Principles of Learning for Instructional Design |
|
|
106 | (24) |
|
The Development of Expertise |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
Supporting Attention, Retention, and Transfer |
|
|
109 | (6) |
|
Present Material in a Clear and Organized Format |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Use Multiple and Varied Examples |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Present Material in Multiple Modalities and Formats |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Teach in the Zone of Proximal Development |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
Space Presentations of New Material |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
Test on Multiple Occasions, Preferably with Spacing |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
Ground Concepts in Perceptual-Motor Experiences |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
Supporting Generation of Content and Reasoning |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
Encourage the Learner to Generate Content |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Encourage the Generation of Explanations, Substantive Questions, and the Resolution of Contradictions |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
Encourage the Learner to Construct Ideas from Multiple Points of View and Different Perspectives |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Complex Strategies, Critical Thinking, Inquiry, and Self-Regulated Learning |
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
Structure Instruction to Develop Effective Use of Complex Strategies |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
Combine Complex Strategy Instruction with Learning of Content |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
Accurate and Timely Feedback Helps Learning |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Qualitative Feedback Is Better for Learning Than Test Scores and Error Flagging |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Adaptive and Interactive Learning Environments |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Adaptive Learning Environments Foster Understanding in Complex Domains |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
Interactive Learning Environments Facilitate Learning |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Learning Is Facilitated in Genuine and Coherent Learning Environments |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Learning Is Influenced by Motivation and Emotion |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Summary and Directions for Research |
|
|
126 | (4) |
|
5 Motivation, Engagement, and Persistence |
|
|
130 | (32) |
|
The Psychology of Motivation and Learning |
|
|
131 | (20) |
|
|
134 | (9) |
|
|
143 | (8) |
|
Social, Contextual, and Systemic Mediators of Persistence |
|
|
151 | (7) |
|
Formal School Structures and Persistence |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Cultural and Linguistic Differences |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
Social Relationships and Interactions |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Potentially Negative Effects of Stereotype |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Social and Systemic Supports for and Barriers to Persistence |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
|
158 | (4) |
|
6 Technology to Promote Adult Literacy |
|
|
162 | (17) |
|
Classes of Technologies for Learning |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
How Technologies Affect Learning |
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
Digital Tools for Practicing Skills |
|
|
169 | (8) |
|
Summary and Directions for Research |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
7 Learning, Reading, and Writing Disabilities |
|
|
179 | (27) |
|
|
180 | (12) |
|
|
182 | (5) |
|
|
187 | (5) |
|
Developing Brain Systems in Struggling Readers |
|
|
192 | (6) |
|
Brain Structure and Function |
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
Accommodations to Support Literacy Learning |
|
|
198 | (5) |
|
|
199 | (2) |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
Summary and Directions for Research |
|
|
203 | (3) |
|
8 Language and Literacy Development of English Language Learners |
|
|
206 | (30) |
|
Component Literacy Skills of English Language Learners |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Influences on Language and Literacy in a Second Language |
|
|
210 | (10) |
|
First Language Knowledge and Education Level |
|
|
210 | (4) |
|
English Language Proficiency |
|
|
214 | (2) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Aptitude for a Second Language |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Reading and Learning Disabilities |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Cultural Knowledge and Background |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
Approaches to Second Language Literacy Instruction |
|
|
220 | (13) |
|
Integration of Explicit Instruction and Implicit Learning of Language and Literacy |
|
|
221 | (4) |
|
Development of Language and Knowledge for Learning and Reading Comprehension |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
Access to Language and Literacy Practice Outside Classrooms |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Leveraging Knowledge in the First Language, When Available |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Integrated Multimodal Instruction |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
Affective Aspects of Learning and Instruction |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (3) |
|
Summary and Directions for Research |
|
|
233 | (3) |
|
9 Conclusions and Recommendations |
|
|
236 | (27) |
|
|
238 | (13) |
|
Adult Learners and Learning Environments |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
Principles of Effective Literacy Instruction |
|
|
240 | (4) |
|
English Language Learners |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
Adult Literacy Instruction: State of the Evidence |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
251 | (8) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Priorities for Basic and Applied Research |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Priorities for Translational Science |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
Large-Scale Data Collection and Information Gathering |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Concluding Thoughts: Leadership and Partnership |
|
|
259 | (4) |
|
References and Bibliography |
|
|
263 | (122) |
|
|
|
A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff |
|
|
385 | (7) |
|
B Literacy in a Digital Age |
|
|
392 | (15) |
|
Adult Literacy Practices and Proficiencies |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
Adults' Engagement with Information and Communication Technologies |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Instructional Practices and Learning Environments |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (6) |
|
C Interventions to Develop the Component Literacy Skills of Low-Literate Adults |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
A Study Populations and Sample Characteristics |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
B Intervention Practices, Intensity, Duration, and Attrition Rates |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
C Study Instruments by Measurement Construct by Study |
|
|
412 | (5) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
D Search Procedures and Reviewed Studies of Adult Literacy Instruction |
|
|
417 | |