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Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and Design [Kietas viršelis]

, (University of Southhampton, United Kingdom), , (University of the Sunshine Coast,Maroochydore, Australia,),
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Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and DesignDidesnis paveikslėlis
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Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781409463191.html
Raktažodžiai:
Governments and road safety agencies around the world have either introduced or are considering 'safe system' strategies, a long overdue acknowledgement that different elements of the road system contribute to road safety outcomes. Human factors approaches have a leading role here in both conceptualising the road system as a complex sociotechnical system and in providing practical approaches to support true systems-based countermeasures. This book illustrates the potential for integrating contemporary systems-based human factors methods with modern day driving-assessment methods, such as vehicle instrumentation and driving simulation, to understand and enhance performance in modern day road-transport systems. The book outlines why a fundamental paradigm shift is needed in the way these systems are designed and operated, and illustrates how a wide range of accepted human-factors approaches can be applied successfully to road transport to revolutionise the countermeasure design process. The practical illustrations of these human factors methods are applied to a long-standing road and rail safety issue: rail level crossings, where the road and rail systems intersect. The final chapter of the book highlights the utility of the human factors approach to reducing road trauma and discusses future applications of the approach.
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
About the Authors xxi
Section I: Introduction to the Research Approach
Chapter 1 Systems Thinking in Transport Analysis and Design
3(16)
1.1 Introduction
3(2)
1.1.1 Systems Thinking and Rail Level Crossings
4(1)
1.2 Understanding the Systems Thinking Approach
5(3)
1.2.1 Rasmussen's Framework
6(1)
1.2.2 Sociotechnical Systems Theory
7(1)
1.3 How Does STS and the Systems Thinking Approach Apply to Rail Level Crossing Collisions?
8(3)
1.3.1 The Rail Level Crossing System
8(1)
1.3.2 Rasmussen's Accident Causation Tenets
8(3)
1.4 Systems Thinking Applied: The Crash at Kerang
11(5)
1.4.1 The Individual Perspective
13(1)
1.4.2 A Systems Perspective on Kerang
13(3)
1.5 Summary
16(3)
Chapter 2 An Overview of Key Human Factors Approaches and Methods
19(18)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 Data Collection Methods for Understanding Human Performance
20(8)
2.2.1 Observation
20(1)
2.2.2 Vehicle Measures
20(4)
2.2.3 Eye Tracking
24(1)
2.2.4 Verbal Protocol Analysis
25(1)
2.2.5 Cognitive Task Analysis Interviews
25(2)
2.2.6 Workload
27(1)
2.2.7 Usability and Subjective Preference Measures
28(1)
2.3 Data Collection Methods for Understanding System Performance
28(2)
2.3.1 Document Review and Analysis
29(1)
2.3.2 Input from Subject-Matter Experts
29(1)
2.4 Systems-Focussed Analysis Methods
30(4)
2.4.1 Network Analysis
30(2)
2.4.2 Hierarchical Task Analysis
32(1)
2.4.3 Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach
33(1)
2.4.4 Cognitive Work Analysis
33(1)
2.5 Human Factors Design Methods
34(2)
2.5.1 Scenarios and Stories
34(1)
2.5.2 Personas
35(1)
2.5.3 Inspiration Cards
35(1)
2.5.4 Assumption Crushing
36(1)
2.5.5 Metaphors and Analogies
36(1)
2.6 Summary
36(1)
Chapter 3 An Integrated Framework for Transport Analysis and Design
37(14)
3.1 Introduction
37(1)
3.2 A Research Programme Underpinned by Sociotechnical Systems Theory
37(6)
3.3 The Research Framework
43(4)
3.3.1 Phase 1-Data Collection
44(1)
3.3.2 Phase 2-Existing Systems Analysis
45(1)
3.3.3 Phase 3-Development of Novel Designs
45(2)
3.3.4 Phase 4-Evaluation of Designs
47(1)
3.4 Summary
47(4)
Section II: Rail Level Crossing Data Collection and Analysis
Chapter 4 Understanding the Factors Influencing User Behaviour
51(20)
4.1 Introduction
51(2)
4.2 On-Road Studies
53(7)
4.2.1 Participants
54(1)
4.2.2 Instrumented Vehicle
54(1)
4.2.3 Test Routes
54(1)
4.2.4 Data Collection Procedure
54(2)
4.2.5 Data Sources
56(1)
4.2.6 Key Findings
57(3)
4.2.6.1 Urban Rail Level Crossings
57(1)
4.2.6.2 Rural Rail Level Crossings
58(2)
4.3 Cognitive Task Analysis Interviews
60(5)
4.3.1 Interview Procedure
61(2)
4.3.2 Data Analysis
63(1)
4.3.3 Key Findings
63(2)
4.3.3.1 Novice versus Experienced Drivers
64(1)
4.3.3.2 Urban versus Rural Environments
64(1)
4.4 Diary Study
65(3)
4.4.1 Participants
65(1)
4.4.2 Survey Format and Content
66(1)
4.4.3 Key Findings
66(2)
4.4.3.1 Predictors of Non-Compliant Behaviour
67(1)
4.4.3.2 Differences between Road Users
67(1)
4.5 Input from Subject-Matter Experts
68(2)
4.5.1 Key Findings
68(4)
4.5.1.1 Monitoring Infrastructure
68(1)
4.5.1.2 Monitoring Road Users
69(1)
4.5.1.3 Route Knowledge
69(1)
4.6 Summary
70(1)
Chapter 5 A Systems Analysis of Rail Level Crossings
71(30)
5.1 Introduction
71(1)
5.2 CWA of Rail Level Crossing Systems
72(18)
5.2.1 Analysis Approach
72(1)
5.2.2 Work Domain Analysis
72(6)
5.2.3 Control Task Analysis
78(5)
5.2.3.1 Contextual Activity Template
78(3)
5.2.3.2 Decision Ladders
81(2)
5.2.4 Strategies Analysis
83(3)
5.2.5 Social Organisation and Cooperation Analysis
86(3)
5.2.6 Summary of Findings from CWA
89(1)
5.3 HTA of Rail Level Crossing Systems
90(4)
5.3.1 Analysis Approach
91(1)
5.3.2 HTA of Rail Level Crossings
91(3)
5.4 SHERPA of Rail Level Crossing Systems
94(2)
5.4.1 Analysis Approach
94(2)
5.4.2 SHERPA Analysis of Rail Level Crossings
96(1)
5.5 Summary
96(5)
Section III: Design of New Rail Level Crossing Environments
Chapter 6 A Participatory Approach to Designing Rail Level Crossings
101(24)
6.1 Introduction
101(1)
6.2 Philosophy Underpinning the CWA-DT
101(5)
6.2.1 Contrasting Sociotechnical Systems Theory and Traditional Safety Management Approaches
105(1)
6.3 Application of the CWA-DT to Rail Level Crossing Design
106(17)
6.3.1 Documentation of Insights from the CWA Outputs
106(2)
6.3.2 Prompting for Insights
108(4)
6.3.3 Insight Prioritisation
112(1)
6.3.4 Design Process Planning
112(1)
6.3.5 Design Tool Selection
113(1)
6.3.6 Idea Generation Workshop
113(34)
6.3.6.1 Sociotechnical Values Cards
113(2)
6.3.6.2 Personas
115(1)
6.3.6.3 The Impossible Challenge Exercise
115(1)
6.3.6.4 Scenarios
116(1)
6.3.6.5 Assumption Crushing
117(1)
6.3.6.6 Metaphorical Design
117(1)
6.3.6.7 Inspiration Cards
118(2)
6.3.6.8 Impossible Challenge Revisited
120(1)
6.3.6.9 Design Concept Definition
120(1)
6.3.6.10 Design Concept Prioritisation
121(2)
6.4 Summary
123(2)
Chapter 7 Initial Design Concept Evaluation
125(22)
7.1 Introduction
125(1)
7.2 Design Evaluation with CWA
126(4)
7.2.1 Evaluation of Speed, Expectancy, Gap Concept with WDA
127(3)
7.3 Design Evaluation with HTA and SHERPA
130(7)
7.3.1 Evaluation of Speed, Expectancy, Gap Concept with HTA and SHERPA
134(3)
7.4 Design Evaluation against Sociotechnical Systems Theory Principles
137(1)
7.5 Key Risks Addressed
137(1)
7.6 Summarising the Evaluation Results for Each Design Concept
137(3)
7.7 Comparing Designs
140(5)
7.8 Summary
145(2)
Chapter 8 Design Concept Refinement
147(26)
8.1 Introduction
147(1)
8.2 Stakeholder Design Refinement Workshop
147(8)
8.2.1 Design Improvement Review
152(1)
8.2.2 Evaluation and Ranking of Concepts
152(3)
8.3 Design Process Evaluation
155(2)
8.3.1 Participant Reflections on the Participatory Design Process
155(1)
8.3.2 Researcher Reflections on the Participatory Design Process
156(1)
8.4 Researcher Design Refinement Activities
157(3)
8.4.1 In-Vehicle Interface Design Using EID Principles
157(3)
8.4.2 Generation of Additional Design Concepts
160(1)
8.5 Final Design Concepts for Urban Environments
160(5)
8.5.1 Comprehensive Risk Control Crossing
160(1)
8.5.2 Intelligent Level Crossing
161(2)
8.5.3 Community Courtyard Crossing
163(2)
8.6 Final Design Concepts for Rural Environments
165(4)
8.6.1 Simple But Strong
165(1)
8.6.2 EID Crossing
165(3)
8.6.3 GPS Average Speed
168(1)
8.7 Summary
169(4)
Section IV: Evaluation of Design Concepts
Chapter 9 Simulation-Based Evaluation of Design Concepts
173(22)
9.1 Introduction
173(1)
9.2 General Experimental Method
174(1)
9.2.1 Driving Simulator
174(1)
9.2.2 Measures
175(1)
9.3 Study 1: Urban Design Concept Evaluation
175(6)
9.3.1 Participants
177(1)
9.3.2 Study Design
177(1)
9.3.3 Key Findings: Comprehensive Risk Control Crossing
177(2)
9.3.4 Key Findings: Intelligent Level Crossing
179(1)
9.3.5 Key Findings: Community Courtyard Crossing
179(1)
9.3.6 Summary of the Urban Design Evaluation Findings
180(1)
9.4 Study 2: Rural Design Concept Evaluation
181(7)
9.4.1 Participants
182(1)
9.4.2 Study Design
182(1)
9.4.3 Key Findings: Simple But Strong
183(1)
9.4.4 Key Findings: Ecological Interface Design Crossing
183(3)
9.4.5 Key Findings: GPS Average Speed
186(1)
9.4.6 Summary of the Rural Design Evaluation Findings
187(1)
9.5 Study 3: Scenario-Based Evaluation
188(4)
9.5.1 Participants
189(1)
9.5.2 Study Design
189(1)
9.5.2.1 Distraction Scenario
189(1)
9.5.2.2 System Failure Scenario
190(1)
9.5.3 Key Findings
190(2)
9.6 Summary
192(3)
Chapter 10 Survey-Based Evaluation of Design Concepts
195(18)
10.1 Introduction
195(1)
10.2 Survey Method
196(1)
10.3 Data Analysis
197(1)
10.4 Urban Design Evaluations
198(5)
10.4.1 Urban Car Drivers
198(1)
10.4.2 Urban Heavy Vehicle Drivers
199(1)
10.4.3 Urban Motorcyclists
199(1)
10.4.4 Urban Cyclists
200(1)
10.4.5 Urban Pedestrians
201(1)
10.4.6 Summary of Responses to Urban Designs
202(1)
10.5 Rural Design Evaluations
203(4)
10.5.1 Rural Car Drivers
203(1)
10.5.2 Rural Heavy Vehicle Drivers
204(1)
10.5.3 Rural Motorcyclists
205(1)
10.5.4 Rural Cyclists
205(1)
10.5.5 Summary of Responses to Rural Designs
206(1)
10.6 Summary
207(6)
Section V: Conclusions and Future Applications
Chapter 11 Summary and Conclusions
213(14)
11.1 Introduction
213(1)
11.2 A Whole of Life Cycle Human Factors Approach
213(2)
11.3 Recommendations for Improving Rail Level Crossing Safety
215(1)
11.4 Reflections on the Research Programme
215(8)
11.4.1 Factors Influencing User Behaviour
215(3)
11.4.2 Joint Optimisation of Rail Level Crossing Systems
218(2)
11.4.3 Shifting Paradigms
220(2)
11.4.4 Reflections on Sociotechnical Systems Theory-Based Design
222(1)
11.5 Further Research Opportunities to Improve Rail Level Crossing Safety
223(2)
11.5.1 Field Trials
223(1)
11.5.2 System Simulation and Modelling
224(1)
11.5.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
225(1)
11.6 Summary
225(2)
Chapter 12 Future Applications and Opportunities
227(12)
12.1 Introduction
227(1)
12.2 Further Applications in Transportation Systems
227(8)
12.2.1 Improving Intersection Design
227(1)
12.2.2 Responding to the Challenge of Highly Automated Vehicles
228(4)
12.2.3 Additional Rail Safety Applications
232(1)
12.2.4 Maritime
233(1)
12.2.5 Aviation
234(1)
12.3 Applications beyond Transport
235(3)
12.3.1 Preventing Incidents in Outdoor Education
235(2)
12.3.2 Enhancing Approaches to Cybersecurity
237(1)
12.3.3 Optimising Sports Systems
237(1)
12.4 Summary
238(1)
Appendix: Guidance for Using the Key Human Factors Methods and Approaches 239(30)
References 269(14)
Index 283
Gemma J. M. Read, Neville A. Stanton