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PART I The Microbial World |
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1 Scope of Microbiology and Infection Control |
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2 | (4) |
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Role of Microorganisms in Infection Control |
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2 | (1) |
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Discovery of Microorganisms and Infection Control Procedures |
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2 | (1) |
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Important Activities of Microorganisms |
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3 | (3) |
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2 Characteristics of Microorganisms |
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6 | (11) |
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6 | (8) |
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Bacterial Names and Differentiation |
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6 | (1) |
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Cell Morphology and Structure |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Controlling Virus Replication |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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3 Development of Infectious Diseases |
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17 | (9) |
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Steps in Disease Development |
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17 | (3) |
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Source of the Microorganism |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Spread of Microorganisms to Another Person |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Chain of Infection and Prevention |
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20 | (1) |
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Host-Microorganism Interactions |
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20 | (6) |
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Pathogenic Properties of Microorganisms |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (7) |
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26 | (2) |
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Changes in Human Demographics or Behaviors |
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28 | (1) |
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International Travel and Commerce |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Breakdown in Public Health Measures |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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5 Oral Microbiology and Plaque-Associated Diseases |
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33 | (8) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Periodontal Diseases |
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36 | (1) |
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Types of Periodontal Diseases |
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36 | (1) |
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Microorganisms in Periodontal Diseases |
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37 | (1) |
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Prevention of Plaque-Associated Diseases |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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PART II Infection Control |
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41 | (10) |
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41 | (5) |
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41 | (4) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease |
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46 | (5) |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
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46 | (1) |
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Disease States and Symptoms |
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46 | (1) |
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Oral Manifestations of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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7 Oral and Respiratory Diseases |
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51 | (12) |
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51 | (3) |
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Human Herpesviruses Types 1 and 2 Diseases |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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Oral Syphilis and Gonorrhea |
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53 | (1) |
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Herpangina and Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease |
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54 | (1) |
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Systemic Diseases With Oral Lesions |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
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Streptococcal Pharyngitis |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia |
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57 | (1) |
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Coronavirus Diseases (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) |
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58 | (1) |
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Human Herpesvirus Type 5 Diseases |
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59 | (1) |
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Human Herpesviruses Types 6, 7, and 8 Diseases |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Other Respiratory Diseases |
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59 | (1) |
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Waterborne Disease Agents |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Other Microbes in Dental Unit Water |
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60 | (1) |
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
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60 | (3) |
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8 Infection Control Rationale and Regulations |
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63 | (18) |
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Rationale for Infection Control |
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63 | (4) |
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Principles of Infection Prevention and Control |
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63 | (1) |
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Pathways for Cross-Contamination |
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64 | (3) |
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Goal of Infection Control |
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67 | (1) |
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Recommendations and Regulations |
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67 | (2) |
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Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Precautions |
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67 | (1) |
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Infection Control Recommendations |
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67 | (1) |
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Infection Control Regulations |
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68 | (1) |
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Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Bloodborne Pathogens Standard |
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69 | (6) |
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69 | (1) |
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Communication of Biohazards |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Postexposure Medical Evaluation and Follow-Up |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Engineering and Work Practice Controls |
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73 | (1) |
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Personal Protective Equipment |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Instrument Sterilization not Covered by Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
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75 | (1) |
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Summary of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Infection Control Recommendations for Dentistry |
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75 | (6) |
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Interim Guidance for Dental Settings During the COVID-19 Pandemic |
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75 | (1) |
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Basic Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for Dental Settings |
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76 | (1) |
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Administrative Measures (New in 2016) |
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76 | (1) |
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Infection Prevention Education and Training (New in 2016) |
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76 | (1) |
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Personnel Health Elements of an Infection Control Program |
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76 | (1) |
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Prevention of Transmission of Bloodborne Pathogens |
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76 | (1) |
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Prevention of Exposures to Blood and Other Potentially Infectious Materials |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Personal Protective Equipment |
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76 | (1) |
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Contact Dermatitis and Latex Hypersensitivity |
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76 | (1) |
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Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette (New in 2016) |
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76 | (1) |
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Sterilization and Disinfection of Patient Care Items |
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77 | (1) |
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Environmental Infection Control |
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77 | (1) |
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Dental Unit Water Lines, Biofilms, and Water Quality |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Dental Handpieces and Other Devices Attached to Air and Water Lines |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Aseptic Technique for Parenteral Medications |
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78 | (1) |
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Single-Use (Disposable) Devices |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Handling of Extracted Teeth |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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9 Preparing for Patient Safety and Occupational Health |
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81 | (7) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Setting the Stage for Safety |
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81 | (1) |
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How Infection Control Benefits Patients |
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81 | (1) |
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How Infection Control Benefits Dental Personnel |
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81 | (7) |
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Regulations and Recommendations |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (5) |
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88 | (7) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Antiviral Drugs for Influenza |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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Risk of Missing an Important Opportunity |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (7) |
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95 | (1) |
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Protective Value of Hand Hygiene |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (5) |
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Properties of Hand Hygiene Agents |
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99 | (1) |
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Other Hand Hygiene Considerations |
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99 | (3) |
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12 Personal Protective Barriers |
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102 | (14) |
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102 | (5) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Harmful Reactions to Gloves |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Placing and Removing Equipment Barriers |
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112 | (1) |
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Properties of Protective Equipment |
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113 | (1) |
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Personal Protective Equipment for Use With Ebola Patients |
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113 | (3) |
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13 Instrument Reprocessing |
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116 | (31) |
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Health Advisory From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
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116 | (1) |
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Sterilization Versus Disinfection |
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116 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Categories of Patient Care Items |
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118 | (1) |
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Sterility Assurance for Patient Protection |
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118 | (1) |
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Instrument Reprocessing Procedures |
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118 | (19) |
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General Administrative Procedures |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Transport and Waste Management |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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Corrosion Control, Drying, and Lubrication |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (3) |
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Unsaturated Chemical Vapor Sterilization |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (7) |
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137 | (1) |
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Design of the Instrument Reprocessing Area |
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137 | (2) |
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General Location and Utilities |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Sterilization of Heat-Labile Items |
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141 | (1) |
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Other Methods of Sterilization |
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142 | (1) |
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Sterilization of Prion-Contaminated Instruments |
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142 | (1) |
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Properties of Decontamination and Sterilization Equipment and Products |
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142 | (5) |
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14 Surface and Equipment Asepsis |
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147 | (13) |
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Types of Dental Environmental Surfaces |
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147 | (1) |
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How Dental Environmental Surfaces Become Contaminated |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Survival of Microbes on Environmental Surfaces |
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147 | (1) |
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Approaches to Surface Asepsis |
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148 | (8) |
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148 | (2) |
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Precleaning and Disinfection |
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150 | (1) |
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Approaches to Precleaning and Disinfection |
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150 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Disinfectants |
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151 | (5) |
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations for Surface Asepsis |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Cleaning and Disinfection |
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156 | (1) |
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Equipment Decontamination |
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156 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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Management of High-Tech Equipment |
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157 | (1) |
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Aseptic Distribution of Dental Supplies |
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158 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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15 Dental Unit Water Asepsis and Air Quality |
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160 | (10) |
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160 | (1) |
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Presence of Microorganisms in Dental Unit Water |
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160 | (1) |
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Types and Importance of Microorganisms in Dental Unit Water |
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160 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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Nontuberculous Mycobacterium |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Bionfilm in Dental Water Lines |
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162 | (3) |
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General Nature of Biofilm |
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162 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation |
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163 | (1) |
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Rate of Biofilm Formation |
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163 | (2) |
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Need to Improve Dental Unit Water Quality |
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165 | (1) |
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Current Infection Control Recommendations |
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165 | (1) |
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
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165 | (1) |
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United States Food and Drug Administration |
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165 | (1) |
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American Dental Association |
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166 | (1) |
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Organization for Safety, Asepsis, and Prevention |
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166 | (1) |
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Dental Unit Water and Infection Control |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Flushing of the Water Lines |
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166 | (1) |
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Minimizing Sprays and Spatter |
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166 | (1) |
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Barriers for the Patient and Dental Team |
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166 | (1) |
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Approaches to Improve Dental Unit Water Quality |
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166 | (1) |
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Independent Water Reservoirs |
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166 | (1) |
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Decontaminating and Antimicrobial Agents |
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167 | (1) |
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Source Water Treatment Systems |
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167 | (1) |
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Sterile Water Delivery Systems |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (5) |
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Touching of as Few Surfaces as Possible |
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170 | (1) |
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Donning and Doffing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |
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170 | (1) |
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Minimization of Dental Aerosols and Spatter |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Housekeeping and Cleaning |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Flooring, Carpeting, and Upholstery |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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17 Laboratory and Radiographic Asepsis |
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175 | (6) |
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175 | (3) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Microbially Soiled Prostheses and Impressions |
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175 | (1) |
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Grinding, Polishing, and Blasting |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Return of Completed Cases |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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Unit, Film, and Patient Preparation |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Digital Radiographic Sensors |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (6) |
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Comprehensive Waste Management Plan |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Infectious Waste Management |
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182 | (1) |
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Blood in a Liquid or Semiliquid Form |
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182 | (1) |
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Pathogenic Waste (Teeth and Other Tissues) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (3) |
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19 Prevention of Sharps Injuries |
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187 | (7) |
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Risks From Sharps Injuries |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Prevention of Sharps Injuries |
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187 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Needlestick Prevention Act |
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188 | (1) |
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International Safety Center |
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189 | (1) |
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Specific Prevention Approaches |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (4) |
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190 | (1) |
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Dental Anesthetic Injections |
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191 | (3) |
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20 Asepsis Protocols, SOPs, and Checklists |
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194 | (11) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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Regulations, Recommendations, Administration, Record Keeping |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Medical Conditions and Work Restrictions |
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195 | (1) |
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Immunizations and Testing |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Patient Screening and Triage During Times of Significant Disease Occurrence |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Before Seating the Patient |
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197 | (1) |
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After Seating the Patient |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (4) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (1) |
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Removal of Personal Protective Equipment |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Daylight Loader Processing |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (3) |
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21 General Office Safety and Asepsis |
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205 | (5) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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Respiratory Hygiene and Cough Etiquette |
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206 | (1) |
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Contamination From Outside |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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22 Greener Infection Control |
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210 | (5) |
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210 | (1) |
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Adverse Environmental Impacts |
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210 | (1) |
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Recycling and Biodegradation |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Evaluating Specific Infection Control Procedures |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Personal Protective Barriers |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Summary of Procedures for Greener Infection Prevention |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Final Comments and Futuristic Thinking |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
23 Cross-Contamination Between Work and Home |
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215 | (5) |
|
Routes of Spread From the Office to Home |
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215 | (1) |
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|
215 | (1) |
|
Personal Items, Hands, and Hair |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Routes of Spread From Home to the Office |
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|
215 | (3) |
|
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Clothing and Personal Items |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Food Preparation and Storage |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Taking Lunches or Other Foods to Work |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
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218 | (2) |
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|
|
|
24 Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
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220 | (4) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Mission, Rights, and Responsibilities |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Responsibilities of Employers |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Coverage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
State Safety and Health Programs |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Training Programs |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Department of Labor 2018 to 2022 Strategic Plan |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
25 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Inspections |
|
|
224 | (5) |
|
About Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
What Does the Inspection Process Involve? |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Responds to the Complaint |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
What Are the Possible Outcomes of an Inspection? |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
26 Management of the Office Safety Program |
|
|
229 | (9) |
|
Infection Control Coordinator |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Duties of an Infection Control Coordinator |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
Managing the Components of the Program |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Developing and Maintaining Documents and Records |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Compliance With Regulations and Recommendations |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Developing Standard Operating Procedures |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Develop Responses to Emergencies |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Procure and Manage Safety Products and Equipment |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Evaluate Products and Equipment |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Use and Maintain Products and Equipment Correctly |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Infection Control Overkill |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
27 Managing Chemicals Safely |
|
|
238 | (16) |
|
Hazard Communication Program |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
Hazard Communication Standard |
|
|
240 | (4) |
|
Original Hazard Communication Standard Updated in 2012 |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Purpose of the Hazard Communication Standard |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Scope and Application of the Hazard Communication Standard |
|
|
241 | (3) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Written Hazard Communication Program |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
Inventory and Listing of Hazardous Chemicals |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Labels and Other Forms of Warning |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Safety Data Sheets (Formerly Known as Material Safety Data Sheets) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Employee Information and Training |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
General Principles for Working With Laboratory Chemicals |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Chemical Hygiene Responsibilities |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (3) |
|
28 Employee Fire Prevention and Emergency Action Plans |
|
|
254 | (5) |
|
29 CFR Parts 1910.38 and 1910.39 |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Solutions |
|
|
255 | (4) |
|
29 Infection Control Concerns During Remodeling and Construction |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Making Construction Policy |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Construction and Remodeling |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
30 Infection Control Breaches and Disease Transmissions in Dental Facilities |
|
|
262 | (6) |
|
Transmission of Herpes Virus in a Dental Setting in the United States |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Dental Patients in England |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Legionella pneumophila to Dental Patients |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Hepatitis B in Dental Settings |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Spread of Hepatitis B From Dentists to Patients in the United States |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Spread of Hepatitis B From Patient to Patient in the United States |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Spread of Hepatitis B Virus in a Portable Dental Clinic in West Virginia |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Hepatitis B in Dental Workers |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus From Patient to Patient in Oklahoma |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus to Dental Patients |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Transmission of Waterborne Mycobacterium abscessus to Pediatric Dental Patients |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Other Infection Control Breaches |
|
|
266 | (2) |
| Appendix A Resource List |
|
268 | (2) |
| Appendix B Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Guidance for Dental Settings |
|
270 | (9) |
| Appendix C Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health Care Settings |
|
279 | (9) |
| Appendix D Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Prevention of Tuberculosis in Dental Settings |
|
288 | (3) |
| Appendix E Organization for Safety, Asepsis, and Prevention |
|
291 | (2) |
| Appendix F Exposure Incident Report |
|
293 | (2) |
| Appendix G Infection Control and the American Dental Association |
|
295 | (1) |
| Appendix H The Occupational Safety and Health Administration Bloodborne Pathogens Standard |
|
296 | (10) |
| Appendix I The Occupational Safety and Health Administration Hazard Communication Standard |
|
306 | (10) |
| Glossary |
|
316 | (10) |
| Index |
|
326 | |
