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El. knyga: Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions

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  • Išleidimo metai: 13-Jan-2022
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108636124
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Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and ExtensionsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 13-Jan-2022
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108636124
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This essential reference for students and scholars in the input-output research and applications community has been fully revised and updated to reflect important developments in the field. Expanded coverage includes construction and application of multiregional and interregional models, including international models and their application to global economic issues such as climate change and international trade; structural decomposition and path analysis; linkages and key sector identification and hypothetical extraction analysis; the connection of national income and product accounts to input-output accounts; supply and use tables for commodity-by-industry accounting and models; social accounting matrices; non-survey estimation techniques; and energy and environmental applications. Input-Output Analysis is an ideal introduction to the subject for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in many scholarly fields, including economics, regional science, regional economics, city, regional and urban planning, environmental planning, public policy analysis and public management.

The fully updated new edition of this classic textbook is an essential reference for students and scholars in applied economics, regional science and public policy. It blends extensive development of the basic and advanced concepts of input-output analysis with applications and illustrations of these concepts with real-world data.

Recenzijos

'It is not an exaggeration to call this book the Bible of input-output practitioners. Past editions of this book have served as the undergraduate and post-graduate textbook, introducing scholars from outside the Economics discipline to extended topics such as social accounting, resource depletion, pollution, and environmental impacts. The book has recently enjoyed increased popularity and attention at higher levels of academic and decision-making impact. Therefore, this latest edition book is a timely update of a truly seminal foundation.' Manfred Lenzen, The University of Sydney 'This book comes just at a time when multi-country input-output analysis has become the key instrument to understand the economic, social and environmental consequences of international trade flows between sectors, global value chains or supply chains disruptions, caused for example by COVID-19. The authors draw on the traditional literature and expand it again very smartly to incorporate the latest advances in input-output analysis, thus offering the reader a reference unique for students, professionals, researchers and policy makers around the world.' José M. Rueda-Cantuche, European Commission Joint Research Centre 'Since the publication of the second edition of this book, the world changed rapidly when production activities became organized in global value chains and we started to realize that our consumption at home also had environmental consequences on the other side of the globe. To handle the new circumstances, today's analyses require global input-output tables and models. This new, third edition includes a discussion of such tables and models, and their application to relevant issues such as climate change and international trade. In other words, the input-output textbook is up-to-date again.' Erik Dietzenbacher, University of Groningen 'The expanding community of scholars and practitioners who have used the prior two editions will welcome the addition of a third version that addresses the increasing use of input-output systems in environmental and trade modeling, with attention to life-cycle analysis and value chains. This edition retains the book's stature as an amazingly valuable digestion of an ever-expanding literature that is presented in a logical and clear fashion.' Geoffrey J.D. Hewings, University of Illinois 'It is highly difficult if not impossible for input-output researchers to write a new textbook on the field, because they already have at hand Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. This book is so comprehensive in coverage and continuously evolving for updates, allowing very little room for other scholars to supplement. The book also embraces readers of differing levels and areas of interest, from university undergraduates to professionals, from trade economists to environmental analysts, which again makes it hard to imagine a substitute of any kind. The book is really a must-read literature.' Satoshi Inomata, The President of the International Input-Output Association & Chief Senior Researcher of Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO

Daugiau informacijos

This updated text provides coverage of the field of input-output analysis, including basic concepts and advanced developments.
List of Figures
xxiv
List of Tables
xxvi
Preface xxxi
1 Introduction and Overview
1(9)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Input--Output Analysis: The Basic Framework
2(1)
1.3 Outline for This Text
3(6)
1.4 Internet Website and Text Locations of Real Datasets
9(1)
References
9(1)
2 Foundations of Input--Output Analysis
10(53)
2.1 Introduction
10(1)
2.2 Notation and Fundamental Relationships
10(11)
2.2.1 Input--Output Transactions and National Accounts
13(2)
2.2.2 Production Functions and the Input--Output Model
15(6)
2.3 An Illustration of Input--Output Calculations
21(11)
2.3.1 Numerical Example: Hypothetical Figures -- Approach I
21(1)
Impacts on Industry Outputs
21(3)
Other Impacts
24(2)
2.3.2 Numerical Example: Hypothetical Figures -- Approach II
26(1)
2.3.3 Numerical Example: Mathematical Observations
27(2)
2.3.4 Numerical Example: The US 2003 Data
29(3)
2.4 The Power Series Approximation of (I --- A)--1
32(3)
2.4.1 A Note on Computer Speeds and Capacities
32(1)
2.4.2 The Power Series Approximation
33(2)
2.5 Open Models and Closed Models
35(7)
2.6 The Price Model
42(13)
2.6.1 Overview
42(1)
2.6.2 Physical versus Monetary Transactions
43(1)
2.6.3 The Price Model Based on Monetary Data
44(2)
2.6.4 Numerical Examples Using the Price Model Based on Monetary Data
46(1)
Example 2.1 Base Year Prices
46(1)
Example 2.2 Changed Base Year Prices
47(1)
2.6.5 Applications
48(1)
2.6.6 The Price Model Based on Physical Data
48(1)
Introduction of Prices
49(2)
Relationship between A and C
51(1)
2.6.7 Numerical Examples Using the Price Model Based on Physical Data
51(1)
Example 2.3 Base Year Prices
51(1)
Example 2.4 Changed Base Year Prices
52(1)
2.6.8 The Quantity Model Based on Physical Data
52(2)
2.6.9 A Basic National Income Identity
54(1)
2.7 Summary
55(1)
Appendix 2.1 The Relationship between Approaches I and II
56(1)
Appendix 2.2 The Hawkins--Simon Conditions
56(4)
References
60(3)
3 Input--Output Models at the Regional Level
63(49)
3.1 Introduction
63(2)
3.2 Single-Region Models
65(5)
3.2.1 National Coefficients
65(2)
3.2.2 Regional Coefficients
67(2)
3.2.3 Closing a Regional Model with Respect to Households
69(1)
3.3 Many-Region Models: The Interregional Approach
70(12)
3.3.1 Basic Structure of Two-Region Interregional Input--Output Models
72(3)
3.3.2 Interregional Feedbacks in the Two-Region Model
75(2)
3.3.3 Numerical Example: Hypothetical Two-Region Interregional Case
77(4)
3.3.4 Interregional Models with More than Two Regions
81(1)
3.3.5 Implementation of the IRIO Model
82(1)
3.4 Many-Region Models: The Multiregional Approach
82(14)
3.4.1 The Regional Tables
82(3)
3.4.2 The Interregional Tables
85(1)
3.4.3 The Multiregional Model
86(2)
3.4.4 Numerical Example: Hypothetical Two-Region Multiregional Case
88(3)
3.4.5 The US MRIO Models
91(1)
3.4.6 Numerical Example: The Chinese Multiregional Model for 2012
92(4)
3.5 The Balanced Regional Model
96(5)
3.5.1 Structure of the Balanced Regional Model
96(4)
3.5.2 Numerical Example
100(1)
3.6 The Spatial Scale of Regional and Interregional Models
101(3)
3.6.1 Cities or Smaller Areas
102(1)
3.6.2 States or Other National Subdivisions
102(1)
3.6.3 Multicountry (or Multinational) Areas
102(2)
3.7 Summary
104(1)
Appendix 3.1 Basic Relationships in the Multiregional Input--Output Model
104(1)
Appendix 3.2 Sectoral and Regional Aggregation in the 2012 Chinese Multiregional Model
105(1)
Appendix 3.3 The Balanced Regional Model and the Inverse of a Partitioned (I -- A) Matrix
106(1)
References
107(5)
4 Organization of Basic Data for Input--Output Models
112(64)
4.1 Introduction
112(1)
4.2 Observations on Ad Hoc Survey-Based Input--Output Tables
112(1)
4.3 Observations on Common Methods for Generating Input--Output Tables
113(1)
4.4 A System of National Economic Accounts
114(14)
4.4.1 The Circular Flow of Income and Consumer Expenditure
117(1)
4.4.2 Savings and Investment
118(2)
4.4.3 Adding Overseas Transactions: Imports, Exports, and Other Transactions
120(1)
4.4.4 The Government Sector
121(1)
4.4.5 The Consolidated Balance Statement for National Accounts
122(4)
4.4.6 Expressing Net Worth
126(2)
4.5 National Income and Product Accounting Conventions
128(1)
4.6 Assembling the Input--Output Accounts: The US Case
129(2)
4.7 Additional Considerations
131(12)
4.7.1 Secondary Production: Method of Reallocation
134(1)
Example 4.1 Reallocation of Secondary Production
135(1)
4.7.2 Secondary Production: Commodity-by-Industry Accounting
136(1)
Example 4.2 Commodity-by-Industry Accounts
136(1)
4.7.3 Reconciling with the National Accounts
137(2)
4.7.4 Producers' and Consumers' Prices
139(2)
Example 4.3 Trade and Transportation Margins
141(1)
4.7.5 Accounting for Imports and Exports
142(1)
Valuation of Imports
143(15)
Example 4.4 Competitive and Non-competitive Imports
145(1)
Approach A Classifying Imports by Commodity
146(1)
Approach B Classifying Imports by Purchaser
147(1)
Approach C Explicit Representation of Non-competitive Imports
148(1)
Approach D Maintaining Separate Tables of Imported and Domestic Products
149(1)
Approach E Total Supply
149(1)
The Choice among Approaches to Representing Imports
150(1)
4.7.6 Removing Competitive Imports from Total Transactions Tables
151(1)
Approximation Method I
152(1)
Approximation Method II
152(1)
Example 4.5 Import Scrubbing
153(2)
Implications of the Estimating Assumptions
155(2)
4.7.7 Adjustments for Inventory Change
157(1)
4.7.8 Adjustments for Scrap
157(1)
4.7.9 Special Considerations for Regional and Multiregional Models
157(1)
4.7.10 Summary
158(1)
4.8 Valuation and Double Deflation
158(3)
Example 4.6 Double Deflation
159(2)
4.9 The Aggregation Problem: Level of Detail in Input--Output Tables
161(7)
4.9.1 Investigating Aggregation Bias
162(1)
4.9.2 The Aggregation Matrix
163(1)
Example 4.7 Sectoral Aggregation
164(2)
4.9.3 Measures of Aggregation Bias
166(1)
Theorem 4.1
167(1)
Theorem 4.2
167(1)
4.9.4 Spatial Aggregation Bias
167(1)
4.10 Harmonization of Input--Output Data
168(1)
4.11 Summary
169(1)
Appendix 4.1 Supplemental Discussion of Aggregation Bias
169(1)
References
169(7)
5 The Commodity-by-Industry Approach in Input--Output Models
176(62)
5.1 Introduction
176(3)
5.1.1 The Use Matrix
177(1)
5.1.2 The Make Matrix
178(1)
5.2 The Basic Accounting Relationships
179(2)
5.3 Technology and Total Requirement Matrices in the Commodity-Industry Approach
181(15)
5.3.1 Industry Source of Commodity Outputs
182(1)
5.3.2 Commodity Composition of Industry Outputs
182(1)
5.3.3 Generating Total Requirements Matrices
182(1)
Using D
183(1)
Using C
184(1)
5.3.4 "Industry-Based" Technology
185(2)
5.3.5 "Commodity-Based" Technology
187(2)
5.3.6 Direct Requirements (Technical Coefficients) Matrices Derived from Basic Data
189(1)
5.3.7 Total Requirements Matrices
190(1)
Approach I Starting with Technical Coefficients
190(1)
Approach II Avoiding C-1 in Commodity Technology Cases
191(2)
Is Singularity Likely to be a Problem in Real-World Models?
193(2)
5.3.8 Commodity-by-Industry Configurations for Multiregional Models
195(1)
5.4 Numerical Examples of Alternative Direct and Total Requirements Matrices
196(1)
5.4.1 Direct Requirements Matrices
196(1)
5.4.2 Total Requirements Matrices
196(1)
Commodity-Demand-Driven Models
196(1)
Industry-Demand-Driven Models
196(1)
5.5 Negative Elements in the Commodity-Industry Framework
197(7)
5.5.1 Commodity Technology
197(1)
Direct Requirements Matrices
197(2)
Transactions Matrices
199(1)
Total Requirements Matrices
200(1)
5.5.2 Industry Technology
201(1)
Direct Requirements Matrices
201(1)
Total Requirements Matrices
201(1)
5.5.3 Making a Model Choice
202(1)
Which Model to Choose?
202(1)
Dealing with Negative Values
203(1)
5.6 Non-square Commodity-Industry Systems
204(3)
5.6.1 Commodity Technology
205(1)
5.6.2 Industry Technology
206(1)
Direct Requirements Matrices
206(1)
Total Requirements Matrices
206(1)
5.7 Mixed Technology in the Commodity-Industry Framework
207(9)
5.7.1 Commodity Technology in V1
210(1)
5.7.2 Industry Technology in V1
211(2)
5.7.3 Numerical Examples with Mixed Technology Assumptions
213(1)
Example 5.1 Commodity Technology in V1
213(1)
Example 5.2 Industry Technology in V1
214(1)
5.7.4 Additional Mixed Technology Variants
214(2)
5.8 Summary
216(2)
Appendix 5.1 Alternative Approaches to the Derivation of Transactions Matrices
218(5)
A5.1.1 Industry Technology
218(1)
Commodity-by-Commodity Requirements
218(1)
Industry-by-Industry Requirements
219(1)
A5.1.2 Commodity Technology
220(1)
Commodity-by-Commodity Requirements
220(2)
Industry-by-Industry Requirements
222(1)
Appendix 5.2 Elimination of Negatives in Commodity Technology Models
223(1)
A5.2.1 The Problem
223(11)
3 × 3 Example
223(1)
4 × 4 Example
224(1)
5 × 5 Example (from Almon, 2000)
224(1)
A5.2.2 Approaches to Elimination of Negative Elements
224(7)
A5.2.3 Results of the Iterative Procedure
231(1)
3 × 3 Example
231(2)
4 × 4 Example
233(1)
5 × 5 Example
233(1)
Appendix 5.3 Left and Right Inverses in Non-square Input--Output Systems
234(1)
References
235(3)
6 Multipliers in the Input--Output Model
238(51)
6.1 Introduction
238(1)
6.2 General Structure of Multiplier Analysis
239(15)
6.2.1 Output Multipliers
240(1)
Simple Output Multipliers
240(2)
Total Output Multipliers
242(1)
Example 6.1 The US Input--Output Model for 2003
243(1)
Output Multipliers in Commodity-Industry Models
244(1)
Commodity-Demand-Driven Models
245(1)
Industry-Demand-Driven Models
245(1)
6.2.2 Income/Employment Multipliers
245(1)
Income Multipliers
245(3)
Type I and Type II Income Multipliers
248(2)
Relationship between Simple and Total Income Multipliers or between Type I and Type II Income Multipliers
250(1)
Which Multiplier to Use?
251(1)
Even More Income Multipliers
252(1)
6.2.3 Additional (Generalized) Multipliers
253(1)
6.2.4 Summary
254(1)
6.3 Multipliers in Regional Models
254(13)
6.3.1 Regional Multipliers
256(1)
6.3.2 Interregional Input--Output Multipliers
257(1)
Intraregional Effects
258(1)
Interregional Effects
259(1)
National Effects
260(1)
Sectoral Effects
260(1)
More than Two Regions
261(1)
6.3.3 Multiregional Input--Output Multipliers
261(2)
Intraregional Effects
263(1)
Interregional Effects
263(1)
National Effects
263(1)
Sectoral Effects
264(1)
Final Demand for Goods Made in a Particular Region
264(1)
More than Two Regions
264(3)
6.4 Miyazawa Multipliers
267(8)
6.4.1 Disaggregated Household Income Groups
269(1)
6.4.2 Miyazawa's Derivation
270(2)
6.4.3 Numerical Example
272(1)
6.4.4 Adding a Spatial Dimension
273(2)
6.5 Gross and Net Multipliers in Input--Output Models
275(6)
6.5.1 Introduction
275(1)
6.5.2 Multipliers in the Net Input--Output Model
276(1)
Numerical Example
277(1)
6.5.3 Additional Multiplier Variants
278(1)
(Indirect Effects)/(Direct Effects)
278(1)
"Growth Equalized" Multipliers
279(1)
Another Kind of Net Multiplier
280(1)
6.6 Multipliers and Elasticities
281(2)
6.6.1 Output Elasticity
281(1)
6.6.2 Output-to-Output Multipliers and Elasticities
282(1)
Direct Effects
282(1)
Total Effects
282(1)
6.7 Summary
283(1)
Appendix 6.1 The Equivalence of Total Household Income Multipliers and the Elements in the Bottom Row of (I -- A)-1
284(1)
Appendix 6.2 Relationship between Type I and Type II Income Multipliers
284(2)
References
286(3)
7 Supply-Side Models, Linkages, and Important Coefficients
289(58)
7.1 Supply-Side Input--Output Models
289(12)
7.1.1 The Early Interpretation
289(3)
Numerical Illustration (Hypothetical Data)
292(1)
Numerical Application (US Data)
293(1)
7.1.2 Relationships between A and B and between L and G
293(1)
7.1.3 Comments on the Early Interpretation
294(1)
7.1.4 Joint Stability
295(1)
The Issue
295(2)
Conditions under Which Both A and B Will Be Stable
297(1)
7.1.5 Reinterpretation as a Price Model
298(1)
Connection to the Leontief Price Model (Algebra)
299(1)
Connection to the Leontief Price Model (Numerical Illustration)
299(1)
A Ghosh Quantity Model
300(1)
7.2 Linkages and Key Sectors in Input--Output Models
301(20)
7.2.1 The Early Measures
302(1)
Backward Linkage
303(1)
Forward Linkage
304(1)
7.2.2 Classifying Backward and Forward Linkage Results
305(1)
7.2.3 Spatial Linkages
306(3)
7.2.4 "Net" Backward and Forward Linkages
309(1)
Net Backward Linkage
309(1)
Net Forward Linkage
310(1)
7.2.5 Hypothetical Extraction
310(1)
Complete Extraction
310(3)
Partial Extraction: Backward Linkage
313(1)
Partial Extraction: Forward Linkage
314(2)
7.2.6 Generalized Linkage Measures
316(3)
7.2.7 Which Measures to Use?
319(1)
7.2.8 Illustration Using US Data
319(2)
7.3 Identifying Important Coefficients
321(15)
7.3.1 Mathematical Background
323(1)
7.3.2 Relative Sizes of Elements in the Leontief Inverse
324(1)
Observation 1
324(1)
Observation 2
324(1)
Observation 3
325(1)
7.3.3 "Inverse-Important" Coefficients
325(2)
7.3.4 Numerical Example
327(1)
7.3.5 Impacts on Gross Outputs
328(4)
7.3.6 Fields of Influence
332(3)
7.3.7 Additional Measures of Coefficient Importance
335(1)
Converting Output to Employment, Income, etc.
335(1)
Elasticity Coefficient Analysis
335(1)
Relative Changes in All Gross Outputs
336(1)
Impacts of Changes in More than One Element of the A Matrix
336(1)
7.4 Summary
336(1)
Appendix 7.1 The Shennan--Morrison--Woodbury Formulation
337(3)
A7.1.1 Introduction
337(2)
A7.1.2 Application to Leontief Inverses
339(1)
Appendix 7.2 Hypothetical Extractions with Partitioned Matrices
340(1)
References
340(7)
8 Decomposition Approaches
347(53)
8.1 Introduction
347(1)
8.2 Structural Decompositon (Additive)
348(20)
8.2.1 Initial Decompositions: Changes in Gross Outputs
348(2)
Numerical Example
350(2)
8.2.2 Next-Level Decompositions: Digging Deeper into Af and AL
352(1)
Additive Decompositions with Products of More than Two Terms
353(1)
Changes in Final Demand
354(1)
8.2.3 Numerical Examples
355(1)
One Category of Final Demand (p = 1)
355(1)
Two Categories of Final Demand (p = 2)
356(1)
8.2.4 Changes in the Direct Inputs Matrix
357(1)
Decomposition of AL
357(1)
Decomposition of AA
358(1)
Numerical Illustration (continued)
359(1)
8.2.5 Decompositions of Changes in Some Function of x
360(2)
8.2.6 Summary for Ax
362(1)
8.2.7 ASDA in a Multiregional Input--Output (MRIO) Model
362(1)
8.2.8 Empirical Examples
363(1)
Studies Using National Models
363(2)
Early Studies with a Spatial Dimension
365(3)
8.3 Structural Decomposition (Multiplicative)
368(7)
8.3.1 Initial Decompositions: Relative Changes in Total Gross Output
368(2)
8.3.2 A Note on Arithmetic and Geometric Means (Averages)
370(1)
8.3.3 Numerical Example (Reexamined)
371(1)
8.3.4 Multiplicative Decomposition of Changes in Some Function of x
372(1)
A Three-Factor Example
372(1)
A Four-Factor Example
373(2)
8.4 Decomposition of Multipliers
375(10)
8.4.1 Multiplier Decompositions (Multiplicative)
375(2)
8.4.2 Multiplier Decompositions in an Interregional Context
377(2)
8.4.3 Multiplier Decompositions (Additive)
379(1)
8.4.4 A Note on Interregional Feedbacks
379(1)
8.4.5 Numerical Illustration
380(5)
8.5 Paths
385(9)
8.5.1 Structural Path Analysis
386(1)
Incorporation of the Power Series Results
386(2)
Numerical Illustration
388(3)
8.5.2 Structural Path Decomposition
391(3)
8.6 Summary
394(1)
Appendix 8.1 Alternative Additive Decompositions of x = LBf
394(1)
Appendix 8.2 Additional Early Additive Structural Decomposition Studies
394(1)
Appendix 8.3 The Approximate Economy-wide Equivalence of Additive and Multiplicative SDA Effects
395(1)
Appendix 8.4 A Note on Growth Rates
395(1)
References
396(4)
9 Nonsurvey and Partial-Survey Methods: Fundamentals
400(41)
9.1 Introduction
400(1)
9.2 The Question of Stability of Input--Output Data
400(8)
9.2.1 Stability of National Coefficients
401(1)
Comparisons of Direct-Input Coefficients
402(1)
Comparisons of Leontief Inverse Matrices
403(1)
Other Summary Measures
404(1)
Data for the US Economy
404(1)
9.2.2 Constant versus Current Prices
405(1)
9.2.3 Stability of Regional Coefficients
406(1)
9.2.4 Summary
407(1)
9.3 Updating and Projecting Coefficients: Trends, Marginal Coefficients, and Best Practice Methods
408(2)
9.3.1 Trends and Extrapolation
408(1)
9.3.2 Marginal Input Coefficients
408(1)
9.3.3 "Best Practice" Firms
409(1)
9.4 Updating and Projecting Coefficients: The RAS Approach and Hybrid Methods
410(26)
9.4.1 The RAS Technique
410(8)
9.4.2 Example of the RAS Procedure
418(6)
9.4.3 Updating Coefficients versus Transactions
424(1)
Numerical Illustration
425(1)
9.4.4 An Economic Interpretation of the RAS Procedure
425(2)
9.4.5 Incorporating Additional Exogenous Information in an RAS Calculation
427(1)
9.4.6 Modified Example: One Coefficient Known in Advance
428(2)
9.4.7 Hybrid Models: RAS with Additional Information
430(1)
9.4.8 The Constrained Optimization Context
431(1)
RAS as a Distance Minimization Problem
431(2)
Alternative Measures of Matrix Distance
433(1)
9.4.9 Infcasible Problems
434(2)
9.5 Summary
436(1)
References
436(5)
10 Nonsurvey and Partial-Survey Methods: Extensions
441(60)
10.1 Introduction
441(2)
10.2 Location Quotients and Related Techniques
443(16)
10.2.1 Simple Location Quotients
443(3)
10.2.2 Variations on Simple Location Quotients
446(1)
Purchases-Only Location Quotients
447(1)
Cross-Industry Quotients
447(1)
10.2.3 Supply-Demand Pool (Commodity Balance) Approaches
448(1)
10.2.4 Fabrication Effects
449(1)
10.2.5 Addressing the Cross-Hauling Issue
450(1)
The Semilogarithmic Quotient
450(1)
The Flegg Modification, FLQ
451(1)
Augmented FLQ (AFLQ)
452(1)
The Cross-Hauling Adjusted Regionalization Method (CHARM)
453(2)
Case 1 The Region Is a Net-Exporter of Good i (bi > 0)
455(1)
Case 2 The Region Is a Net-Importer of Good i (bi < 0)
455(1)
10.2.6 Regional Purchase Coefficients
456(1)
10.2.7 "Community" Input--Output Models
457(1)
10.2.8 Summary
458(1)
10.3 RAS in a Regional Setting
459(1)
10.4 Numerical Illustration
460(2)
10.5 Exchanging Coefficients Matrices
462(1)
10.6 Estimating Interregional Flows
463(9)
10.6.1 Gravity Model Formulations
464(1)
10.6.2 Two-Region Interregional Models
465(1)
10.6.3 Two-Region Logic with More than Two Regions
466(2)
10.6.4 Estimating Commodity Inflows to a Substate Region
468(1)
10.6.5 Additional Studies
469(1)
Commodity Flows among US States
469(2)
An Optimization Model for Interregional Flows
471(1)
10.7 Selected Examples
472(5)
10.7.1 Generation of Regional Input--Output Tables (GRIT)
472(1)
10.7.2 Double-Entry Bi-regional Input--Output Tables (DEBRIOT)
473(3)
10.7.3 The Multiregional Input--Output Model for China, 2000 (CMRIO)
476(1)
10.8 International Input--Output Models
477(10)
10.8.1 Introduction
477(1)
10.8.2 Asian International Input--Output Tables
477(2)
10.8.3 "Hybrid" Many-Region Models for the European Union
479(1)
10.8.4 China-Japan "Transnational Interregional" Input--Output (TIIO) Model, 2000
480(1)
Chinese Exports to Japan for Intermediate Demand
480(2)
Applications
482(1)
10.8.5 Leontief's World Model
483(1)
10.8.6 Global Models
484(3)
10.9 The Reconciliation Issue
487(3)
10.10 Summary
490(1)
Appendix 10.1 Geographical Classifications in the World Input--Output Model
491(1)
Appendix 10.2 Detailed Results for the Numerical Illustration in Section 10.4
491(1)
Appendix 10.3 Brief History of Leontief Inverses with Errors in the Coefficients of A
491(1)
References
492(9)
11 Social Accounting Matrices
501(46)
11.1 Introduction
501(1)
11.2 Social Accounting Matrices: Background
501(2)
11.3 Social Accounting Matrices: Basic Concepts
503(1)
11.4 The Households Account
504(2)
11.5 The Value-Added Account
506(1)
11.6 Interindustry Transactions and the Input--Output Framework
507(1)
11.7 Expanding the Social Accounts
508(3)
11.8 Additional Social Accounting Variables
511(4)
11.9 A "Fully Articulated" SAM
515(1)
11.10 SAM Multipliers
516(17)
11.10.1 SAM Multipliers: Basic Structure
516(2)
11.10.2 Decomposition of SAM Multipliers
518(2)
Example 11.1 Reduced Form Case
520(5)
11.10.3 Multipliers in an Expanded SAM
525(2)
Example 11.2 The Expanded Case
527(5)
11.10.4 Additive Multipliers
532(1)
11.11 The Relationship between Input--Output and SAM Multipliers
533(5)
11.12 Balancing SAM Accounts
538(2)
11.12.1 Example: Balancing a SAM
539(1)
11.12.2 Example: Balancing a SAM with Additional Information
539(1)
11.13 Some Applications of SAMs
540(2)
11.13.1 Example: A Multiregional North American Macro-Economic SAM
540(1)
11.13.2 Example: A SAM for India
541(1)
11.14 Summary
542(1)
References
543(4)
12 Energy Input--Output Analysis
547(54)
12.1 Introduction
547(5)
12.1.1 The Origins of Energy Input--Output Analysis
548(3)
12.1.2 Early Approaches to Energy Input--Output Analysis
551(1)
12.1.3 Origins of Contemporary Approaches to Energy Input--Output Analysis
551(1)
12.2 Energy Input--Output Analysis: Conceptual Overview
552(18)
12.2.1 The Basic Energy Input--Output Formulation
554(2)
12.2.2 The Total Energy Requirements Matrix
556(4)
Example 12.1 Two-Sector Illustration of Hybrid Units Input--Output Analysis
560(1)
Example 12.2 Generalization to Several Energy Types
561(1)
12.2.3 The Hybrid Units Formulation and Energy Conservation Conditions
562(1)
Example 12.2 (Revisited): Generalization to Several Energy Types
563(1)
12.2.4 Traditional Formulation of the Energy Input--Output Model
564(2)
Example 12.3 Illustration of the Traditional Energy Input--Output Formulation
566(2)
12.2.5 Limitations of the Traditional Approach
568(2)
12.3 Further Methodological Considerations
570(6)
12.3.1 Adjusting for Energy Conversion Efficiencies
570(1)
Example 12.4 Adjusting for Energy Conversion Efficiencies
570(1)
12.3.2 Commodity-by-Industry Energy Models
571(1)
12.3.3 Accounting for Imports
572(1)
12.3.4 Interregional and Multiregional Extensions
572(1)
12.3.5 Energy Input--Output and Econometrics
573(3)
12.4 Applications
576(17)
12.4.1 Net Energy Analysis
576(1)
Example 12.5 Net Energy Analysis
577(5)
12.4.2 Energy Cost of Goods and Services
582(1)
Example 12.6 Embodied Energy Example
583(1)
12.4.3 Impacts of New Energy Technologies
584(1)
12.4.4 An Energy Tax
584(1)
12.4.5 Energy and Structural Change
585(1)
Example 12.7 Structural Energy Decomposition
585(4)
12.4.6 Energy Embodied in International Trade
589(1)
Example 12.8 Embodied Energy in Imports for the US Economy, 1997--2002
590(3)
12.4.7 Other Applications
593(1)
12.5 Summary
593(1)
Appendix 12.1 Earlier Formulation of Energy Input--Output Models
594(1)
References
595(6)
13 Environmental Input--Output Analysis
601(77)
13.1 Introduction
601(1)
13.2 The Augmented Leontief Model
602(9)
13.2.1 Pollution Generation
602(1)
Example 13.1 Pollution Generation -- Augmented Leontief Model
602(4)
13.2.2 Pollution Elimination
606(1)
Example 13.2 Pollution Elimination -- Augmented Leontief Model
607(1)
13.2.3 Existence of Non-negative Solutions
608(1)
Example 13.3 Pollution Activity -- Augmented Leontief Model
609(2)
13.3 Physical Input--Output Tables
611(3)
Example 13.4 Waste Generation as an "Input" for Production
613(1)
13.4 Life Cycle Assessment and Input--Output (LCA-IO) Models
614(4)
13.4.1 An LCA-IO Example: Hybrid-Units Material Flows -- Lead in the US Economy
615(2)
13.4.2 Other Approaches
617(1)
13.5 Multiregional Product Supply Chains
618(7)
13.5.1 The Special Case of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
618(1)
13.5.2 Measuring a Carbon Footprint
619(1)
Mathematical Formulation
620(1)
Example 13.5 Attribution of Emissions to Production or Consumption
620(1)
13.5.3 Global MRIO Models for Assessing Carbon Footprints
621(1)
Example 13.6 MRIO Consumption-Based Attribution of Emissions
622(3)
13.6 Input--Output Models with Expanded Environmental Accounts
625(1)
13.7 Generalized Input--Output Analysis: General Framework
626(5)
13.7.1 Accounting for Pollution Impacts
626(1)
13.7.2 Generalized Impacts
627(1)
Example 13.7 Generalized Input--Output Analysis
627(4)
13.7.3 Summary: Generalized Input--Output Formulations
631(1)
13.8 Generalized Input--Output Analysis: Extensions of the Planning Approach
631(22)
13.8.1 Linear Programming: A Brief Introduction by Means of the Leontief Model
632(5)
13.8.2 Multiple Objectives
637(1)
13.8.3 Conflicting Objectives and Linear Goal Programming
638(4)
13.8.4 Additional Observations on Goal Programming
642(1)
Specifying Objectives
642(1)
Tightly Constrained Problems
643(1)
Solution Methods
643(1)
13.8.5 Application to the Generalized Input--Output Planning Problem
643(6)
13.8.6 Policy Programming
649(1)
Policy Programming Example (Example 13.1 revisited)
650(3)
13.8.7 Applications of Input--Output and Multiobjective Decision-Making Models
653(1)
13.9 Ecological Commodities
653(3)
13.10 Environmentally Extended Input--Output Models
656(5)
13.10.1 Fully Integrated Models
656(1)
Toward a Circular Economy
657(1)
Analyzing Strategies for a Materials-Circular Economy
658(1)
Assessing a Materials Footprint
658(1)
13.10.2 Limited Economic--Ecologic Models
658(1)
Economic Subsystem
658(1)
Ecologic Subsystem
659(1)
Commodity-by-Industry Formulation
659(1)
Example 13.8 Limited Economic--Ecologic Models
659(2)
13.10.3 Illustrative EEIO Applications
661(1)
13.11 Pollution Dispersion
661(2)
13.11.1 Gaussian Dispersion Models
661(1)
13.11.2 Coupling Pollution Dispersion with Input--Output Models
662(1)
Example 13.9 Coupling Input--Output and Pollution Dispersion Models
662(1)
13.12 Other Applications of Environmental Input--Output Analysis
663(2)
13.12.1 Assessing Environmental Policy Initiatives
664(1)
13.12.2 Assessing Impacts of Environmental Disasters
664(1)
13.13 Summary
665(1)
References
665(13)
14 Mixed and Dynamic Models
678(44)
14.1 Introduction
678(1)
14.2 Mixed Models
678(13)
14.2.1 Exogenous Specification of One Sector's Output
679(1)
Rearranging the Basic Equations
679(2)
"Extracting" the Sector
681(1)
14.2.2 An Alternative Approach When f1, ..., fn-1 and xn Are Exogenously Specified
682(1)
14.2.3 Examples with xn Exogenous
683(1)
Example 14.1 f1 = 100,000, f2 = 200,000, x3 = 150,000
684(1)
Example 14.2 f1 = f2 = 0, x3 = 150,000
685(1)
Example 14.3 f1 = 100,000, f2 = 200,000, x3 = 100,000
686(1)
Example 14.4 The Critical Value of x3
686(1)
14.2.4 Exogenous Specification o f1, ..., fk, xk+1, ..., xn
687(3)
Example 14.5 (Example 14.2 expanded with xn--1 and xn Exogenous)
690(1)
14.3 New Industry Impacts in the Input--Output Model
691(7)
14.3.1 New Industry: The Final-Demand Approach
692(2)
14.3.2 New Industry: Complete Inclusion in the Technical Coefficients Matrix
694(2)
14.3.3 A New Firm in an Existing Industry
696(1)
14.3.4 Other Structural Changes
697(1)
14.4 Dynamic Considerations in Input--Output Models
698(15)
14.4.1 General Relationships
698(3)
14.4.2 A Three-Period Example
701(1)
Terminal Conditions
701(2)
Initial Conditions
703(1)
14.4.3 Numerical Example 1
704(1)
Terminal Conditions
704(2)
Initial Conditions
706(1)
14.4.4 Numerical Example 2
707(1)
Terminal Conditions
708(1)
Initial Conditions
708(1)
14.4.5 "Dynamic" Multipliers
709(1)
14.4.6 Turnpike Growth and Dynamic Models
710(1)
Example 14.6: Turnpike Growth
711(1)
14.4.7 Alternative Input--Output Dynamics
712(1)
14.5 Summary
713(1)
Appendix 14.1 Exogenous Specification of Some Elements of x
714(5)
A14.1.1 The General Case: An n-sector Model with k Endogenous Outputs
714(1)
A14.1.2 The Output-to-Output Multiplier Matrix
714(1)
A14.1.3 The Inverse of a Partitioned (I -- A(n)) Matrix
715(1)
A14.1.4 The Case of k = 2, n = 3
715(2)
A14.1.5 The Case of k = 1, n = 3
717(1)
A14.1.6 "Extracting" the Last (n--k) Sectors
718(1)
References
719(3)
15 Additional Topics
722(31)
15.1 Introduction
722(1)
15.2 Input--Output and Measuring Economic Productivity
723(3)
15.2.1 Total Factor Productivity
723(1)
The Physical Input--Output Model
723(1)
A Measure of Total Factor Productivity Using Input--Output Data
724(1)
15.2.2 Numerical Example
725(1)
References
726(1)
15.3 Modeling Economic Impacts of Disasters
727(2)
15.3.1 The Inoperability Input--Output Model
727(1)
15.3.2 Other Approaches
728(1)
References
729(2)
15.4 Alternative Technology Models
731(4)
15.4.1 Background
731(1)
15.4.2 Alternative Technologies
731(3)
15.4.3 Numerical Illustration
734(1)
References
735(1)
15.5 Graph Theory and Qualitative Input--Output Analysis
735(3)
References
738(1)
15.6 Fundamental Economic Structure
739(1)
References
740(1)
15.7 Variable Input--Output, Econometrics, and Computable General Equilibrium Models
740(4)
15.7.1 The Variable Input--Output Model
741(1)
15.7.2 Regional Input--Output, Econometric, and Computable General Equilibrium Models
742(2)
References
744(2)
15.8 Additional Resources for Input--Output Extensions and Applications
746(2)
15.8.1 Edited Collections
747(1)
15.8.2 Collections of Printed Articles
748(1)
References
748(1)
Appendix 15.1 More on the Derivation of Total Factor Productivity Measures
749(4)
Postscript
751(2)
Appendix A Matrix Algebra for Input--Output Models
753(14)
A.1 Introduction
753(1)
A.2 Matrix Operations: Addition and Subtraction
754(1)
A.2.1 Addition
754(1)
A.2.2 Subtraction
754(1)
A.2.3 Equality
754(1)
A.2.4 The Null Matrix
754(1)
A.3 Matrix Operations: Multiplication
754(2)
A.3.1 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Number
754(1)
A.3.2 Multiplication of a Matrix by Another Matrix
755(1)
A.3.3 The Identity Matrix
756(1)
A.4 Matrix Operations: Transposition
756(1)
A.5 Representation of Linear Equation Systems
757(1)
A.6 Matrix Operations: Division
758(3)
A.7 Diagonal Matrices
761(2)
A.8 Summation Vectors
763(1)
A.9 Matrix Inequalities
763(1)
A.10 Partitioned Matrices
763(4)
A.10.1 Multiplying Partitioned Matrices
764(1)
A.10.2 The Inverse of a Partitioned Matrix
764(3)
Appendix B Guide to Online Input--Output Data Resources for This Text
767(4)
B.1 US Input--Output Data
767(1)
B.2 Other Data Included in the Online Resource
768(1)
B.3 Exercise Problems and Solutions
769(2)
Selected References for US Input--Output Tables (1919--2018)
769(2)
Appendix C Historical Notes on the Development of Leontief's Input--Output Analysis
771(15)
C.1 Conceptual Foundations
771(1)
C.2 Quesnay and the Physiocrats
772(3)
C.3 Mathematical Formalization
775(1)
C.4 Leontief and the "Economy as a Circular Flow"
776(2)
C.5 Development of Input--Output Analysis
778(5)
References
783(3)
Author Index 786(13)
Subject Index 799
Ronald E. Miller is Professor Emeritus of Regional Science at the University of Pennsylvania. A pioneer in the development of interregional input-output models, his research providing key insights about interregional feedback effects and many other features of regional economic models spans five decades. Peter D. Blair is Distinguished Senior Fellow in the Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University. Published widely in many fields, his career includes management, research and teaching at the National Academy of Sciences, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, Technecon Analytic Research and the University of Pennsylvania.
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