About the Editors |
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xix | |
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xxi | |
Foreword |
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xxvii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
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3 | (2) |
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Part I Data Mining and Analysis Fundamentals |
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5 | (64) |
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7 | (18) |
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Ansel Y. Rodriguez-Gonzalez |
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Miguel A. Alvarez-Carmona |
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7 | (1) |
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1.1 Data Mining: Why and What? |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3 The Data Mining Process |
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9 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Data Transformation |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4 Data Mining Task and Techniques |
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12 | (6) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.4.1.1 Techniques in the "Description" Branch |
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14 | (1) |
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1.4.1.2 Regression Techniques |
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1.4.1.3 Classification Techniques |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5 Data Mining Issues and Considerations |
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1.5.1 Scalability of Algorithms |
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1.5.2 High Dimensionality |
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1.5.3 Improving Interpretability |
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1.5.4 Handling Uncertainty |
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19 | (1) |
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1.5.5 Privacy and Security Concerns |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (5) |
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2 Data Mining and Analysis in Power and Energy Systems: An Introduction to Algorithms and Applications |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 Data Mining Technologies |
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26 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.2.1.1 Regression-Based Methods |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2.1.2 Classification-Based Methods |
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2.2.2 Unsupervised Methods |
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2.2.2.1 Association Rule Mining |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2.2.2 Clustering-Based Methods |
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28 | (1) |
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2.3 Data Mining Applications in Power Systems |
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28 | (7) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Fault Detection and Diagnosis |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.4 Discussion and Final Remarks |
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35 | (10) |
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37 | (8) |
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3 Deep Learning in Intelligent Power and Energy Systems |
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45 | (24) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (9) |
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3.2.1 Regression Problems |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.1.1 Photovoltaic Energy Forecast |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.1.2 Wind Power Forecast |
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50 | (1) |
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3.2.1.3 Building Energy Consumption Prediction |
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50 | (1) |
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3.2.1.4 Electricity Price Forecast |
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51 | (1) |
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3.2.1.5 Other Regression Works |
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52 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Classification Problems |
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52 | (1) |
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3.2.2.1 Power Quality Disturbances Detection/Classification |
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53 | (1) |
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3.2.2.2 Fault Detection/Classification |
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54 | (1) |
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3.2.2.3 Feature Engineering |
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55 | (1) |
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3.2.2.4 Other Classification Works |
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55 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Decision-Making Problems |
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56 | (1) |
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3.2.3.1 Energy Management |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2.3.3 Electricity Market |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2.3.4 Other Decision-Making Works |
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58 | (1) |
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3.3 Accomplishments, Limitations, and Challenges |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (9) |
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60 | (9) |
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69 | (80) |
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4 Data Mining Techniques Applied to Power Systems |
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71 | (34) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (4) |
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72 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Data Pre-processing |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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4.1.4 Analysis and Interpretation |
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74 | (1) |
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4.2 Data Mining Techniques |
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75 | (7) |
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4.2.1 Clustering Algorithms |
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76 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Clustering Validity Indices |
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79 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Classification Algorithms |
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80 | (2) |
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4.3 Data Mining Techniques Applied to Power Systems |
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82 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Electrical Consumers Characterization |
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83 | (1) |
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4.3.1.1 Typical Load Profile |
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83 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Electrical Consumers Characterization - Classification |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (1) |
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4.4 Electrical Tariffs Design Based on Data Mining Techniques |
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90 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Electrical Tariffs Design |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (1) |
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4.5 Data Mining Contributions to Characterize Zonal Prices |
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93 | (5) |
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4.5.1 Zonal Prices Characterization |
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93 | (4) |
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97 | (1) |
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4.6 Data Mining-Based Methodology for Wind Forecasting |
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98 | (3) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (4) |
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101 | (4) |
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5 Synchrophasor Data Analytics for Anomaly and Event Detection, Classification, and Localization |
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105 | (24) |
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105 | (1) |
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5.2 Synchrophasor Data Quality Issues and Challenges |
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106 | (2) |
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5.2.1 PMU Data Flow: Data Quality Issues |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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5.3 ML-Based Anomaly Detection, Classification, and Localization (ADCL) Over Data Drifting Multivariate Synchrophasor Data Streams |
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108 | (6) |
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5.3.1 Data Drift in Synchrophasor Measurements |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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5.3.2.1 Data Pre-Processing (DPP) Module |
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110 | (1) |
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5.3.2.2 Data-Drift (DD) Module |
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110 | (2) |
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5.3.2.3 Save-Load (SL) Module |
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112 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Anomaly Detector (AD) Module |
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112 | (1) |
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5.3.3.1 Anomaly Classification |
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113 | (1) |
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5.3.3.2 Anomaly Localization |
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113 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Distributed Deep Autoencoder Learning |
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113 | (1) |
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5.4 Synchrophasor Data Anomaly and Event Detection, Localization, and Classification (SyncAED) |
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114 | (5) |
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5.4.1 Synchrophasor Data Anomaly Detection (SyncAD) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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5.4.1.3 Prony-Based Transient Window Estimation |
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115 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Event Detection, Classification, and Localization |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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5.4.2.2 Event Classification |
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117 | (1) |
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5.4.2.3 Event Localization |
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117 | (2) |
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5.5 Test-Bed and Test Cases |
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119 | (1) |
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5.5.1 Cyber-Power Test-Bed Architecture |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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5.6 Results and Discussion |
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120 | (5) |
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5.6.1 Simulation Results for PMUNET |
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120 | (1) |
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5.6.1.1 Performance Evaluation Metrics |
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120 | (1) |
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5.6.1.2 Experimental Analysis |
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121 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Simulation Results for SyncAED |
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122 | (1) |
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5.6.2.1 Anomaly Detection |
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122 | (1) |
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5.6.2.2 Event Detection and Classification Using Clustering and Decision Tree |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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6 Clustering Methods for the Profiling of Electricity Consumers Owning Energy Storage System |
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129 | (20) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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6.2 Methodology Definition |
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131 | (4) |
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6.3 Clustering of Consumers with ESS |
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135 | (10) |
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6.3.1 Optimal Number of Clusters |
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135 | (1) |
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6.3.1.1 Average Silhouette Method |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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6.3.1.3 Gap Statistic Method |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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6.3.2.1 Partitional Clustering |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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6.3.2.3 Hierarchical Clustering |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (52) |
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7 A Novel Framework for NTL Detection in Electric Distribution Systems |
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151 | (20) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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7.2 Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing |
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154 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Feature Extraction Mechanism |
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156 | (2) |
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7.4 Classification Strategies |
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158 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Random Under-Sampling (RUS) and Random Over-Sampling (ROS) Techniques |
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158 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Adaptive Boosting Algorithm |
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158 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Random Under-Sampling Boosting Algorithm |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (5) |
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7.6.1 Outlier Detection Using Smoothing Splines |
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161 | (2) |
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7.6.2 MODWPT-Based Signal Decomposition |
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163 | (1) |
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7.6.3 RusBoost NTL Detection Technique |
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163 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Comparison with Existing Approaches |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (5) |
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167 | (4) |
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8 Electricity Market Participation Profiles Classification for Decision Support in Market Negotiation |
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171 | (16) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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8.2 Bilateral Negotiation |
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172 | (2) |
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8.3 Decision Support for Bilateral Negotiations |
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174 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Clustering of Players Profiles |
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176 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Classification of New Players |
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177 | (1) |
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8.3.2.1 Artificial Neural Networks |
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177 | (1) |
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8.3.2.2 Support Vector Machines |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (5) |
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183 | (4) |
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184 | (3) |
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9 Socio-demographic, Economic, and Behavioral Analysis of Electric Vehicles |
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187 | (14) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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9.2 Electric Vehicle Outlook |
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188 | (3) |
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9.2.1 Electric Mobility Market |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Socio-demographic Aspects |
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190 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Recommendations for Policymakers |
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191 | (1) |
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9.3 Data Mining Models for EVs |
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191 | (6) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Electric Vehicle Battery |
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195 | (1) |
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9.3.6 Charging Station Planning |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (4) |
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197 | (4) |
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201 | (56) |
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10 A Multivariate Stochastic Spatiotemporal Wind Power Scenario Forecasting Model |
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203 | (20) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (2) |
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10.2 Generalized Dynamic Factor Model |
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206 | (13) |
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10.2.1 Derivation of the GDFM |
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206 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Estimation of the GDFM |
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208 | (2) |
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10.2.3 Forecast of the GDFM |
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210 | (2) |
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10.2.4 Verification of the GDFM |
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212 | (4) |
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10.2.5 Application of the GDFM |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (4) |
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221 | (2) |
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11 Spatiotemporal Solar Irradiance and Temperature Data Predictive Estimation |
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223 | (14) |
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Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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11.2 Virtual Weather Stations |
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225 | (2) |
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11.3 Distributed Weather Forecasting |
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227 | (1) |
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11.3.1 Spatiotemporal Prediction Network |
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227 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Computational Units |
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228 | (1) |
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11.4 Results and Discussion |
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228 | (4) |
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11.4.1 Weather Data Estimation |
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229 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Weather Data Prediction |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (5) |
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234 | (3) |
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12 Application of Decomposition-Based Hybrid Wind Power Forecasting in Isolated Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration |
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237 | (20) |
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237 | (1) |
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12.2 Decomposition Techniques |
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238 | (3) |
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12.2.1 Variational Mode Decomposition |
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239 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Decomposition of Wind Power Time Series |
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239 | (2) |
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12.3 Decomposition-Based Neural Network Forecasting |
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241 | (2) |
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12.3.1 Theory Behind LSTM |
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242 | (1) |
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12.3.2 VMD-LSTM for Wind Power Forecasting |
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242 | (1) |
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12.4 Forecast-Based Dispatch in Isolated Power Systems |
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243 | (6) |
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244 | (2) |
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12.4.2 Regulation and Load Following Reserves |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (4) |
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12.5.1 King Island Isolated Power System |
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249 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Case Study I (Control Strategy with No RE Forecast) |
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250 | (1) |
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12.5.3 Case Study II (Control Strategy Involving Persistence Model RE Forecast) |
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251 | (1) |
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12.5.4 Case Study III (Control Strategy Involving VMD-LSTM-Based RE Forecast) |
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251 | (1) |
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12.5.5 Economic Assessment Over a Year of Operation |
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252 | (1) |
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12.6 Conclusions and Discussions |
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253 | (4) |
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253 | (4) |
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257 | (86) |
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13 Harmonic Dynamic Response Study of Overhead Transmission Lines |
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259 | (22) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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13.1 Introduction to Methodology |
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260 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Selection Aspects of Dampers |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Mathematical Modeling |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (7) |
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267 | (1) |
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13.3.1.1 Model Description |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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13.3.1.3 Span Wise Phase Lag |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (7) |
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277 | (4) |
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14 Evaluation of Shortest Path to Optimize Distribution Network Cost and Power Losses in Hilly Areas: A Case Study |
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281 | (18) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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14.2 Design of Power Distribution Network |
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282 | (1) |
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14.3 Digital Elevation Map |
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283 | (1) |
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14.4 Placement of Generators and Load Centers |
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283 | (2) |
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14.5 Single Line Diagram of 9-Bus System |
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285 | (1) |
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14.6 Finding Shortest Path Between Load/Generating Centers |
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286 | (4) |
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14.6.1 Objective Function |
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287 | (2) |
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14.6.2 Distribution Network Distance |
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289 | (1) |
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14.7 Selection of Conductor Using Newton Raphson Method |
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290 | (3) |
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14.7.1 Estimation of Conductor Cost |
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292 | (1) |
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14.8 Calculation of CO2 Emission Cost Saving |
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293 | (1) |
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14.9 Overall Cost Estimation of Distribution System |
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294 | (1) |
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14.10 Sensitivity Analysis |
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294 | (1) |
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14.10.1 Change in Diesel Fuel Price |
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295 | (1) |
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14.10.2 Change in Solar Radiation |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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14.10.4 Change in Energy Index Ratio |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (4) |
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296 | (3) |
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15 Intelligent Approaches to Support Demand Response in Microgrid Planning |
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299 | (20) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (6) |
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301 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Objective Functions |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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15.2.3.3 Electricity Price |
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304 | (1) |
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15.2.4 Microgrid Components |
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305 | (1) |
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15.2.4.1 Distributed Energy Resources |
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305 | (1) |
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15.2.4.2 Energy Storage Systems |
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305 | (1) |
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15.2.5 Microgrid Operation |
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306 | (1) |
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15.3 Demand Response in Microgrids |
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306 | (3) |
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15.3.1 Overview on Demand Response Application for Microgrids |
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306 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Demand Response: Types and Characteristics |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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15.4 Intelligent Approaches to Support Demand Response |
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309 | (6) |
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15.4.1 Data Mining Methods in DR |
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310 | (1) |
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15.4.1.1 Supervised Data Mining |
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310 | (2) |
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15.4.1.2 Unsupervised Data Mining |
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312 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Fuzzy Logic-Based DR |
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313 | (1) |
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15.4.3 Applications in Microgrid Planning |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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15.4.3.2 Resiliency Enhancement |
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314 | (1) |
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15.4.3.3 Flexibility Improvement |
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314 | (1) |
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15.4.3.4 Battery Capacity Reduction |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (4) |
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315 | (4) |
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16 Socioeconomic Analysis of Renewable Energy Interventions: Developing Affordable Small-scale Household Sustainable Technologies in Northern Uganda |
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319 | (24) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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16.2 Renewable Energy Technologies |
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321 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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16.3.1 Driver Pressure Impact State Response Framework |
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|
323 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis |
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|
324 | (1) |
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16.4 Application of the Method |
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|
324 | (3) |
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16.5 Case Study Results for Product Development |
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327 | (6) |
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327 | (1) |
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16.5.2 Source of Energy for Cooking |
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328 | (1) |
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16.5.3 Source of Energy for Lighting |
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328 | (1) |
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16.5.4 Household Income Level |
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|
328 | (1) |
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16.5.5 Challenges for Firewood and Charcoal Use |
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|
329 | (1) |
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16.5.6 The Rank of Adoption Toward Sustainable Renewable Energy Technologies |
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329 | (1) |
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16.5.7 Household Opinions for Modern Energy Technologies |
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|
330 | (1) |
|
16.5.8 Level of Awareness of the Population |
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331 | (1) |
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16.5.9 Medium of Information |
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|
331 | (1) |
|
16.5.10 Promotion to Purchase Alternative Renewable Energy Technologies |
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|
331 | (1) |
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16.5.11 Sources of Fund for Investment in Northern Uganda Toward Renewable Energy Technologies for Households |
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332 | (1) |
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16.6 Cost--Benefit Analysis (CBA) |
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|
333 | (4) |
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16.6.1 Benefits to Better Health |
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|
333 | (1) |
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16.6.2 Benefits on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction |
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|
334 | (1) |
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16.6.3 Benefits of the District Forest Resources Preservation |
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|
334 | (1) |
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16.6.4 Outcomes of Cost--Benefit Analysis |
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|
334 | (3) |
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337 | (6) |
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|
338 | (5) |
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Part VI Other Machine Learning Applications |
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|
343 | (90) |
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17 Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Using A Parallel Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model |
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345 | (26) |
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|
345 | (1) |
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346 | (3) |
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17.1.1 Optimization-Based Approach |
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|
346 | (1) |
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17.1.2 Learning-Based Approach |
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|
347 | (2) |
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17.2 NILM System and Data Preprocessing |
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349 | (3) |
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349 | (1) |
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17.2.2 Window Length Selection |
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|
350 | (1) |
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17.2.3 Input-to-Output Relation (IOR) |
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|
350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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|
351 | (1) |
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|
351 | (1) |
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|
351 | (1) |
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|
352 | (6) |
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|
353 | (2) |
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17.3.2 Elements of the PBLSTM |
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|
355 | (1) |
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17.3.2.1 Convolution Neural Network (CNN) |
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355 | (1) |
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17.3.2.2 Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) |
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|
356 | (1) |
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|
357 | (1) |
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17.3.2.4 Deep Neural Network Training |
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|
358 | (1) |
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358 | (10) |
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|
368 | (3) |
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|
368 | (3) |
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18 Reinforcement Learning for Intelligent Building Energy Management System Control |
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|
371 | (16) |
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|
371 | (1) |
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|
371 | (1) |
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18.2 Reinforcement Learning |
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|
372 | (4) |
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18.2.1 Deep Reinforcement Learning |
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|
374 | (1) |
|
18.2.2 Advanced Reinforcement Learning |
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|
375 | (1) |
|
18.3 Applications of Deep Reinforcement Learning in Building Energy Management Systems Control |
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|
376 | (4) |
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18.3.1 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning |
|
|
377 | (2) |
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|
379 | (1) |
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|
380 | (1) |
|
18.4 Challenges and Research Directions |
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|
380 | (3) |
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|
383 | (4) |
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|
383 | (4) |
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19 Federated Deep Learning Technique for Power and Energy Systems Data Analysis |
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|
387 | (18) |
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|
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|
387 | (1) |
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|
387 | (1) |
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|
387 | (1) |
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|
388 | (1) |
|
19.2 Federated Learning (FL) |
|
|
388 | (8) |
|
19.2.1 Federated Learning Motivation |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
19.2.2 Performance Evaluation Metrics |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
19.2.3 Federated Learning vs. Distributed Machine Learning Approaches |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
19.2.4 The Federated Averaging Algorithm |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
19.2.5 Applications of Federated Learning |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
19.2.6 Challenges of Federated Learning |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
19.3 Power Systems Challenges and the Performance of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in It |
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
19.3.1 AI-Based Forecasting in Power Systems |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
19.3.2 AI-Based Condition Monitoring in Power Systems |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
19.4 Application of Federated Deep Learning in Power and Energy Systems |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
19.4.1 Electric Vehicle Networks |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
19.4.2 False Data Injection Attacks in Solar Farms |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
19.4.3 Solar Irradiation Forecasting |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
19.4.4 Heating Load Demand Forecasting |
|
|
400 | (1) |
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|
400 | (5) |
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|
401 | (4) |
|
20 Data Mining and Machine Learning for Power System Monitoring, Understanding, and Impact Evaluation |
|
|
405 | (28) |
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|
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|
405 | (1) |
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|
406 | (1) |
|
20.2 Power System Monitoring with Phasor Measurement Unit Data |
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
20.2.1 PMU Anomaly Detection Framework |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
20.2.2 Anomaly Detection and Classification |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
20.3 Power System Mechanistic and Predictive Understanding |
|
|
411 | (12) |
|
20.3.1 Spatiotemporal Pattern Recognition in PMU Signals |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
20.3.1.1 Time Series Pattern Recognition |
|
|
412 | (3) |
|
20.3.1.2 Similarities and Variations Across Units |
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
20.3.1.3 Similarities/Discrepancies Between Days/Months |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
20.3.2 Events Classification and Localization Through Convolutional Neural Network |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
20.3.2.1 Polish System Testbed and Data Preparation |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
20.3.2.2 Fault Types and Implementation |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
20.3.2.3 CNN Model Development |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
20.3.2.4 CNN Model Evaluation |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
20.3.2.5 Fault Localization |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
20.3.2.6 Fault Classification |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
20.4 Characterization and Modelling of Weather and Power Extremes |
|
|
423 | (7) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
20.4.2 Spatiotemporal Analysis |
|
|
425 | (3) |
|
20.4.3 Probabilistic Modelling of Lines Outage |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
|
430 | (3) |
Conclusions |
|
433 | (2) |
Zita Vale, Tiago Pinto, Michael Negnevitsky, and Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy Index |
|
435 | |