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El. knyga: Instrumental Lives: An Intimate Biography of an Indian Laboratory

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Instrumental Lives is an account of instrument making at the cutting edge of contemporary science and technology in a modern Indian scientific laboratory. For a period of roughly two-and-half decades, starting the late 1980s, a research group headed by CV Dharmadhikari in the physics department at the Savitribai Phule University, Pune, fabricated a range of scanning tunneling and scanning force microscopes including the earliest such microscopes made in the country. Not only were these instruments made entirely in-house, research done using them was published in the world's leading peer reviewed journals, and students who made and trained on them went on to become top class scientists in premier institutions.

The book uses qualitative research methods such as open-ended interviews, historical analysis and laboratory ethnography that are standard in Science and Technology Studies (STS), to present the micro-details of this instrument making enterprise, the counter-intuitive methods employed, and the un-expected material, human and intellectual resources that were mobilised in the process. It locates scientific research and innovation within the social, political and cultural context of a laboratory's physical location and asks important questions of the dominant narratives of innovation that remain fixated on quantitative metrics of publishing, patenting and generating commerce.

The book is a story as much of the lives of instruments and their death as it is of the instrumentalities that make those lives possible and allow them to live on, even if a rather precarious existence.

Recenzijos

"The book gives an insight into the state of laboratories in India and scientific research and i)nnovation done in them...New, creative work can come only if young scholars strike completely new paths in working on an S&T policy in India. Fortunately, this is happening from emerging young scientists, and Sekhsarias work is definitely in that direction. His work, hopefully, will inspire more work in this direction as he himself keeps emphasising at different points in his book." Lawrence Surendra, Frontline, The Hindu (March 25, 2020)

"Sekhsarias book is an important contribution towards the growth of STS and innovation in India in terms of local narratives of S&T. Instrumental Lives heralds a new wave of S&T studies that if taken forward seriously will provide a major alternative to existing positivist narratives in India. In the future, policy makers can take their cues from academic scholarship, such as Sekhsarias, towards more inclusive, sustainable and sensitive S&T policies in India." Vivek Kant, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective (March 5, 2020)

List of illustrations
xii
Series editor's foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Introduction: Entering the lablsetting the stage
1(11)
1.1 Meeting the scientist
1(3)
1.2 Entering the labs
4(3)
1.3 The first set of insights
7(2)
1.4 The structure of the book
9(3)
2 1986-2014: Making of the STM
12(8)
2.1 Nobel for the STM
12(3)
2.2 Surface science
15(1)
2.3 The STM journey in Pune
16(1)
2.4 History and geography, space and place
17(3)
3 S&T in modern India -- a brief history
20(9)
3.1 Self-reliance as a core agenda
20(2)
3.2 History of S&T narratives
22(2)
3.3 Postcolonial S&T in India
24(2)
3.4 Contextualising the methodology
26(3)
4 Jugaad and its many worlds/avatars
29(8)
4.1 Understanding jugaad
29(3)
4.2 An embarrassment calledjugaad?
32(2)
4.3 Technological jugaad that made the STM
34(3)
5 Dharmadhikari's microscopes and technological jugaad
37(19)
5.1 Reconfigured materiality
37(4)
5.2 Embedded in the local geography
41(4)
5.3 Critiques, questions, evaluations
45(1)
5.4 The commercialisation question
46(2)
5.5 A pedagogic tool
48(4)
5.6 Characterising technological jugaad
52(4)
6 Implications for innovation policy
56(16)
6.1 What is innovation inside a laboratory?
56(1)
6.2 Schumpeter's enduring legacy
57(2)
6.3 The Indian context -- STIP 2013
59(4)
6.4 India Technology Vision 2035
63(3)
6.5 Policy implications
66(6)
7 De-centred/de-centring cultures of innovation
72(7)
7.1 Culture/cultures of innovation
72(1)
7.2 Different cultures of innovation
73(4)
7.3 Finding a middle space for innovation cultures
77(2)
8 In the end ... or call it an epilogue
79(10)
8.1 A conversation with a student
79(2)
8.2 The story of another scientist
81(2)
8.3 In the very end
83(2)
Postscript
85(4)
A research agenda for the future
85(4)
Annexures
89(19)
1 Diary notes from my first meeting with Prof CV Dharmadhikari in December 2010
91(3)
2 Receipts for the purchase of soldering material, shaving blades and tungsten wire used in the labs
94(3)
3 Facsimile of Bendre and Dharmadhikari's 1988 paper, one of the first on an STM related subject to be published by the lab
97(1)
4 Rajendra Kshirsagar's presentation during the seminar in March 2011 to felicitate Dharmadhikari
98(2)
5 Extract of interview with Shirshendu Dey, who completed his PhD under Dharmadhikari's supervision in 2011
100(3)
6 A brief note on nanoscience and technology in India
103(3)
7 List of interviews
106(2)
References 108(11)
Index 119
Pankaj Sekhsaria is Associate Professor at the Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (C-TARA), IIT Bombay. He was until recently Senior Project Scientist at the DST-Centre for Policy Research, Department of Humanities and Social Science, IIT-Delhi. His research interests lie at the intersection of science, environment, technology and society. He has a PhD in Science and Technology Studies (STS) from the Maastricht University in the Netherlands and has written extensively on issues of environment, development and wildlife conservation in India with a special focus on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.