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El. knyga: Integrated Assessment of Health and Sustainability of Agroecosystems

(Tallahassee, Florida, USA), (University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada), (West Lafayette, Indiana, USA)
  • Formatas: 256 pages
  • Serija: Advances in Agroecology
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Jun-2008
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040208403
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Integrated Assessment of Health and Sustainability of AgroecosystemsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 256 pages
  • Serija: Advances in Agroecology
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Jun-2008
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040208403
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Exploring the implementation of participatory, multistakeholder, and transdisciplinary ecosystem health research, Integrated Assessment of Health and Sustainability of Agroecosystems combines the latest theories in complexity and management with practical tools and approaches for sustainable rural development research. Although the text focuses on smallholder farming communities in the central highlands of Kenya, the material discussed can beand has beeneffectively applied to agroecosystems in many other parts of the world.

After showing how the agroecosystem health framework was successfully adapted in a smallholder-dominated agroecosystem, the book integrates participatory methods, systems analyses, pulse process models, and soft systems methods in an open-ended, adaptive R&D process. It then looks at how to use correspondence analysis to refine a research-based suite of indicators and analyze data obtained using indicators.

Incorporating the authors pioneering work in the ecosystem health field, this book demonstrates the potential of the agroecosystem health paradigm as a framework in the decision-making processes of agricultural communities in a tropical highlands area.

Recenzijos

From the Foreword This welcome volume on agricultural sustainability is authored by innovative scientists well-known in their fields It is clearly written and provides a great deal of practical information as well as addresses theoretical and systems issues in depth. Clive A. Edwards, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA

Foreword vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
The Authors xv
Overview xvii
Chapter 1 General Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Global Context
2
1.3 Sustainability
4
1.3.1 Definitions
4
1.3.2 Assessment and Implementation
5
1.4 Agroecosystem Health
5
1.4.1 Systems Theory
7
1.4.2 The Health Concept
8
1.4.3 Assessment and Implementation
10
1.4.4 Indicators
11
1.4.5 Selection of Indicators
12
1.5 The Kiambu Agroecosystem
13
1.5.1 External Environment
13
1.5.2 Internal Environment
14
1.6 Potential Indicators
15
1.7 Justification
16
References
17
Chapter 2 Design and Implementation of an Adaptive, Integrated Approach to Health and Sustainability in a Smallholder-Dominated Agroecosystem 25
2.1 Introduction
25
2.2 Research Strategy and Methods
27
2.2.1 Secondary Data and Holarchical Scales
29
2.2.2 Sampling Study Sites
30
2.2.3 Systemic Description and Action Planning
31
2.2.4 Indicators
32
2.2.4.1 Community-Driven Indicators
32
2.2.4.2 Selection of Research-Based Indicators
32
2.2.5 Monitoring, Evaluation, and Assessment
33
2.2.5.1 Community-Based Assessments
33
2.2.5.2 Research-Based Assessments
33
2.2.6 Implementation of Interventions
33
2.2.6.1 Community Training
34
2.2.6.2 Community-Based Development Interventions
34
2.3 Results
34
2.3.1 Holarchical Scales
36
2.3.2 Study Sites
37
2.3.3 Systemic Description
38
2.3.3.1 Demographic Features
38
2.3.3.2 Geoclimatic Features
38
2.3.3.3 Resource Use and Distribution
38
2.3.3.4 Agriculture
42
2.3.3.5 Agroecosystem Health Goals
48
2.3.4 Health and Sustainability Assessment
49
2.3.5 Implementation of Interventions
49
2.4 Discussion
49
2.4.1 Holarchical Scale
49
2.4.2 Systemic Description
51
2.4.3 The Agroecosystem Health Approach
52
2.4.4 Health and Sustainability Assessment
53
References
54
Chapter 3 Community Participation and the Integration of Agroecosystem Health and Sustainability Concerns into Practical Decision Making 57
3.1 Introduction
57
3.2 Process and Methods
60
3.2.1 Community Identities
60
3.2.2 Initial Contact with Communities in the Study Sites
61
3.2.3 Initial Village Participatory Workshops
61
3.2.4.1 Participatory Techniques
3.2.4.2 Participatory Mapping
63
3.2.4.3 Institutional Mapping
64
3.2.4.4 Historical Background
65
3.2.4.5 Time Lines
65
3.2.4.6 Trend Lines
65
3.2.4.7 Transect Walks
66
3.2.4.8 Semistructured Interviews
66
3.2.4.9 Seasonal Calendars
66
3.2.4.10 Daily Activity Charts
67
3.2.4.11 Focus Group Discussions
67
3.2.4.12 Presentations and Analysis
67
3.2.4.13 Wealth Ranking
68
3.2.4.14 Health Analysis
68
3.2.4.15 Problem Identification and Ranking
68
3.2.4.16 Problem Analysis
69
3.2.4.17 Preference Ranking
69
3.2.4.18 Action Planning
69
3.2.5 Follow-up
69
3.2.5.1 Creating Cognitive Maps
70
3.2.5.2 Developing Community-Based Indicators
70
3.2.5.3 Monitoring, Evaluation, Planning, and Assessments
70
3.3 Results
70
3.3.1 Community Identities
71
3.3.1.1 Participatory Mapping
71
3.3.1.2 Institutional Mapping
71
3.3.1.3 Historical Background and Time Lines
71
3.3.2 Profiles and Trends
72
3.3.2.1 Trend Lines
72
3.3.2.2 Transect Walks and Semistructured Interviews
76
3.3.2.3 Wealth and Well-Being
76
3.3.2.4 Health Analysis
80
3.3.3 Problem Analysis and Action Planning
81
3.3.3.1 Problem Identification, Ranking, and Analyses
81
3.3.3.2 Preference Ranking and Action Planning
82
3.3.4 Follow-Up
82
3.3.4.1 Collective Action
82
3.3.4.2 Reflection and Replanning
82
3.4 Discussion
84
3.4.1 Community Identities and Collective Action
87
3.4.2 Community Participation
87
3.4.3 Systemic Descriptions
88
3.4.4 Problem Analyses and Action Plans
89
3.4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation
89
References
89
Chapter 4 Use of Systems Theory, Directed Graphs, and Pulse Process Models in an Adaptive Approach to Agroecosysterri Health and Sustainability 91
4.1 Introduction
91
4.2 Process and Methods
93
4.2.1 Participatory Cognitive Mapping
94
4.2.2 Geometric Analyses
95
4.2.3 Pulse Process Models
96
4.2.4 Application of System Theory Tools in Villages
98
4.3 Results
98
4.3.1 Githima
99
4.3.2 Gitangu
104
4.3.3 Kiawamagira
109
4.3.4 Mahindi
110
4.3.5 Gikabu
113
4.3.6 Thiririka
117
4.4 Discussion
122
4.4.1 Construction of Cognitive Maps
122
4.4.2 Use of Signed Digraphs
122
4.4.3 Geometric Analyses
123
4.4.4 Pulse Process Models
124
4.4.5 Assessment of Value Stability
124
References
125
Chapter 5 Soft System Methodology in the Management of Agroecosystem Health and Sustainability Concerns of a Tropical Highlands Agroecosystem 127
5.1 Introduction
127
5.2 Process and Methods
129
5.2.1 Examination of the Problem Situations
129
5.2.2 Root Definitions and Soft System Modeling
129
5.2.3 Building Consensus, Compromise, and Collective Action
130
5.3 Results
130
5.3.1 Problem Situations
130
5.3.1.1 Drainage and Access Road Problems in Kiawamagira
130
5.3.1.2 Gitangu Water Project
131
5.3.1.3 Inadequate Extension Services in Kiambu District
134
5.3.1.4 Community Inertia in Kiambu District
136
5.3.2 Building Consensus and Root Definitions
136
5.3.3 Implementation, Monitoring, and Evaluation
137
5.4 Discussion
139
5.4.1 Soft System Models
139
5.4.2 Collective Action, Action Research, and Soft System Methodology
143
References
145
Chapter 6 Development of Health and Sustainability Indicators for a Tropical Highlands Agroecosystem 147
6.1 Introduction
147
6.2 Process and Methods
148
6.2.1 Development of Community-Driven Indicators
149
6.2.2 Development of Researcher-Proposed Indicators
151
6.2.3 Indicator Measurements
152
6.2.3.1 Community-Driven Indicators
152
6.2.3.2 Researcher-Proposed Indicators
152
6.2.4 Refining Researcher-Proposed Indicators
153
6.3 Results
153
6.3.1 Community-Driven Indicators
153
6.3.2 Researcher-Proposed Indicators
155
6.3.3 Indicator Measurement and Refinement
158
6.3.3.1 Community Driven
158
6.3.3.2 Researcher Proposed
159
6.3.4 Comparison of Indicator Suites
167
6.4 Discussion
170
6.4.1 Comparison of Indicator Suites
170
6.4.2 Indicator Measurement and Refinement
174
6.4.3 Practicality and Application
177
References
178
Chapter 7 An Assessment of Health and Sustainability of a Smallholder-Dominated Tropical Highlands Ecosystem 181
7.1 Introduction
181
7.2 Process and Methods
182
7.2.1 Spatial and Temporal Trends in the Indicators
182
7.2.2 Evaluation of Goals, Expectations, and Achievements
183
7.3 Results
184
7.3.1 Spatial Trends in the Researcher-Proposed Indicators
184
7.3.2 Evaluation of Temporal Trends in the Researcher-Proposed Indicators
185
7.3.3 Evaluation of Goals, Expectations, and Achievements
187
7.4 Discussion
190
7.4.1 Spatial and Temporal Trends in the Indicators
190
7.4.2 Evaluation of Goals, Expectations, and Achievements
193
References
196
Chapter 8 General Discussion 197
8.1 Synopsis
197
8.2 Sustainability
197
8.3 Agroecosystem Health
198
8.4 Kiambu Agroecosystem
199
8.5 Health and Sustainability Assessment
200
8.6 Summary
201
Chapter 9 General Conclusions 203
Appendices 205
Appendix 1: Questionnaire Used to Carry Out a Census of All the Land-Use Units in the Village
206
Appendix 2: Questionnaire Used for Indicator Measurement at the Land-Use Unit Level
208
Index 223
Thomas Gitau, Margaret W. Gitau, David Waltner-Toews
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