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El. knyga: International Law and Boundary Disputes in Africa [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(University of Kent, UK)
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Africa has experienced a number of territorial disputes over land and maritime boundaries, due in part to its colonial and post-colonial history. This book explores the legal, political, and historical nature of disputes over territory in the African continent, and critiques the content and application of contemporary International law to the resolution of African territorial and border disputes.

Drawing on central concepts of public international law such as sovereignty and jurisdiction, and socio-political concepts such as colonialism, ethnicity, nationality and self-determination, this book interrogates the intimate connection that peoples and nations have to territory and the severe disputes these may lead to. Gbenga Oduntan identifies the major principles of law at play in relation to territorial, and boundary disputes, and argues that the predominant use of foreign based adjudicatory mechanisms in attempting to deal with African boundary disputes alienates those institutions and mechanisms from African people and can contribute to the recurrence of conflicts and disputes in and among African territories. He suggests that the understanding and application of multidisciplinary dispute resolution mechanisms and strategies can allow for a more holistic and effective treatment of boundary disputes.

As an in depth study into the legal, socio-political and anthropological mechanisms involved in the understanding of territorial boundaries, and a unique synthesis of an African jurisprudence of international boundaries law, this book will be of great use and interest to students, researchers, and practitioners in African and Public International Law, International Relations, and decision-makers in need of better understanding the settlement of disputes over territorial boundaries in both Africa and the wider world.
Acknowledgements xvii
Introduction 1(5)
1 Africa: Birthing the empire of law and concept of territory 6(17)
1.1 International law and Africa
8(8)
1.1.1 Racialism and European appropriation of the 'common law of mankind'
9(5)
1.1.2 Why the House always wins
14(2)
1.2 Eurocentriciy and the applicable international boundary laws
16(7)
2 Sovereignty, jurisdiction, territorial integrity and territorial acquisition in international law 23(27)
2.1 Concept and forms of sovereignty
23(4)
2.2 Globalisation vs territorial sovereignty
27(4)
2.3 jurisdiction within sovereignty
31(2)
2.4 Westphalian vs indigenous sovereignty
33(3)
2.5 The principle of territorial jurisdiction
36(2)
2.6 Territory and territorial acquisition in public international law and international relations
38(12)
2.6.1 Occupation
42(1)
2.6.2 Cession
43(1)
2.6.3 Accretion, erosion and avulsion
44(1)
2.6.4 Conquest or annexation
44(1)
2.6.5 Prescription
45(1)
2.6.6 Renunciation or relinquishment
46(1)
2.6.7 Adjudication
46(1)
2.6.8 Abandonment and dereliction
46(1)
2.6.9 Discovery
46(1)
2.6.10 Papal grant
47(3)
3 Frontiers and boundaries in the context of international legal framework of territorial sovereignty and jurisdiction 50(5)
3.1 The functionality of frontiers and boundaries
50(2)
3.2 Natural vs artificial boundaries
52(1)
3.3 Frontier vs boundary
53(2)
4 Province of international boundary disputes determined 55(47)
4.1 What are international boundary disputes?
55(8)
4.2 Internal boundary disputes
63(2)
4.3 Territorial vs boundary disputes
65(4)
4.4 Frontiers, borders, fences and walls in law and international relations
69(9)
4.4.1 Boundaries
69(4)
4.4.2 Borders and borderlands
73(2)
4.4.3 Fences and walls
75(3)
4.5 Delimitation and demarcation juxtaposed
78(1)
4.6 African delimitation and demarcation of boundaries in their historical, colonial and contemporary contexts
79(9)
4.7 High power politics: legality and illegalities of the Berlin Conference (1885)
88(2)
4.8 Classifications and nature of African boundary disputes
90(6)
4.9 Boundaries and disputes: a multidisciplinary approach
96(6)
5 Actual and potential role of the African Union Organisation in boundary dispute management and resolution 102(24)
5.1 African Union early warning system
105(3)
5.2 The African Union Border Programme (AUBP) and the delimitation, demarcation and settlement of African boundary disputes
108(18)
5.2.1 Law practice and diplomacy of the African Union Border Programme
109(9)
5.2.2 Implementation of the African Union Border Programme
118(8)
6 African regional economic communities and the management of boundary disputes 126(29)
6.1 Conflict resolution and management in the Fast African sub-region (IGAD area)
127(4)
6.1.1 Role of CEWARN in detecting and managing cross-boundary disputes
127(1)
6.1.2 IGAD's relevance in border and boundary disputes
128(3)
6.2 ECOWAS
131(12)
6.2.1 Conflict resolution and management in the West African sub-region: ECOWAS area
133(1)
6.2.2 Rules of the ECOWAS Treaty and Protocols
134(6)
6.2.3 Actual and potential role of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States
140(1)
6.2.4 ECOWAS Early Warning System
141(1)
6.2.5 ECOWAS experience in boundary disputes
142(1)
6.3 Conflict and dispute management in the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
143(6)
6.3.1 Assessing the early warning capabilities and performance of MARAC
148(1)
6.4 Law and practice of conflict and dispute management in the SADC
149(6)
6.4.1 Political mechanisms for the resolution of boundary disputes in the SADC region
150(5)
7 Manifestations of boundary disputes in the African geopolitical zones 155(22)
7.1 East African boundaries: border disputes
156(8)
7.1.1 Sudan-Kenya: the Ilemi Triangle
157(1)
7.1.2 Kenya-South Sudan (Nadapal boundary)
158(1)
7.1.3 Tanzania-Malawi: Lake Malawi (Nyasa)
159(1)
7.1.4 Kenya-Uganda: Migingo Island
159(1)
7.1.5 Eritrea-Ethiopia
160(2)
7.1.6 Sudan-South Sudan border disputes
162(2)
7.2 West African boundaries and borders disputes
164(6)
7.2.1 Cameroon-Nigeria: land and maritime dispute
166(2)
7.2.2 Gabon and Equatorial Guinea: territorial disputes on the Island of Mbanie
168(1)
7.2.3 Burkina Faso-Niger frontier dispute
168(1)
7.2.4 Benin-Niger frontier dispute
169(1)
7.3 North Africa: boundary disputes and contested territories
170(1)
7.4 Southern Africa: boundary disputes and contested territories
171(5)
7.4.1 Swaziland-South Africa
173(3)
7.5 Central African states (CEMAC): boundary disputes
176(1)
8 Case study: the arbitral route to settlement of African boundary disputes 177(29)
8.1 The arbitral route: the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission Case
177(7)
8.1.1 Synopsis of the Eritrean Case: statement submitted to the EEBC
178(6)
8.2 Synopsis of Ethiopia's statement in accordance with paragraph 4(8) of the Agreement concluded on 12December 2000
184(11)
8.2.1 Ethiopia's historical account of the background of the territory
184(1)
8.2.2 Ethiopian view of applicable law
185(1)
8.2.3 Ethiopian view of the methodology: the five sectors
186(1)
8.2.4 The Agreements pre-figuring the Treaties of 1900, 1902 and 1908
187(3)
8.2.5 Ethiopian view of the pertinent geography
190(1)
8.2.6 Ethiopian view of the changing and opportunistic attitude of Italy during key periods
190(1)
8.2.7 Ethiopia's position
190(1)
8.2.8 The disposition of the Cunama (Sector II)
191(1)
8.2.9 Interpretation and application of the Agreements: Sector III - along the Mareb River from the Mai Ambessa to the Belesa River
191(1)
8.2.10 Interpretation and application of the Agreements: Sector V - from the confluence of the Mareb and Belesa Rivers to the easternmost point defined by the Treaty of 1900
192(1)
8.2.11 Ethiopian view of the period 1908-present
192(2)
8.2.12 Incidence of disputes between the parties
194(1)
8.3 Critiquing the EEBC decision and understanding the difficulties of implementation
195(8)
8.4 Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC)
203(3)
9 Case study: mediation route to settlement: the dispute between Malawi and Tanzania over Lake Nyasa 206(12)
9.1 The applicable treaties and instruments
208(1)
9.2 Malawi's position
209(2)
9.3 Tanzania's position
211(3)
9.4 HLAIT: challenges, achievements and prospects
214(4)
10 Case study: adjudicative route - a critique of the land and maritime boundary dispute (Cameroon v Nigeria) 218(22)
10.1 Geophysical setting of the region
219(1)
10.2 Historical provenance of the boundary and territorial problem
220(3)
10.3 The judgment
223(4)
10.4 The law and diplomacy of the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission
227(5)
10.5 The structures of diplomacy, administration and implementation
232(3)
10.6 Identifying Eurocentricity in the jurisprudence of the World Court
235(5)
11 Sociology, politics, insecurity and the psychology of power in African boundary relations 240(11)
11.1 Power and political differentials in the diplomacy of African boundary disputes
246(5)
12 Pacific settlement of international boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the International Court of Justice 251(65)
12.1 Conflict resolution and cooling off mechanism functions of the ICJ in the adjudication of African boundary disputes
251(6)
12.1.1 Diplomatic function of international courts
253(1)
12.1.2 Advancing jurisprudence and elaboration of the law
254(3)
12.2 International adjudication of African boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the contentious and advisory jurisdiction of the World Court
257(5)
12.3 Role of the International Court of Justice in relation to the struggle for self-determination and independence for the mandate and colonial territories in Africa
262(4)
12.4 Prospects of the African Court of Justice as a preferred option under the adjudication route
266(1)
12.5 International arbitration of African boundary disputes: a critical appraisal of the Permanent Court of Arbitration
267(12)
12.5.1 Arbitration
267(3)
12.5.2 The Hague Conferences and the Permanent Court of Arbitration
270(9)
12.6 Evaluation of alternative forms of pacific settlement of boundary disputes
279(16)
12.6.1 Negotiation
283(3)
12.6.2 Enquiry
286(1)
12.6.3 Conciliation
287(2)
12.6.4 Good Offices
289(2)
12.6.5 Mediation
291(4)
12.7 Multi-tracking and indigenising settlement of boundary disputes in Africa: a fusion of law, politics and culture
295(11)
12.7.1 Bona fide assisted direct negotiations
298(1)
12.7.2 African mediation
299(1)
12.7.3 The African Conciliation Commission
300(1)
12.7.4 The underdeveloped state of indigenous African adjudication
300(6)
12.8 Factors predictive of the failure of ADR and Tier 2 diplomacy in boundary matters
306(2)
12.8.1 Poor knowledge, incompetence or careless diagnosis of the crisis
306(1)
12.8.2 Poor strategy and/or poorly trained mediators
307(1)
12.8.3 Lack of neutrality/mediators with an interest to serve
307(1)
12.8.4 Unable to stay the course
308(1)
12.9 Identification and evaluation of best practices for pacific settlement of disputes
308(8)
12.9.1 Flexibility
309(1)
12.9.2 Visit to locus
309(2)
12.9.3 Determination of locus standi
311(1)
12.9.4 The interpretative function in boundary dispute resolution
312(1)
12.9.5 Interim measures of protection and control
313(3)
13 Role and scope for involvement of Africa's developed northern partners in the settlement of boundary disputes 316(3)
13.1 Role and scope of involvement of the European Union in African boundary dispute resolution
316(1)
13.2 Role and scope of involvement of the United States in African boundary dispute resolution
317(2)
14 The problem of costs and the relevance of legal aid in African boundary dispute resolution: funding delimitation, demarcation and other implementation activities 319(5)
15 Settlement of international boundary disputes by use of force 324(6)
15.1 Retorsion, retaliation and war
326(4)
16 Re-evaluation of the uti possidetis principle in light of the African experience 330(20)
16.1 Uti possidetis in Africa: a problematic doctrine?
330(7)
16.2 Uti possidetis within the equation of political separation and self-determination
337(13)
17 Strategies and modalities to resolve straddling communities and resources under the African Union Boundary Programme 350(13)
17.1 Boundary demarcation and the problem of straddling communities and enclaves
350(7)
17.2 Varying demarcation in the interest of justice and accommodating losers' interests
357(3)
17.2.1 Straddling resources and hydrocarbon fields
357(2)
17.2.2 Straddling fisheries
359(1)
17.3 Recognising an African customary rule in favour of sharing straddling resources
360(3)
18 Alternative futures: strategies of negotiation and innovative methods to avoid deadlock in relation to territorial conflicts 363(8)
18.1 Special territorial arrangements
364(1)
18.2 Sale and purchase of territory
365(1)
18.3 The establishment office cities
365(1)
18.4 Lease back options
366(1)
18.5 Cession
367(1)
18.6 Appropriate recourse to the use of plebiscites
367(2)
18.7 Afrocentric solutions to the problems of delimitation and demarcation
369(2)
19 Resolution of international boundary disputes involving African nations: alternative futures and general conclusions 371(18)
Appendix I 389(2)
Appendix II 391(1)
Appendix III 392(6)
Appendix IV 398(2)
Appendix V 400(3)
Index 403
Gbenga Oduntan is Senior Lecturer in  International Commercial Law at the University of Kent, UK.