Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (5) |
1 Africa: Birthing the empire of law and concept of territory |
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6 | (17) |
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1.1 International law and Africa |
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8 | (8) |
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1.1.1 Racialism and European appropriation of the 'common law of mankind' |
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9 | (5) |
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1.1.2 Why the House always wins |
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14 | (2) |
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1.2 Eurocentriciy and the applicable international boundary laws |
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16 | (7) |
2 Sovereignty, jurisdiction, territorial integrity and territorial acquisition in international law |
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23 | (27) |
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2.1 Concept and forms of sovereignty |
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23 | (4) |
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2.2 Globalisation vs territorial sovereignty |
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27 | (4) |
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2.3 jurisdiction within sovereignty |
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31 | (2) |
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2.4 Westphalian vs indigenous sovereignty |
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33 | (3) |
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2.5 The principle of territorial jurisdiction |
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36 | (2) |
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2.6 Territory and territorial acquisition in public international law and international relations |
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38 | (12) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Accretion, erosion and avulsion |
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44 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Conquest or annexation |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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2.6.6 Renunciation or relinquishment |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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2.6.8 Abandonment and dereliction |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
3 Frontiers and boundaries in the context of international legal framework of territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction |
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50 | (5) |
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3.1 The functionality of frontiers and boundaries |
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50 | (2) |
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3.2 Natural vs artificial boundaries |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
4 Province of international boundary disputes determined |
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55 | (47) |
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4.1 What are international boundary disputes? |
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55 | (8) |
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4.2 Internal boundary disputes |
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63 | (2) |
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4.3 Territorial vs boundary disputes |
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65 | (4) |
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4.4 Frontiers, borders, fences and walls in law and international relations |
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69 | (9) |
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69 | (4) |
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4.4.2 Borders and borderlands |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (3) |
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4.5 Delimitation and demarcation juxtaposed |
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78 | (1) |
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4.6 African delimitation and demarcation of boundaries in their historical, colonial and contemporary contexts |
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79 | (9) |
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4.7 High power politics: legality and illegalities of the Berlin Conference (1885) |
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88 | (2) |
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4.8 Classifications and nature of African boundary disputes |
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90 | (6) |
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4.9 Boundaries and disputes: a multidisciplinary approach |
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96 | (6) |
5 Actual and potential role of the African Union Organisation in boundary dispute management and resolution |
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102 | (24) |
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5.1 African Union early warning system |
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105 | (3) |
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5.2 The African Union Border Programme (AUBP) and the delimitation, demarcation and settlement of African boundary disputes |
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108 | (18) |
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5.2.1 Law practice and diplomacy of the African Union Border Programme |
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109 | (9) |
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5.2.2 Implementation of the African Union Border Programme |
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118 | (8) |
6 African regional economic communities and the management of boundary disputes |
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126 | (29) |
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6.1 Conflict resolution and management in the Fast African sub-region (IGAD area) |
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127 | (4) |
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6.1.1 Role of CEWARN in detecting and managing cross-boundary disputes |
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127 | (1) |
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6.1.2 IGAD's relevance in border and boundary disputes |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (12) |
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6.2.1 Conflict resolution and management in the West African sub-region: ECOWAS area |
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133 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Rules of the ECOWAS Treaty and Protocols |
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134 | (6) |
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6.2.3 Actual and potential role of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States |
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140 | (1) |
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6.2.4 ECOWAS Early Warning System |
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141 | (1) |
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6.2.5 ECOWAS experience in boundary disputes |
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142 | (1) |
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6.3 Conflict and dispute management in the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) |
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143 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Assessing the early warning capabilities and performance of MARAC |
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148 | (1) |
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6.4 Law and practice of conflict and dispute management in the SADC |
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149 | (6) |
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6.4.1 Political mechanisms for the resolution of boundary disputes in the SADC region |
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150 | (5) |
7 Manifestations of boundary disputes in the African geopolitical zones |
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155 | (22) |
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7.1 East African boundaries: border disputes |
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156 | (8) |
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7.1.1 Sudan-Kenya: the Ilemi Triangle |
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157 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Kenya-South Sudan (Nadapal boundary) |
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158 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Tanzania-Malawi: Lake Malawi (Nyasa) |
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159 | (1) |
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7.1.4 Kenya-Uganda: Migingo Island |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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7.1.6 Sudan-South Sudan border disputes |
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162 | (2) |
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7.2 West African boundaries and borders disputes |
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164 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Cameroon-Nigeria: land and maritime dispute |
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166 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Gabon and Equatorial Guinea: territorial disputes on the Island of Mbanie |
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168 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Burkina Faso-Niger frontier dispute |
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168 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Benin-Niger frontier dispute |
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169 | (1) |
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7.3 North Africa: boundary disputes and contested territories |
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170 | (1) |
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7.4 Southern Africa: boundary disputes and contested territories |
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171 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Swaziland-South Africa |
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173 | (3) |
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7.5 Central African states (CEMAC): boundary disputes |
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176 | (1) |
8 Case study: the arbitral route to settlement of African boundary disputes |
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177 | (29) |
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8.1 The arbitral route: the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission Case |
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177 | (7) |
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8.1.1 Synopsis of the Eritrean Case: statement submitted to the EEBC |
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178 | (6) |
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8.2 Synopsis of Ethiopia's statement in accordance with paragraph 4(8) of the Agreement concluded on 12December 2000 |
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184 | (11) |
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8.2.1 Ethiopia's historical account of the background of the territory |
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184 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Ethiopian view of applicable law |
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185 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Ethiopian view of the methodology: the five sectors |
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186 | (1) |
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8.2.4 The Agreements pre-figuring the Treaties of 1900, 1902 and 1908 |
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187 | (3) |
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8.2.5 Ethiopian view of the pertinent geography |
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190 | (1) |
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8.2.6 Ethiopian view of the changing and opportunistic attitude of Italy during key periods |
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190 | (1) |
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8.2.7 Ethiopia's position |
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190 | (1) |
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8.2.8 The disposition of the Cunama (Sector II) |
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191 | (1) |
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8.2.9 Interpretation and application of the Agreements: Sector III - along the Mareb River from the Mai Ambessa to the Belesa River |
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191 | (1) |
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8.2.10 Interpretation and application of the Agreements: Sector V - from the confluence of the Mareb and Belesa Rivers to the easternmost point defined by the Treaty of 1900 |
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192 | (1) |
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8.2.11 Ethiopian view of the period 1908-present |
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192 | (2) |
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8.2.12 Incidence of disputes between the parties |
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194 | (1) |
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8.3 Critiquing the EEBC decision and understanding the difficulties of implementation |
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195 | (8) |
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8.4 Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC) |
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203 | (3) |
9 Case study: mediation route to settlement: the dispute between Malawi and Tanzania over Lake Nyasa |
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206 | (12) |
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9.1 The applicable treaties and instruments |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (3) |
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9.4 HLAIT: challenges, achievements and prospects |
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214 | (4) |
10 Case study: adjudicative route - a critique of the land and maritime boundary dispute (Cameroon v Nigeria) |
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218 | (22) |
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10.1 Geophysical setting of the region |
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219 | (1) |
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10.2 Historical provenance of the boundary and territorial problem |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (4) |
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10.4 The law and diplomacy of the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission |
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227 | (5) |
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10.5 The structures of diplomacy, administration and implementation |
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232 | (3) |
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10.6 Identifying Eurocentricity in the jurisprudence of the World Court |
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235 | (5) |
11 Sociology, politics, insecurity and the psychology of power in African boundary relations |
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240 | (11) |
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11.1 Power and political differentials in the diplomacy of African boundary disputes |
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246 | (5) |
12 Pacific settlement of international boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the International Court of Justice |
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251 | (65) |
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12.1 Conflict resolution and cooling off mechanism functions of the ICJ in the adjudication of African boundary disputes |
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251 | (6) |
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12.1.1 Diplomatic function of international courts |
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253 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Advancing jurisprudence and elaboration of the law |
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254 | (3) |
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12.2 International adjudication of African boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the contentious and advisory jurisdiction of the World Court |
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257 | (5) |
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12.3 Role of the International Court of Justice in relation to the struggle for self-determination and independence for the mandate and colonial territories in Africa |
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262 | (4) |
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12.4 Prospects of the African Court of Justice as a preferred option under the adjudication route |
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266 | (1) |
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12.5 International arbitration of African boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the Permanent Court of Arbitration |
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267 | (12) |
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267 | (3) |
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12.5.2 The Hague Conferences and the Permanent Court of Arbitration |
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270 | (9) |
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12.6 Evaluation of alternative forms of pacific settlement of boundary disputes |
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279 | (16) |
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283 | (3) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (4) |
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12.7 Multi-tracking and indigenising settlement of boundary disputes in Africa: a fusion of law, politics and culture |
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295 | (11) |
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12.7.1 Bona fide assisted direct negotiations |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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12.7.3 The African Conciliation Commission |
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300 | (1) |
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12.7.4 The underdeveloped state of indigenous African adjudication |
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300 | (6) |
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12.8 Factors predictive of the failure of ADR and Tier 2 diplomacy in boundary matters |
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306 | (2) |
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12.8.1 Poor knowledge, incompetence or careless diagnosis of the crisis |
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306 | (1) |
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12.8.2 Poor strategy and/or poorly trained mediators |
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307 | (1) |
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12.8.3 Lack of neutrality/mediators with an interest to serve |
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307 | (1) |
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12.8.4 Unable to stay the course |
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308 | (1) |
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12.9 Identification and evaluation of best practices for pacific settlement of disputes |
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308 | (8) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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12.9.3 Determination of locus standi |
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311 | (1) |
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12.9.4 The interpretative function in boundary dispute resolution |
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312 | (1) |
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12.9.5 Interim measures of protection and control |
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313 | (3) |
13 Role and scope for involvement of Africa's developed northern partners in the settlement of boundary disputes |
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316 | (3) |
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13.1 Role and scope of involvement of the European Union in African boundary dispute resolution |
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316 | (1) |
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13.2 Role and scope of involvement of the United States in African boundary dispute resolution |
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317 | (2) |
14 The problem of costs and the relevance of legal aid in African boundary dispute resolution: funding delimitation, demarcation and other implementation activities |
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319 | (5) |
15 Settlement of international boundary disputes by use of force |
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324 | (6) |
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15.1 Retorsion, retaliation and war |
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326 | (4) |
16 Re-evaluation of the uti possidetis principle in light of the African experience |
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330 | (20) |
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16.1 Uti possidetis in Africa: a problematic doctrine? |
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330 | (7) |
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16.2 Uti possidetis within the equation of political separation and self-determination |
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337 | (13) |
17 Strategies and modalities to resolve straddling communities and resources under the African Union Boundary Programme |
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350 | (13) |
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17.1 Boundary demarcation and the problem of straddling communities and enclaves |
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350 | (7) |
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17.2 Varying demarcation in the interest of justice and accommodating losers' interests |
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357 | (3) |
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17.2.1 Straddling resources and hydrocarbon fields |
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357 | (2) |
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17.2.2 Straddling fisheries |
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359 | (1) |
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17.3 Recognising an African customary rule in favour of sharing straddling resources |
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360 | (3) |
18 Alternative futures: strategies of negotiation and innovative methods to avoid deadlock in relation to territorial conflicts |
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363 | (8) |
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18.1 Special territorial arrangements |
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364 | (1) |
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18.2 Sale and purchase of territory |
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365 | (1) |
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18.3 The establishment office cities |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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18.6 Appropriate recourse to the use of plebiscites |
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367 | (2) |
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18.7 Afrocentric solutions to the problems of delimitation and demarcation |
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369 | (2) |
19 Resolution of international boundary disputes involving African nations: alternative futures and general conclusions |
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371 | (18) |
Appendix I |
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389 | (2) |
Appendix II |
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391 | (1) |
Appendix III |
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392 | (6) |
Appendix IV |
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398 | (2) |
Appendix V |
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400 | (3) |
Index |
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403 | |